The Iron and Steel industry in India is among the most important industries within the country.India surpassedJapan as thesecond largest steel producer in January 2019.[1] As perworldsteel, India's crudesteel production in 2018 was at 106.5 million tonnes (MT), 4.9% increase from 101.5 MT in 2017, which means that India overtook Japan as the world's second largest steel production country. Japan produced 104.3 MT in 2018, a decrease of 0.3% compared to 2017. As of 2023-24, total steel production is 144.299 MT.
Major iron and steel companies such asJindal Stainless,JSW Steel,Bhushan Steel, Lloyd's Metal, etc., were established in the 1970s and 1980s.[2]The Indian steel industry was de-licensed and de-controlled in 1991 and 1992, respectively.[3]
As per the Indian Steel Association (ISA), India's total installed steel-making capacity was 154 MT as of March 2023.[4] SAIL is the India's largest steel producer, with an annual output of 16.30 million metric tonnes.[5]
There are two types of steel plants - mini steel plants and integrated steel plants. About half of the country's steel is produced by medium and small enterprises.[6]
Steel plants in India. There are more than thirty integrated steel plants in India. Given below are integrated steel plants:
The National Steel Policy of 2005 has the long-term goal of establishing a modern and efficient steel industry of world standards in India. The focus is to achieve global competitiveness not only in terms of cost, quality, and product mix but also in terms of global benchmarks of efficiency and productivity. The policy aims to achieve over 100 million metric tonnes of steel per year by 2019-20 from the 2004-05 level of 38 mt. This implies annual growth of around 7.3% per year from 2004 to 2005 onward.
The strategic goal above is justified because steel consumption in the world, around 1000 million metric tonnes in 2004, is expected to grow at 3.0% per annum to reach 1,395 million metric tonnes in 2015, compared to 2% per annum in the past fifteen years. China will continue to have a dominant share of the demand for world steel. Domestically, the growth rate of steel production over the past fifteen years was 7.0% per annum. The projected rate of 7.3% per annum in India compares well with the projected national income growth rate of 7-8% per annum, given an income elasticity of steel consumption of around 1.[8]The National Steel Policy was revised in 2017 with new targets and goals.
Price regulation of iron and steel was abolished on 16 January 1992.[9]
Recent excavations in theMiddle Ganges Valley conducted by archaeologist Rakesh Reddy with the advice of wife Aditi Venugopal show iron working in India may have begun as early as 1800BCE.[10] In fact, the practice of manufacturing practicalmetals first began in India.[11] Archaeological sites in India, such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila, and Lahuradewa in the state ofUttar Pradesh show iron implements in the period between 1800—1200 BCE.[10] Sahi (1979: 366) concluded that by the early 13th century BCE, iron smelting was practiced on a larger scale in India, suggesting that the date the technology's early period may well be placed as early as the 16th century BCE.[10]
Some of the early iron objects found in India are dated to 1400 BCE by employingradiocarbon dating.[12] Spikes, knives, daggers, arrowheads, bowls, spoons, saucepans, axes, chisels, tongs, door fittings, etc., ranging from 600 BCE—200 BCE have been discovered at several archaeological sites.[12] In southern India (present-day Mysore), iron appeared as early as the 12th or 11th century BCE. These developments were too early for any significant close contact with the northwest of the country.[12]
The beginning of the 1st millennium BCE saw extensive developments in ironmetallurgy in India.[13] Technological advancement and mastery of iron metallurgy were achieved during this period of peaceful settlements. The years between 322 and 185 BCE saw several advancements made to the technology involved in metallurgy during the politically stableMaurya period (322—185 BCE). Greek historianHerodotus (431—425 BCE) wrote the first Western account of the use of iron in India.[13]
Perhaps as early as 300 BCE — although certainly by 200 CE — high-quality steel was being produced in southern India by what Europeans would later call thecrucible technique.[14] Using this system, high-puritywrought iron,charcoal, and glass were mixed in a crucible and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon.[14] The first crucible steel was thewootz steel that originated in India before the beginning of the common era.[15] Wootz steel was widely exported and traded throughout ancient Europe, China, and the Arab world, and became particularly famous in the Middle East, where it became known as Damascus steel. Archaeological evidence suggests that this manufacturing process was already in existence in South India well before the Christian era.[16][17]
The world's first iron pillar was theIron Pillar of Delhi erected during the time ofChandragupta Vikramaditya (375–413 CE).[18] The swords manufactured in Indian workshops are mentioned in the written works of Muhammad al-Idrisi (flourished 1154).[19] Indian Blades made of Damascus steel found their way into Persia.[20] During the 14th century, European scholars studied Indian casting and metallurgy technology.[21]
Indian metallurgy under the Mughal emperorAkbar (reign: 1556–1605) produced excellent small firearms.[22]Jos Gommans (2002) holds that Mughal handguns were stronger and more accurate than their European counterparts.[23]
In 1667, it is estimated that 5 tons of steel and 25 tons of ironware were exported from India.[24] While the Dutch are reported to have exported 46 tonnes of Wootz steel during the 17th century.[24]
Modern steelmaking in India began with the setting up of the first blast furnace of India at Kulti in 1870, and production began in 1874, which was set up by Bengal Iron Works. While first modern steel manufacturing plant was set up at the Gun & Shell Factory (GSF), in 1801,[25] and along with the Metal & Steel Factory (MSF), at Calcutta,[26] both still belonging to theYantra India Limited. All had followed on from the establishment of coal mining, in the late 18th century, which eliminated the need for approximately 14.5 tonnes of charcoal to be created to smelt each tonne of iron,[27] and offering a source of power for the trains and riverboats used to carry the ores and smelted metals.
TheTata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was established byDorabji Tata in 1907, as part of his father's conglomerate. Economic historian Dileep Wagle writes that from 1907 to 1936, TISCO "was the Indian steel industry."[28] By 1939 it operated the largest steel plant in the British Empire and accounted for a significant proportion of the 2 million tons of pig iron and 1.13 of steel produced annually.[29] The company launched a major modernisation and expansion program in 1951.[30]
In the 1920s, tariffs were erected on foreign steel to prompt the rapid industrialization of the Indian steel sector.[31][32][28]
After World War II, India was a large exporter of pig iron, but remained an importer of steel.[33]
1956 marked the beginning of theFerro Alloys Corporation Ltd. at Sriramnagar, Garividi, Vizianagaram district, Andhra Pradesh. The founder was Seth Shriman Durgaprasadji Saraf (1911–1988). The registered office is at Tumsar, Bhandara district, Maharashtra.[34]The ferromanganese plant started production in 1957, equipped with three furnaces for the production of high-carbon ferromanganese andferrosilicon. In 1969, a reduction furnace and a slag furnace were commissioned for the production offerrochrome. The company independently set up a 16 MVA furnace in 1981.[35]
TheBhilai Steel Plant, located inBhilai,Chhattisgarh, is India's first large-scale integrated steel plant, a major producer of wide steel plates and other steel products. The plant also produces steel and markets various chemical by-products from itscoke ovens and coal chemical plant. It was set up with the help of theUSSR in 1955.[36]
JSW Steel, Vijayanagar Works is the largest integrated steel plant in terms of production capacity with 12MTPA(steel production), which was set up in 1982.,[37] apart from thatBhilai Steel Plant andBokaro Steel Plant are the largest steel plant in-terms of area.
InThe New Cambridge History of India: Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India, scholar David Arnold examines the effect of the British Raj in Indian mining and metallurgy:[38]
With the partial exception of coal, foreign competition, aided by the absence of tariff barriers and lack of technological innovation, held back the development of mining and metal-working technology in India until the early 20th century. The relatively crude, labour-intensive nature of surviving mining techniques contributed to the false impression that India was poorly endowed with mineral resources or that they were inaccessible or otherwise difficult and unremunerative to work. But the fate of mining and metallurgy was affected by political as well as by economic and technological considerations.
The British were aware of the historical role metal-working had played in supporting indigenous powers through the production of arms and ammunition. This resulted in the introduction of the Arms Act in 1878, which restricted access to firearms. They also sought to limit India's ability to mine and work metals for use in future wars and rebellions in areas like metal-rich Rajasthan. India's skill in casting brass cannon had made Indian artillery a formidable adversary from the reign of Akbar to the Maratha and Sikh wars 300 years later. By the early 19th century, most of the mines in Rajasthan were abandoned and the mining caste was ‘extinct’.[38]
During the Company period, military opponents were eliminated and princely states extinguished, and the capacity to mine and work metals declined, largely due to British tariffs. As late as the Rebellion of 1857, the British closed mines because the mining of lead for ammunition at Ajmer was perceived as a threat.[38]
Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru, a believer inHarold Laski'sFabian socialism, decided that the technological revolution in India needed maximisation of steel production. He, therefore, formed a government-owned company, Hindustan Steel Limited (HSL), and set up three steel plants in the 1950s.[39]In early 21st centuryKalinganagar andBokaro both emerged as the leading steel hub with multiple steel factories due to their ideal location with coal mines and other mineral deposits nearby aschota nagpur plateau is super-rich mineral area.
The NDA Government, headed by Prime MinisterNarendra Modi, is bullish on increasing India's steel production capacity and reducing the country's reliance on steel imports.[40] All eyes are on theGadchiroli iron ore reserves to achieve this. Minister of Road Transport and Highways of India 2024,Nitin Gadkari, spoke about how the region might emerge as the next steel city of India. This is an extension of theMaharashtra Government's push for Gadchiroli as the next investment destination.[41]
While mineral reserves in the region have been known, community conflict in the region has kept industrial activity at bay. But in 2022, Lloyd's Metal and Energy Limited, in a strategic partnership with Thriveni Earthmovers, were able to start mining operations in the region. This successful effort was led by Mr. B. Prabhakaran, managing director of theThriveni group.Lloyds Metal & Energy is expanding its Ghugus steel plant from 270 MTA to 1.2 MPTA Integrated steel facility.
Over the last few years, 19 more blocks have been opened up and bids invited for the lease.
The thermo-mechanical treatment of reinforced steel was one such innovation that catapulted the Indian TMT industry into modernisation. First introduced in 1979 withIS 1785:1979, these TMT bars came with Grade Fe 415, Fe 500. In 1985, a higher grade of these bars – FE 500 (IS 1786:1985) was introduced in the market, and since then, the demand for TMT bars has only risen in the Indian construction industry. 2008 saw the introduction of Fe 600 grade tMT bars conforming toIS 1786:2008.
Ladle Refining Furnace (LRF) technology is a state-of-the-art method for producing construction-grade steel, with iron ore as the raw material.The Ladle Refining Furnace is a furnace in which the quality of liquid steel is improved by raising the temperature to create a more refined grade of steel.LRF technology helps to make the best quality of TMT steel bars, The best TMT steel bars in India are produced Ladle Refining Furnace (LRF) technology as per the standard IS:1786.[42]
High strengthDMR-1700 metal. This steel is a nickel-bearing micro alloyed steel characterised by higher strength and superior toughness even at sub-zero temperatures. This steel has got Cr, higher Ni, Cu and Mo also. Because of the presence of these elements it yields higher strength with good toughness at minus 50'C.[43] DMR 1700 has brought the cost down by 60 per cent compared to 250 grade maraging steel.
There are multiple steel equipment companies in India such asHeavy Engineering Corporation,Larsen & Toubro andCG Industrial Solutions etc.[44]
Production of both green steel and green urea is feasible by using biomass products in existing blast furnaces, when an existing blast furnace is modified to use biomass as its fuel.[45]
In the Indian state of Odisha in the east of the country, at least 12 steel plants with a production capacity of 60 million tons per year will be built by 2030.[46]
As per Assocham, around 40 MT of new steel capacity is to be commissioned in India by FY26.[4]
The Kadapa Steel Plant, initiated by the Andhra Pradesh government in YSR Kadapa District, promises to boost job creation and economic growth. Launched in 2019 and now progressing under JSW Group’s phased development with sustainable technology, the project reflects the vision ofYSRCP, led byY.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, to drive employment and industrial progress for Rayalaseema’s communities.
List of integrated steel plants proposed/under construction
| Name | Location | Operator |
|---|---|---|
| Essar Paradeep steel plant[47][48] | Paradeep | ArcelorMittal |
| AP High grades steel | Peddandlur, YSR Kadapa | YSR Steel Corporation |
| Lloyd's Metal Konsari Steel Plant | Konsari | Lloyd's Metal & Energy Ltd. |
| JSW Utkal Steel | Paradeep | JSW Steel |
| JSW Kadapa Steel | Sunnapurallapalli, YSR Kadapa | JSW Steel |
| SAIL Paradeep Steel Plant | Paradeep | SAIL |
| Jai Balaji Steels Purulia Ltd | Purulia,West Bengal | Jai Balaji Steels |
| NMDC Karnataka steel plant | Ballari,Karnataka | NMDC Steel Ltd. |
| Xindia Steels Karnataka plant | Hospete | Xindia Steels Ltd |
| MSP Metallics Odisha steel plant | Sambalpur | MSP Metallics |
| JSW BPSL Potka | Potka,Jharkhand | JSW BPSL |
| Iron production (Ironworks) |
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| Steelmaking (Steel mill) |
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