Islam is the second largest religion in England afterChristianity.^[1] MostMuslims are immigrants fromSouth Asia (in particularBangladesh,Pakistan,Sri Lanka andIndia) or descendants of immigrants from that region. Many others are fromMuslim-dominated regions such as theMiddle East,Afghanistan,Malaysia andSomalia, and other parts ofAfrican countries such asNigeria,Uganda andSierra Leone.^[2] There are also many White Muslims in the country, most of which have Slavic and Balkan backgrounds (Bosnian, Albanian, Montenegrin, Kosovar etc.), as well as some ethnic English converts.

According to the2011 census, 2.7 million Muslims lived in England and Wales, up by almost 1 million from the previous census, where they formed 5.0% of the general population^[3] and 9.1% of children under the age of five.^[4]

According to the latest2021 United Kingdom census, 3,801,186 Muslims live in England, or 6.7% of the population. The Muslim population again grew by over a million compared to the previous census.^[5][6]

AlthoughIslam is generally thought of as a contemporary arrival inEngland, Muslims have been trading and exchanging ideas with the English for centuries.

An early example is the decision ofOffa, the 8th-century King ofMercia (one of theAnglo-Saxon kingdoms existing at that time), to have a coin minted with an Islamic inscription – largely a copy of coins issued by a contemporary Muslim ruler,CaliphAl-Mansur. These coins may have been minted simply for prestige or to facilitate trade with the expandingCaliphate of Córdoba, as Islamic gold dinars were the most important coinage in the Mediterranean at the time. Offa's coin looked enough like the original that it would be readily accepted in southern Europe, while at the same time his own name was clearly visible.^[7]

References to Britain are also found in earlyIslamic geographical literature, such as the 9th century work ofAhmad ibn Rustah, which describes the islands of "Bratiniya".^[8]

Muslim scholarship, especiallyearly Islamic philosophy andIslamic science, was well known throughLatin translation among the learned in England by 1386, whenGeoffrey Chaucer was writing. In the Prologue to theCanterbury Tales, there is among the pilgrims wending their way to Canterbury a 'Doctour of Phisyk' whose learning includedRhazes (Al-Razi),Avicenna (Ibn Sina,Arabic ابن سينا) andAverroes (Ibn Rushd, Arabic ابن رشد). In thePardoner's Tale, Chaucer mentions part of Avicenna's work concerning poisons.^[9] Avicenna'sThe Canon of Medicine (1025), in Latin translation, was a standard text for medical students up until the 18th century.^[10]Roger Bacon, one of the earliestEuropean advocates of thescientific method,^[11] is known to have studied the works of several early Muslim philosophers.^[12][13] In particular, his work onoptics in the 13th century was influenced by theBook of Optics (1021) byIbn al-Haytham (Alhazen).^[14]

Professor John Makdisi's article "The Islamic Origins of the Common Law", published in theNorth Carolina Law Review,^[15] suggests thatEnglishcommon law was inspired by medievalIslamic law.^[16] Makdisi drew comparisons between the "royal Englishcontract protected by the action ofdebt" and the "IslamicAqd", the "Englishassize of novel disseisin" (a petty assize adopted in the 1166 at the Assizes of Clarendon) and the "IslamicIstihqaq", and the "Englishjury" and the "IslamicLafif" in the classicalMaliki school ofIslamic jurisprudence, and argued that these institutions were transmitted to England by theNormans,^{[citation needed]} "through the close connection between the Norman kingdoms ofRoger II in Sicily — ruling over a conquered Islamic administration — andHenry II in England."^[17] Makdisi also argued that the "law schools known asInns of Court" in England (which he asserts are parallel toMadrasahs) may have also originated from Islamic law.^{[citation needed]} He states that the methodology of legalprecedent and reasoning byanalogy (Qiyas) are also similar in both the Islamic and common law systems.^[18] Other legal scholars such as Monica Gaudiosi, Gamal Moursi Badr and A. Hudson have argued that the Englishtrust andagency institutions, which were introduced byCrusaders, may have been adapted from the IslamicWaqf andHawala institutions they came across in the Middle East.^[19][20][21] Paul Brand also notes parallels between theWaqf and the trusts used to establishMerton College byWalter de Merton, who had connections with theKnights Templar, but Brand also points out that the Knights Templar were primarily concerned with fighting the Muslims rather than learning from them, making it less likely that they would imitate Muslim legal institutions.^[16]

The first English convert to Islam mentioned by name isJohn Nelson.^[22] The 16th-century writerRichard Hakluyt claimed he was forced to convert, though he mentions in the same story other Englishmen who had converted willingly.

This king had a son which was a ruler in an island called Gerbi, whereunto arrived an English ship called the Green Dragon, of the which was master one M. Blonket, who, having a very unhappy boy on that ship, and understanding that whosoever would turn Turk should be well entertained of them a yeoman of our Queen's guard, whom the king's son had enforced to turn Turk; his name was John Nelson.^[23]

Captain John Ward ofKent was one of a number of English sailors who became pirates based in theMaghreb and also converted to Islam (see alsoBarbary pirates).

Unitarians became interested in the faith, andHenry Stubbe wrote so favourably about Islam that it is thought he too had converted to the faith.

From 1609 to 1616,England lost 466 ships toBarbary pirates, who sold the passengers intoslavery in North Africa.^[24] In 1625, it was reported thatLundy, an island in theBristol Channel which had been a pirate lair for much of the previous half century, had been occupied by three Ottoman pirates who were threatening to burnIlfracombe; Algerine rovers were using the island as a base in 1635, although the island had itself been attacked and plundered by a Spanish fleet in 1633.^[25] In 1627, Barbary pirates under command of the Dutch renegadeJan Janszoon operating from the Moroccan port ofSalé occupied Lundy, before they were expelled bySir John Pennington.^[25][26] During this time there were reports of captured slaves being sent toAlgiers and of the Islamic flag flying over Lundy.^[27][28]

The MuslimMoors had a noticeable influence on the works ofGeorge Peele andWilliam Shakespeare. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele'sThe Battle of Alcazar and Shakespeare'sThe Merchant of Venice,Titus Andronicus andOthello, which featured a MoorishOthello as its title character. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorishdelegations fromMorocco toElizabethan England around 1600.^[29] A portrait was painted of one of the Moorish ambassadors,Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud ben Mohammed Anoun, who had come to promote anAnglo-Moroccan alliance.

Turbans were worn in Renaissance England.^[30] While friendly relations were formed between England and the Islamic civilizations of the Middle East in the early 16th century, Persian and Turkish style fashions were sometimes worn by the higher classes as a form of party or fancy dress.

Diplomatic relations were also established with theOttoman Empire with the chartering of theLevant Company and the dispatch of the first English ambassador to thePorte,William Harborne, in 1578.^[31] For the first time, a Treaty of Commerce was signed in 1580.^[32] Numerous envoys were dispatched in both directions and epistolar exchanges occurred betweenElizabeth and SultanMurad III.^[31] In one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion thatIslam and Protestantism had "much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire.^[33] To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and ammunition to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, asFrancis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.^[34][35] Although she never did receive any assistance from the Ottomans, her relations with the sultans did not waver.^[35]

In 17th-century England, there was a "second wave" of interest in the study ofArabic science andIslamic philosophy. Arabic manuscripts were considered the key to a "treasure house" of ancient knowledge, which led to the founding ofArabic chairs atOxford andCambridge Universities, whereArabic was taught. A large collection of Arabic manuscripts were acquired, collected in places such as theBodleian Library at Oxford. These Arabic manuscripts were sought after bynatural philosophers for their research in subjects such asobservational astronomy ormathematics, and also encompassed subjects ranging from science, religion,and medicine, to typography andgarden plants.^[36]

Besides scientific and philosophical literature, works ofArabic fictional literature were also translated intoLatin andEnglish during the 17th and 18th centuries. The most famous of these was theOne Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), which was first translated into English in 1706 and has since then had a profound influence onEnglish literature. Another famous work wasIbn Tufail'sphilosophical novel^[37][38]Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, which was translated into Latin asPhilosophus Autodidactus byEdward Pococke the Younger in 1671 and then into English bySimon Ockley in 1708. The English translation ofHayy ibn Yaqdhan, set on adesert island, may have inspiredDaniel Defoe to writeRobinson Crusoe, considered thefirst novel in English, in 1719.^{[39][40][41][42]} Later translated literary works includeLayla and Majnun andIbn al-Nafis'Theologus Autodidactus.

Bengal (nowBangladesh andWest Bengal), a province ofMughal India with a Muslim majority and Hindu minority, wasannexed by theEast India Company after theBattle of Plassey in 1757. The cheap textiles and other manufactured goods from Bengal directly contributed to theIndustrial Revolution in England,^{[43][44][45][46]} with the textiles produced in Bengal being used to support British industries such astextile manufacturing, aided by the invention of devices such as thespinning jenny.^[43][44][45] With the establishment ofCrown control in India after1857, theBritish Empire ruled over a large Muslim population.^[47][48][49]

By the time ofUnion with Scotland in 1707, only small numbers of Muslims were living in England. The first large group of Muslims to arrive, in the 18th century, werelascars (sailors) recruited from theIndian subcontinent (largely from theBengal region) to work for theHonourable East India Company, many of whom settled down and took local wives (due to a lack of Indian women living in England at the time).^[50] 38 lascars are reported arriving in British ports in 1760.^[51][52] Between 1803 and 1813, there were more than 10,000 lascars from the Indian subcontinent visiting British port cities and towns.^[53] By 1842, 3,000 lascars visited the UK annually, and by 1855, 12,000 lascars were arriving annually in British ports. In 1873, 3,271 lascars arrived in Britain.^[54] Throughout the early 19th century lascars visited Britain at a rate of 1,000 every year,^[53] which increased to a rate of 10,000 to 12,000 every year throughout the late 19th century.^[55][56]

Due to the majority beinglascars, the earliest Muslim communities were found in port towns. Naval cooks also came, many of them from theSylhet Division of what is nowBangladesh. One of the most famous early Muslim immigrants to England wasSake Dean Mahomet, a captain of theEast India Company army who in 1810 founded London's firstIndian restaurant, the Hindoostane Coffee House. He is also reputed for introducingshampoo andtherapeutic massage to the United Kingdom.^[57]

By 1911, the British Empire had a Muslim population of 94 million, larger than the empire's 58 million Christian population.^[49] By the 1920s, the British Empire included roughly half of the world's Muslim population.^[48] More than 400,000 Muslim soldiers of theBritish Indian Army fought for Britain duringWorld War I, where 62,060 were killed in action,^[58] and half a million Muslim soldiers of the British Indian Army fought for Britain against theNazis inWorld War II.^[59]David Lloyd George,British Prime Minister from 1916 to 1922, stated: "we are the greatestMahomedan power in the world and one-fourth of the population of the British Empire is Mahomedan. There have been no more loyal adherents to the throne and no more effective and loyal supporters of the Empire in its hour of trial." This statement was later reiterated byGandhi in 1920.^[47]

Muslimmass immigration to Britain began after World War II, as a result of the destruction and labour shortages caused by the war.^[60][61] In 1951 there were around 21,000 Muslims in Britain.^[62][63] Muslim migrants from former British colonies, predominantlyIndia,Pakistan, andBangladesh,^[60] were recruited in large numbers by government and businesses to rebuild the country.^[64] Large numbers of doctors recruited from India and Pakistan, encouraged by health ministerEnoch Powell in the early 1960s, also played a key role in the establishment of theNHS health service.^[65]

British Asians (both Muslim and non-Muslim) faced increased discrimination followingEnoch Powell'sRivers of Blood speech and the establishment of theNational Front in the late 1960s. This included overt racism in the form ofPaki bashing, predominantly fromwhite power skinheads, the National Front, and theBritish National Party, throughout the 1970s and 1980s.^[66] Drawing inspiration from thecivil rights movement, theblack power movement, and theanti-apartheid movement, youngBritish Pakistani andBritish Bangladeshi activists began a number ofanti-racist Asian youth movements in the 1970s and 1980s, including the Bradford Youth Movement in 1977, the Bangladeshi Youth Movement following the murder ofAltab Ali in 1978, and theNewham Youth Movement following the murder of Akhtar Ali Baig in 1980.^[67]

The settlements with the largest numbers of Muslims areBirmingham,Bradford,London,Manchester andLeicester. There are also high numbers inKirklees,Luton,Bolton,Slough,Rochdale andmill towns of Northern England likeOldham andBlackburn.

The local authorities with a Muslim population greater than 10 percent as of 2021 were:

Most large cities have one area that is majority Muslim even if the rest of the city has a fairly small Muslim population; see, for example,Harehills inLeeds. In addition, it is possible to find small areas that are almost entirely Muslim: for example,Savile Town inDewsbury.^[68]

In September 2009, the ONS published information showing thatMohammed (or variations of it) was the third most popular boys' name in England and Wales, and the most popular name in London.^[1]

Some 38% of England's Muslims live in London, where 1,012,823 identified as Muslim in 2011, representing 12.4% of London's population of 8,173,941.^[3]

Sunni Muslims comprise the majority of the English Muslim population, with the majority following theHanafi school of law, including members of theBarelvi andDeobandi movements. There are alsoShafi'i,Maliki, andHanbali followers. A minority of Sunni Muslims in England, who may or may not follow one of the aforementioned schools of law, are affiliated with theSalafi movement.^[69]

Shia mosques are usuallyTwelvers but cater toZaydis and Ismailis also and they usually include facilities for women. There are 200,000 Shias in Britain from Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and elsewhere.^[70] Various Shia mosques include the Husseini Islamic Centre in Stanmore, Harrow which acts as one of the main Shia Muslim mosques in Britain. Others include Al Masjid ul Husseini in Northolt, Ealing, Imam Khoei Islamic Centre in Queens Park, Brent &Islamic Centre of England, Maida Vale.

English Muslims byRegion

Region	2021[71]		2011[72]		2001[73]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Greater London	1,318,754	15.0%	1,012,823	12.4%	607,083	8.5%
West Midlands	569,963	9.6%	376,152	6.7%	216,184	4.1%
North West	563,105	7.6%	356,458	5.1%	204,261	3.0%
Yorkshire and the Humber	442,533	8.1%	326,050	6.2%	189,089	3.8%
South East	309,067	3.3%	201,651	2.3%	108,725	1.4%
East	234,744	3.3%	148,341	2.5%	78,931	1.5%
East Midlands	210,766	4.3%	140,649	3.1%	70,224	1.7%
South West	80,152	1.4%	51,228	1.0%	23,465	0.5%
North East	72,102	2.7%	46,764	1.8%	26,925	1.1%
England	3,801,186	6.7%	2,660,116	5.0%	1,524,887	3.1%

According to the2011 census, 2.7 millionMuslims live inEngland and Wales, where they form 5.0% of the population.^[3]

The single largest group of Muslims inEngland and Wales are ofPakistani descent. Pakistanis fromMirpur District were one of the firstSouth Asian Muslim communities to permanently settle in theUnited Kingdom, arriving inBirmingham andBradford in the late 1930s. Immigration from Mirpur grew from the late 1950s, accompanied by immigration from other parts of Pakistan especially fromPunjab which included cities likeSialkot,Jhelum,Gujar Khan andGujrat and also from the north-west Punjab including theChhachhiPathans fromAttock District, and some from villages ofGhazi,Nowshera andPeshawar. There is also a fairly large Pakistani community from Kenya and Uganda found in London. People of Pakistani extraction are particularly notable inWest Midlands (Birmingham),West Yorkshire (Bradford),London (Waltham Forest,Newham),Lancashire/Greater Manchester, and several industrial towns likeLuton,Slough,High Wycombe andOxford.

People of Bangladeshi descent are one of the largest Muslim communities (after Pakistanis), 16.8% of Muslims in England and Wales are ofBangladeshi descent, the ethnic group in the UK with the largest proportion of people following a single religion, being 92%Muslim.^[74] Majority of these Muslim come from theSylhet region ofBangladesh, mainly concentrated inLondon (Tower Hamlets,Newham andRedbridge),Luton,Birmingham andOldham. The Bangladeshi Muslim community in London form 24% of the Muslim population, larger than any other ethnic group.^[75]

Initial limited mosque availability meant that prayers were conducted in small rooms ofcouncil flats until the 1980s when more and larger facilities became available. Some synagogues and community buildings were turned into mosques and existing mosques began to expand their buildings. This process has continued down to the present day with theEast London Mosque recently expanding into a large formercar park where the London Muslim Centre is now used for prayers, recreational facilities and housing.^[76][77] Most people regard themselves as part of theummah, and their identity based on their religion rather than theirethnic group.^[78]Cultural aspects of a 'Bengali Islam' are seen as superstition and as un-Islamic.^[78] The identity is far stronger in comparison to the native land.

Other groups also attract a few people, theSalafi – who view the teachings of the first generations as the correct one,^[79] and appeals to younger Muslims as a way to differentiate themselves towards their elders.^[76][80] Other large groups include another Sunni movement, the Fultoli movement (initiated byAbdul Latif Chowdhury), and theTablighi Jamaat – which is amissionary and revival movement,^[81] and avoids political attention. All these groups work to stimulate Islamic identity among local Bengalis or Muslims and particularly focus on the younger members of the communities.^[77][82][83]

8% of Muslims in England and Wales are of Indian descent, especially those who are fromGujarat,West Bengal,Uttar Pradesh andBihar. The Gujarati Muslims fromSurat andBharuch districts in India started to arrive from the 1930s, settling in the towns ofDewsbury andBatley in Yorkshire and parts of Lancashire. There are large numbers of Gujarati Muslims inDewsbury,Blackburn (inc.Darwen),Bolton,Preston,Nuneaton,Gloucester andLondon (Newham,Waltham Forest andHackney). Immigration of Muslims into UK, was primarily started off by Indians during the colonial rule.

TheUnited Kingdom, with 43,532Somalia-born residents in 2001,^[84] and an estimated 101,000 in 2008,^[85] is home to the largestSomali community inEurope. A 2009 estimate by Somali community organisations puts the Somali population figure at 90,000 residents.^[86] Although most Somalis in the UK are recent arrivals, the first Somali immigrants were seamen and traders who arrived and settled in port cities in the late 19th century.^[86] Established Somali communities are found inBristol,Liverpool andLondon, and newer ones have formed inLeicester,Manchester andSheffield.^[87][88] It has been estimated that between 7,000 and 9,000 Somalis live inLiverpool.^[89][90]

Turks first began to emigrate in large numbers from the island ofCyprus for work and then again whenTurkish Cypriots were forced to leave their homes during theCyprus conflict.^{[citation needed]} Turks then began to come fromTurkey for economic reasons. Recently, smaller groups of Turks have begun to immigrate to the United Kingdom from otherEuropean countries.^[91] As of 2011, there is a total of about 500,000 people of Turkish origin in the UK,^[92] made up of approximately 150,000 Turkish nationals and about 300,000Turkish Cypriots.^[93] Furthermore, in recent years, there has been a growing number of ethnic Turks with Bulgarian, German, Greek, Macedonian, and Romanian citizenship who have also migrated to the United Kingdom.^[93] The majority live in London.

The 2001 census stated that there were 179,409 Muslims who described themselves as 'white' in the 2001 census.^[94] About one third of white Muslims are of White Slavic and Balkan Muslim origin, and would likely have originated from locations such asBosnia and Herzegovina,Kosovo,Adyghe,Chechnya,Albania,Macedonia, andBulgaria.^[94] Another one third have origins in Turkey, the Middle East and North Africa. The remainder of white Muslims identified themselves as White British and White Irish, including converts.^[94]

There are also a number of Muslim immigrants in England that arrived fromNigeria. Nigerian Muslims in the UK are represented by several community organizations, including the Nigeria Muslim forum, which is affiliated with the Council of Nigerian Muslim Organisations in UK and Ireland (CNMO) and the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB).^[95]

Although data is short, findings indicate Maghrebis make up a substantial community in Europe and England. Britain has long ties with Maghrebis, through contact with theMoors. Nevertheless, Britain has a far lower count of Maghrebis in comparison to France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain, where the majority of Muslims are Maghrebi.^[96]

Social disturbance began in the Muslim community in England in 1988 with the publication of the satirical novelThe Satanic Verses in London.Ayatollah Khomeini condemned the book with afatwa in 1989.^[97]The Satanic Verses controversy led to Muslim men first in Bolton^[98] and then in Bradford^[99] organised book-burnings.

The7 July 2005 London bombings were a series of coordinated blasts that hit the public transport system during the morning rush hour, killing 52 people and also the four bombers. The latter were British Muslims, three of Pakistani and one of Jamaican heritage. They were apparently motivated by Britain's involvement in the Iraq War and other conflicts.^[100][101] In response,Dr. Afifi al-Akiti, the KFAS Fellow in Islamic Studies at theOxford Centre for Islamic Studies, and the Islamic Centre Lecturer in Islamic Studies in theFaculty of Theology –University of Oxford, wrote an internationally acclaimedFatwa against terrorism titled "Defending the Transgressed by Censuring the Reckless against the Killing of Civilians".^[102]

In May 2013,British soldier Lee Rigby was publicly killed inWoolwich, London. Two converts to Islam of Nigerian heritage were found guilty of the murder, one of them having claimed to be a soldier of Allah as his unsuccessful legal defence.^[103]

In 2017, there were four terrorist attacks: theWestminster attack, theManchester Arena bombing, the2017 London Bridge attack and theParsons Green train bombing.

On 20 June 2020, Khairi Saadallah carried out the2020 Reading stabbings in Forbury Gardens, Reading, England, killing three men and injuring three others in a knife attack that police and the courts classified as an act of Islamist terrorism.^[104]

According to analysis based on the 2001 census, Muslims in England face poor standards of housing, poorer levels of education and are more vulnerable to long-term illness,^[106] and that Muslims in the UK had the highest rate of unemployment, the poorest health, the most disability and fewest educational qualifications among religious groups.^[107] The figures were, to some extent, explained by the fact that Muslims were the least well-established group, having the youngest age profile.^[107]

Conversely, there are estimated to be around 10,000 British Muslim millionaires.^[108] There is a growing substantial British Muslim business community, led by multi-billionaires such as SirAnwar Pervez.^[109]

On a study of more than 13,000 young people, approximately 53% of British Muslims choose to attend university.^[110] This is higher than the figure for Christians (45%) and Atheists (32%), but lower than the figure of Hindus and Sikhs, who score 77% and 63% respectively.^[110]

Muslim schools regularly outperform those of other faiths. In 2015, Over half of Muslim schools have average of students achieving higher GCSEs (71%) than the national figure (64%).^[111]

There have been cases of threats,^[112] one alleged fatal attack,^[113] and non-fatal attacks on Muslims and on Muslim targets, including attacks on Muslim graves^[114] and mosques.^[115] In January 2010, a report from theUniversity of Exeter's European Muslim Research Centre noted that the number of anti-Muslimhate crimes has increased, ranging from "death threats and murder to persistent low-level assaults, such as spitting and name-calling," for which the media and politicians have been blamed with fueling anti-Muslim hatred.^{[116][117][118]}

TheBritish media has been criticised for propagating negativestereotypes of Muslims and fuelingIslamophobic prejudice.^[119] In 2006, severalBritish cabinet ministers were criticised for helping to "unleash a public anti-Muslim backlash" by blaming the Muslim community over issues of integration despite a study commissioned by theHome Office on white and Asian-Muslim youths demonstrating otherwise: that Asian-Muslim youths "are in fact the most tolerant of all" and that white youths "have far more intolerant attitudes," concluding that the attitudes held by members of the white community was a greater "barrier to integration."^[120][121] Another survey byGallup in 2009 also found that the Muslim community claimed to feel more patriotic about Britain than the general British population as a whole,^[122][123] while another survey found that Muslims assert that they support the role of Christianity in British life more so than British Christians themselves.^[124] In January 2010, theBritish Social Attitudes Survey found that the general public "is far more likely to hold negative views of Muslims than of any other religious group," with "just one in four" feeling "positively about Islam," and a "majority of the country would be concerned if a mosque was built in their area, while only 15 per cent expressed similar qualms about the opening of a church."^[125] The "scapegoating" of British Muslims by the media and politicians in the 21st century has been compared in the media to the rise ofantisemitism in the early 20th century.^[126]

A poll by theLondon Evening Standard in December 2007, which surveyed a range of the capital's communities, including Muslims, found that 49% of those surveyed considered Islam as generally intolerant, while 44% saw it as generally tolerant. A total of 51% felt that Muslims were isolated from other communities to a degree, with 12% believing that the majority of them were. A large majority (81% to 7%) believed that the most holy day in Islam,Eid, should not be officially celebrated by the British government, and 88% opposed Muslim teachers covering their faces at work (seeBritish debate over veils). A majority (55%) wanted immigration of Muslims to be cut, with 33% wanting it cut greatly. Islam was seen as the cause of the7 July attacks on the city in 2005 by 52% of the population, with 35% seeing it as a major factor. Views from the survey which were not in line with the largely negative views included that 71% would vote for a Muslim Mayor of London if they were the best candidate (with 16% against such a vote).^[127]

• East London Mosque
• Finsbury Park Mosque, de-radicalised
• Abbey Mills Mosque
• London Central Mosque, aka the Islamic Cultural Centre in Regent's Park

• Jamea Masjid inPreston
• Shah Jahan Mosque inWoking was the first purpose-built mosque in Britain
• Markazi Mosque inDewsbury
• Manchester Central Mosque
• Al-Rahma Mosque inLiverpool
• Birmingham Central Mosque
• Leeds Grand Mosque
• Medina Mosque inSheffield

• List of British Muslims
• Islamic Party of Britain
• Islam in Northern Ireland
• Islam in Scotland
• Islam in Wales
• Islam in the United Kingdom
• Islam by country
• Islam in Europe
• Religion in England
• The Muslim Weekly
• Islam in London
• English Defence League

• Lewis, Philip:Islamic Britain: religion, politics and identity among British Muslims; Bradford in the 1990s, London: Tauris, 1994.ISBN 1-85043-861-7
• Lytra, Vally; Baraç, Taşkın (2009), "Multilingual practices and identity negotiations among Turkish-speaking young people in a diasporic context", inStenström, Anna-Brita; Jørgensen, Annette Myre (eds.),Youngspeak in a Multilingual Perspective, John Benjamins Publishing,ISBN 978-90-272-5429-0.
• Matar, NabilTurks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery,Columbia University Press, 2000.ISBN 0-231-11015-4
• Home Affairs Committee (2011),Implications for the Justice and Home Affairs area of the accession of Turkey to the European Union(PDF), The Stationery Office,ISBN 978-0-215-56114-5

Wikimedia Commons has media related toIslam in England.

• Thatcher, Griffithes Wheeler (1911)."Mahommedan Religion" . InChisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 417–424.
• Ranking of Local Authorities in England and Wales according to percentage of Muslim population in the 2001 census
• Reassessing what we collect website – Muslim London History of Muslim London with objects and images
• Private Arrangements: Recognizing sharia in Britain - anthropologistJohn R. Bowen explores Islamic courts in England
• FaizeIslam

• Islam in England

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