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Islam inMadagascar is a minority religion, with mostMalagasy people adhering toChristianity.[1] Due to thesecular nature of Madagascar's constitution,Muslims are free toproselytize and buildmosques in the country.
Islam has been well established in what is now known asMadagascar for centuries and today Muslims represent 2 to 5 percent of the total population.[2][3][4][5] The vast majority of Muslims in Madagascar practiceSunni Islam of theShafi school ofjurisprudence,[1] with sizeableShia communities.[citation needed]
Followers constitute approximately 2 to 7 percent of the population as of 2021.[3][4][5] In 2011, scholar Sigvard von Sicard estimated that between 5 and 7 percent of the population was Muslim while indicating that the number might be higher due to the social fluidity of the area.[6] The majority of the Muslims of Madagascar live in the northwestern regions of the country.[7] A few also reside in the southeastern coast of Madagascar.[6] Most Muslims in Madagascar are native Malagasy peoples.[7] Other Muslim groups in the country include South Asians (such as Indians and Pakistanis), Comorians and other Africans.[7]
There is a growing number of ethnic Malagasy converts to Islam in Madagascar.[8] It is hypothesized that several hundred thousand Malagasy convert to Islam each year.[9]
Beginning in the 10th and 11th centuries,Arab sailors worked their way down the east coast of Africa in theirdhows and established settlements and trading posts on the west coast of Madagascar.[10] Muslim geographerAl-Idrīsī gave a detailed description of Madagascar in his works.[10] One of the most noteworthy early settlers were theZafiraminia, traditional ancestors of theAntemoro,Antanosy and other east coast ethnicities. The last wave of Arab immigrants would be the Antalaotra who immigrated from eastern African colonies. They settled the north-west of the island (Majunga area) and were the first to actually bringIslam to the island.
Arab Muslim immigrants were few in total number compared to the Indonesians and Bantus, but they left a lasting impression. The Malagasy names for seasons, months, days, and coins are Islamic in origin, as is the practice ofcircumcision, the communal grain pool, and different forms of salutation. The Arab magicians, known as theombiasy, established themselves in the courts of many Malagasy tribal kingdoms.Sorabe is an alphabet based on Arabic used to transcribe theMalagasy language and the Antemoro dialect in particular. The Arabs were also the first to correctly identify the origin of most Malagasy by suggesting that the island was colonized by theIndonesians.[11]
Upon independence fromFrance in 1960, Madagascar began developing close ties with staunchlysecularSoviet Union. This stifled the development of all religion in Madagascar including Islam. However, in the 1980s, Madagascar drifted away from the Soviet Union and back towards France. The practice of Islam has seen a resurgence in modern times.[6]
Even after the passage of the nationality law in 2017, Muslims born in the country reported that members of the community have been unable to obtain Malagasy nationality despite generations of residence.[8]
Some Malagasy Muslims have also reported difficulty in obtaining official or governmental documents at public administration offices due to their non-Malagasy sounding names. Some Muslims have also reportedly faced ridicule and harassment for being perceived as foreigners despite possessing national identity cards.[8]
