ʾIsmāʿīl | |
|---|---|
 Ismail willingly kneeling blind-folded to be killed by his father, Ibrahim, who is stopped by Jibril delivering a sheep. | |
| Born | Isma'il ibnIbrahim |
| Died | |
| Predecessor | Lut |
| Successor | Ishaq |
| Children | Ishmaelites |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Ishaq (half-brother) Lut (cousin) |
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Ishmael (Arabic:إسماعيلʾIsmāʿīl) is regarded byMuslims as anIslamic prophet. Born toAbraham andHagar, he is the namesake of theIshmaelites, who were descended from him. InIslam, he is associated withMecca and the construction of theKaaba within today'sMasjid al-Haram, which is theholiest Islamic site. Muslims also consider him to be a direct ancestor toMuhammad. His paternal half-brother wasIsaac, the forefather of theIsraelites.
Islam's conception ofIshmael is similar to that ofJudaism andChristianity. Sources for this narrative include theQuran andtafsir (i.e., Quranic exegesis); Muhammad'sahadith; historiographic collections byal-Tabari and other Muslim scholars; andIsraʼiliyyat, which collectively refers to information and religious literature sourced primarily from theJews for details about early prophets and messengers.[1][2]: 13
Ishmael was the first son of Abraham; his mother was Hajar. There are many versions of the story, some of which include a prophecy about Ishmael's birth. One such example is fromIbn Kathir (d. 1373) whose account states that anangel tells the pregnant Hajar to name her child Ishmael and prophesies, "His hand would be over everyone, and the hand of everyone would be against him. His brethren would rule over all the lands." Ibn Kathir comments that this foretells of Muhammad's leadership.[2]: 42
Ismail and Hagar being taken to Mecca by Abraham in Islamic texts[3] is an important part in the story of Ishmael, as it brings the focus to Mecca and is the beginning of Mecca's sanctification as a holy area.[2]: 61 Islamic tradition says Abraham was ordered by God to take Hagar and Ishmael to Mecca, and later Abraham returned to Mecca to build the Kaaba.[4] In many of these accounts, theSakina (something like a wind or spirit sent byGod), or the angelGabriel (Jibreel) guides them to the location of the Kaaba, at which point Abraham builds it and afterwards, leaves the other two there (other versions discussed below say the construction of the Kaaba occurred later and that Ishmael took part in it). Generally, it is said that Hagar asks Abraham who he is entrusting herself and Ishmael to as he leaves them. He answers that he is entrusting them to God, to which Hagar then makes a reply that shows her faith, stating that she believes God will guide them. Hagar and Ishmael then run out of water and Ishmael becomes extremely thirsty. Hagar is distressed and searches for water, running back and forth seven times between the hills ofAl-Safa and Al-Marwah. Hagar is later remembered by Muslims for this act during theHajj, or pilgrimage, in whichMuslims run between these same hills as part of theSa'yee.[5] When she returns to Ishmael, she finds either him or an angel scratching the ground with their heel or finger, whereupon water begins flowing and Hagar collects some or dams it up. This spring or well is known asZamzam. At some point, a passing tribe known as theJurhum sees birds circling the water and investigates. They ask Hagar if they can settle there, which she allows, and many versions say as Ishmael grew up he learned various things from the tribe. There are numerous versions of this story, each differing in various ways. The versions used in this summary, as well as others, can be found inal-Tabari's history[6] and are recounted in Reuven Firestone'sJourneys in Holy Lands.[2]
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At some point, often believed to be after Hagar's death, Ishmael married a woman from theJurhum, the tribe who settled in the area around Zamzam. Abraham visited Ishmael in Mecca and when he arrived at his home, Ishmael was not there. Instead Ishmael's wife greets Abraham, but she was not welcoming or generous to him. Abraham instructed her to tell Ishmael some version of the statement that he was not pleased with or to change "the threshold of his door." When Ishmael returns home and his wife told him that, he knows it is from his father and taking the advice, divorced the woman. He then married another woman from Jurhum. Abraham once again visited and was met by Ishmael's second wife, as Ishmael was out. This wife was very kind and provided food for him. Abraham instructed her to tell Ishmael some version of the statement that he was pleased with "the threshold of his door." When Ishmael arrived and his wife repeated Abraham's statement, Ishmael knew it was from his father and kept his wife.[2][6]
There are many versions of the construction of the Kaaba that differ in fairly significant ways, although all have Abraham build or cleanse the Kaaba and then immediately after, or at an unknown time, God called Abraham to establish theHajj, or pilgrimage. These narratives differ in when these events occurred, if and how there was supernatural involvement, the inclusion or omission of theBlack Stone, and whether Ishmael assisted his father. Of those that say Ishmael took part in the construction, most describe Abraham visited Ishmael a third time in Mecca, during which they raised the Kaaba. Some say Ishmael looked for a final stone, but Abraham did not accept the one he brought back. Instead an angel had brought the Black Stone, which Abraham put into place. Ishmael was left at the Kaaba, in charge of its care and to teach others about the Hajj.[2][6] The starting of the Hajj has many versions, and some scholars believe this reflects the late association of Abraham with the Hajj after Islam had developed to help remove its connection to early pagan rituals.[2]: 101
| Lineage of several prophets according to Islamic tradition |
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| Dotted lines indicate multiple generations. |
Ishmael is considered a prophet in Islam and is listed in the Quran with other prophets in many instances.[8][9][10][11] In other verses, such as 21:85[12] and 38:48,[13] Ishmael is praised for being patient, good, and righteous.[14] A particular example which describes Ishmael individually is 19:54-55[15] – "And call to mind, through this divine writ, Ishmael. Behold, he was always true to his promise, and was an apostle [of God], a prophet, who used to enjoin upon his people prayer and charity, and found favour in his Sustainer's sight."[16] As a descendant of Ishmael, Muhammad is the Prophet and continues the line of prophets from ancient times.
Ishmael's place as the "founder of the Arabs" was first stated byJosephus.[17] As Islam became established, the figure Ishmael and those descended from him, theIshmaelites, became connected, and often equated, with the termArab in early Jewish and Christian literature.[18] Before Islam developed as a religion, Ishmael was depicted in many ways, but after its establishment, Ishmael was almost always seen in a negative light in Jewish and Christian texts, as he becomes the symbol for the "other" in these religions.[19]: 2–3 As the Islamic community became more powerful, some Jewishmidrash about Ishmael was modified so that he was portrayed more negatively in order to challenge the Islamic view that Ishmael, and thus the Muslims, were the favoured descendants of Abraham.[19]: 130 This became the genealogy according to Jewish sources and the Bible, in contrast with the genealogy of Arabs according to Muslims.[18] The development of Islam created pressure for Islam to be somehow different from Judaism and Christianity, and accordingly, Ishmael's lineage to Arabs was stressed.[19]: 117
Today, some Christians believe that God fulfills his promises to Ishmael today by blessing the Arab nations with oil[20] and political strength.[21] In pre-Islamic times, there were three distinct groups of Arabs- theBa'ida,Ariba, andMusta'riba. The Ba'ida were the "legendary Arabs of the past," while the Ariba were the "Southern Arabs." Ishmael's descendants became the Northern Arabs known as the Musta'riba or the "Arabized Arabs." The Musta'riba were described as Arabized since it is believed Ishmael learned Arabic when he moved to Mecca and married into the Arabic tribe of Jurhum. Ishmael's line is then traced from his sonKedar, then down through toAdnan, then to the Musta'riba, to theQuraysh.[19]: 118 In this manner, Muhammad's ancestry leads back to Ishmael, joining "original biblical ancestry of Abraham with a distinctively Arab afinal stock,"[22]: 147 and connecting Muhammad with Mecca and the Kaaba.[22]: 152
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