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TheIron Cross (German:Eisernes Kreuz,listenⓘ, abbreviated EK) was amilitary decoration in theKingdom of Prussia, theGerman Empire (1871–1918), andNazi Germany (1933–1945). The design, a blackcross pattée with a white or silver outline, was derived from the insignia of the medievalTeutonic Order and borne by itsknights from the 13th century. As well as being a military medal, it has also been used as an emblem by thePrussian Army, theImperial German Army, and theReichswehr of theWeimar Republic, while theBalkenkreuz (bar cross) variant was used by theWehrmacht. The Iron Cross is now the emblem of theBundeswehr, the modern German armed forces.
King Frederick William III of Prussia established the Iron Cross award on 17 March 1813 during theNapoleonic Wars (EK 1813). The award was backdated to the birthday (10 March) of his late wife,Queen Louise, who was the first person to receive it (posthumously). The Iron Cross was also awarded during theFranco-Prussian War (EK 1870),World War I (EK 1914), andWorld War II (EK 1939). During World War II, the Nazi regime made their own version by superimposing aswastika on the medal. The Iron Cross was usually a military decoration only, though some were awarded to civilians for performing military roles, includingHanna Reitsch andMelitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg for being civiliantest pilots during World War II.
Since the late 20th century, the symbol has also been adopted into theoutlaw motorcycle subculture andheavy metal fashion.
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The Black Cross (Schwarzes Kreuz) is the emblem used by thePrussian Army and Germany's army from 1871 to the present. It was designed on the occasion of theGerman Campaign of 1813, whenFriedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia commissioned the Iron Cross as the first military decoration open to all ranks, including enlisted men. From this time, the Black Cross was featured on thePrussian war flag alongside the Black Eagle. It was designed by neoclassical architectKarl Friedrich Schinkel, based on Friedrich Wilhelm III.[citation needed] The design is ultimately derivative of theblack cross used by theTeutonic Order.[citation needed] This heraldic cross took various forms throughout the order's history, including aLatin cross, across potent,cross fleury, and occasionally also across pattée.
When theQuadriga of the Goddess of Peace was retrieved from Paris at Napoleon's fall, it was re-established atop Berlin'sBrandenburg Gate. An Iron Cross was inserted into Peace'slaurelwreath, making her into aGoddess of Victory. In 1821 Schinkel crowned the top of his design of theNational Monument for the Liberation Wars with an Iron Cross, becoming name-giving asKreuzberg (cross mountain) for the hill it stands on and, 100 years later, for thehomonymous quarter adjacent to it.[1]
The Black Cross was used on the naval and combat flags of theGerman Empire. The Black Cross was used as the German Army symbol until 1915 when a simpler Balkenkreuz replaced it. TheReichswehr of theWeimar Republic (1921–35), theWehrmacht ofNazi Germany (1935–45), and theBundeswehr (1 October 1956 to present) also inherited the use of the emblem in various forms. The traditional design in black is used on armored vehicles and aircraft, while afterGerman reunification, a new creation in blue and silver was introduced for use in other contexts.
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Theribbon for the 1813, 1870 and 1914 Iron Cross (2nd Class) was black with two thin white bands, the colors of Prussia. The non-combatant version of this award had the same medal, but the black and white colors on the ribbon were reversed. The ribbon color for the 1939 EKII was black/white/red/white/black.
Since the Iron Cross was issued over several different periods of German history, it was annotated with the year indicating the era in which it was issued. For example, an Iron Cross from World War I bears the year "1914", while the same decoration from World War II is annotated "1939". The reverse of the 1870, 1914 and 1939 series of Iron Crosses have the year "1813" appearing on the lower arm, symbolizing the year the award was created. The 1813 decoration also has the initials "FW" for KingFriedrich Wilhelm III, while the next two have a "W" for the respective kaisers,Wilhelm I andWilhelm II. The final version shows aswastika representing theNazi Party instead of a letter for a German monarch. There was also the "1957" issue, a replacement medal for holders of the 1939 series which substituted an oak-leaf cluster for the banned swastika.
When the Iron Cross was reauthorized for World War I in 1914, it was possible for individuals who had previously been awarded one in 1870 to be subsequently granted another. These recipients were recognized with the award of a clasp featuring a miniaturized 1914 Iron Cross on a metal bar.[2] The award was quite rare, since by this time there were few in service who held the 1870 Iron Cross. In World War II it was also possible for a holder of the 1914 Iron Cross to be awarded a second or higher grade of the 1939 Iron Cross. In such cases, a "1939 Clasp" (Spange) would be worn on the original 1914 Iron Cross. For the 1st Class award, the Spange appears as an eagle with the date "1939". This was pinned to the uniform above the original medal. Although they were two separate awards in some cases the holders soldered them together.
A cross has been the symbol of Germany's armed forces (now theBundeswehr) since 1871.
On 17 March 1813 King Frederick William III of Prussia, who had fled to non-occupied Breslau (todayWrocław), established the military decoration of the Iron Cross, backdated to 10 March (the lateQueen Louise's birthday).[3] The Iron Cross was awarded to soldiers during theWars of Liberation against Napoleon. Before a soldier could be awarded with the Iron Cross 1st Class, he needed to have been decorated with the Iron Cross 2nd Class.[4] It was first awarded toKarl August Ferdinand von Borcke on 21 April 1813.[5] The first form of the Iron Crosses 1st Class were stitched in ribbon to the left uniform breast. By order of 1 June 1813, the 2nd form was created in cast iron with silver borders, and 8 loops on the reverse, to be fixed to the left uniform breast. In 1817 a total of 670 chevaliers had received the Iron Cross 1st Class.[6]
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King Wilhelm I of Prussia authorized further awards on 19 July 1870, during theFranco-Prussian War. Recipients of the 1870 Iron Cross who were still in service in 1895 were authorized to purchase and wear above the cross aJubiläumsspange ("Jubilee clip"), a 25-year clasp consisting of the numerals "25" on three oak leaves.[2]
William Manley is possibly the only recipient of both the Iron Cross and theVictoria Cross. He was awarded the Iron Cross for service with an ambulance unit in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71.[7]
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EmperorWilhelm II reauthorized the Iron Cross on 5 August 1914, at the start ofWorld War I. During these three periods, the Iron Cross was an award of the Kingdom of Prussia, although—given Prussia's pre-eminent place in theGerman Empire formed in 1871—it tended to be treated as a generic German decoration. The 1813, 1870, and 1914 Iron Crosses had three grades:
Although theobverse of the medals of each class was identical, the manner in which each was worn differed. The Iron Cross, 1st class, employed a pin or screw posts on the back of the medal, and was worn on the left side of the recipient's uniform, like the original 1813 version. The Iron Cross 2nd Class, and the larger Grand Cross, were suspended from different ribbons: the Grand Cross from a neck ribbon, the 2nd Class from a ribbon on the chest. The usual display of the 2nd Class version was as a ribbon through one of the button holes in the recipient's tunic.
The Grand Cross was intended for senior generals of thePrussian or (later) the German Army. An even higher decoration, theStar of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross (also called theBlücher Star), was awarded only twice, toGeneralfeldmarschallGebhard Leberecht von Blücher in 1813 and toGeneralfeldmarschallPaul von Hindenburg in 1918. A third award was planned for the most successful German general during World War II, but was not made after thedefeat of Germany in 1945.
The Iron Cross, 1st class, and the Iron Cross, 2nd class, were awarded without regard to rank. One had to possess the 2nd Class already in order to receive the 1st Class (though in some cases both could be awarded simultaneously). The egalitarian nature of this award contrasted with those of most other German states (and indeed of many other European monarchies), where military decorations were awarded based on the rank of the recipient. For example,Bavarian officers received various grades of thatKingdom's Military Merit Order (Militär-Verdienstorden), while enlisted men received various grades of theMilitary Merit Cross (Militär-Verdienstkreuz). Prussia did have other orders and medals which it awarded on the basis of rank, and even though the Iron Cross was intended to be awarded without regard to rank, officers and NCOs were more likely to receive it than junior enlisted soldiers.
During World War I, approximately 218,000 EKIs, 5,196,000 EKIIs and 13,000 non-combatant EKIIs were awarded.[8] Exact numbers of awards are not known, since the Prussian military archives were destroyed during World War II. The multitude of awards reduced the status and reputation of the decoration. Among the holders of the 1914 Iron Cross, 2nd class, and 1st Class wasAdolf Hitler, who served as an Austrian citizen in theBavarian Army with the rank ofGefreiter (lance-corporal), he received these medals for showing bravery on the field of battle.[9] Most photographs of Hitler show him wearing his EKI in standard fashion on his left breast.
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In 1914, a variety of very crude anti-German propaganda versions of the Iron Cross were created by the Allies, and sold to raise money for the war effort and the relief ofBelgian refugees. One was inscribed "FOR KULTUR" in raised letters, another "FOR BRUTALITY." Yet another showed the names of French and Belgian towns attacked or destroyed during theretreat from Mons on the ends of the upper arms of the cross; these includedRheims,Louvain andAmiens on one side, andAntwerp,Dinant andGhent on the other, with the date 1914 on the lower arm, and a central W forKaiser Wilhelm as on the original. Another commemorated theraid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby, showing the names of these "war atrocities" on the arms of the cross.
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Adolf Hitler restored the Iron Cross in 1939 as a German decoration (rather than Prussian), and continued the tradition of issuing it in various classes. Legally, it is based on the "Enactment for the re-introduction of the Iron Cross" (Verordnung über die Erneuerung des Eisernen Kreuzes) of 1 September 1939.[10] The Iron Cross of World War II was divided into three main series of decorations: the Iron Cross (the lowest), theKnight's Cross (intermediate), and the Grand Cross (the highest). The Knight's Cross replaced the PrussianPour le Mérite or "Blue Max". Hitler did not care for thePour le Mérite, as it was a Prussian order that could be awarded only to officers. The ribbon of the medal (2nd class and Knight's Cross) was different from the earlier Iron Crosses as the color red was used in addition to the traditional black and white (black and white were the colors of Prussia, while black, white, and red were the colors of Nazi Germany). Hitler also created theWar Merit Cross as a replacement for the non-combatant version of the Iron Cross. It also appeared on certain Nazi flags in the upper left corner. The sides of the cross were curved, like most original iron crosses.
The standard 1939 Iron Cross was issued in the following two grades:
The Iron Cross was awarded for bravery in battle as well as other military contributions in a battlefield environment.
The Iron Cross, 2nd class, came with a ribbon and the cross itself was worn in one of two different ways:
Note that for everyday wear, only the ribbon was worn from the second buttonhole in the tunic.
The Iron Cross, 1st class, was a pin-on medal with no ribbon and was worn centered on a uniform breast pocket, either on dress uniforms or everyday outfit. It was a progressive award, with the second class having to be earned before the first class and so on for the higher degrees.
It is estimated that some four and a half million 2nd Class Iron Crosses were awarded during World War II, and 300,000 of the 1st Class.[11]
Thirty-nine women, chiefly nurses from theGerman Red Cross, were awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class. Examples include: Elfriede Wnuk, wounded in 1942 on the Eastern Front, Magda Darchniger, decorated in 1942, Marga Droste, who remained at her post in the Wilhelmshaven hospital despite her own wounds during a bombing in 1942, Ilse Schulz and Grete Fock, who served in the African campaign, Liselotte Hensel and Miss Holzmann, who were both decorated in 1943 for bravery during a bombing of Hamburg, and the countessMelitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, acting as a qualified test pilot and development engineer and decorated in August 1943. Other DRK female auxiliaries who received the Iron Cross for acts of bravery are Hanny Weber, Geolinde Münchge, Elfriede Gunia, Ruth Raabe, Ilse Daub, Greta Graffenkamp, Elfriede Muth, Ursula Kogel, Liselotte Schlotterbeck, Rohna von Ceuern, Anna Wohlschütz, and Dr. Elizabeth Potuz. Two non-German female auxiliaries of the German Red Cross were awarded the Iron Cross: Norwegian nurse Anne Gunhild Moxnes in April 1944, and an unknown Belgian nurse in 1942. A young member of the female youth organisation of the Third Reich, Ottilie Stephan, was also awarded the Iron Cross in February 1945 under unknown circumstances. At least two Iron Cross, 1st class, recipients were women, test pilot (Flugkapitän)Hanna Reitsch and in January 1945 German Red Cross sister Else Grossmann.[12]
One of theMuslimSS members to receive the award, SSObersturmführer ImamHalim Malkoč was granted the Iron Cross (2nd Class) in October 1943 for his role in suppressing theVillefranche-de-Rouergue mutiny. He, together with several other Bosnian Muslims, was decorated with the EK II personally by Himmler in the days after the mutiny. Because of his Muslim faith, he wore only the ribbon, and not the cross. Three Finnish Jews were awarded the Iron Cross: MajorLeo Skurnik and CaptainSalomon Klass of theFinnish Army and nurseDina Poljakoff from theLotta Svärd organization. All three refused the award.[13] The Spanish double-agentJuan Pujol García, known to the Germans asArabel and the British asGarbo received the 2nd Class Iron Cross,[14] and anMBE from KingGeorge VI four months later.[15]
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The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes, often simplyRitterkreuz) recognized military valour or successful leadership. The Knight's Cross was divided into five degrees:
In total, 7,313 awards of the Knight's Cross were made. Only 883 received the Oak Leaves; 160 with Oak Leaves and Swords (includingJapanese AdmiralIsoroku Yamamoto (posthumously)); 27 with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds; and one with the Golden Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds (OberstHans-Ulrich Rudel).
Like the Knight's Cross, the Grand Cross (Großkreuz) was worn suspended from the collar. It was reserved for general officers for "the most outstanding strategic decisions affecting the course of the war". The only recipient during the Second World War wasReichsmarschallHermann Göring, who was awarded the decoration on 19 July 1940 for his command of theLuftwaffe, after theBattle of France in 1940.[16]
The medal is a larger version of the Knight's Cross,[17] measuring 63 mm (2.5 in) wide as opposed to about 44 mm (1.7 in) for the Iron Cross and 48.5 mm (1.9 in) for the Knight's Cross. It was originally intended to have outer edges lined in gold, but this was changed to silver before the award was presented.[citation needed] It was worn with a 57 mm (2.2 in) wide ribbon bearing the same colors as the Knight's Cross and 2nd Class ribbons.[16] The award case was in red leather with theeagle and the swastika outlined in gold.
The original Grand Cross presented to Göring (personally by Hitler) was destroyed during an air raid on his Berlin home. Göring had extra copies made, one of them with aplatinum frame that he was wearing at the time of his surrender to the allies in 1945.[16]
The Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross (also called Iron Cross with Golden Rays) was pinned to the left breast, above the Iron Cross 1st Class. Like the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross, it was for bestowal upon successful general officers.[17]
The Star of the Grand Cross was awarded only twice, both to Field Marshals who already held the Grand Cross: in 1815 toGebhard von Blücher for his part in theBattle of Waterloo, and in March 1918 toPaul von Hindenburg for his conduct of the 1918Spring Offensive on theWestern Front.[17] It is often called the Blücher Star(Blücherstern), after its first recipient.[18]
A Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross was manufactured in World War II, but never formally instituted or awarded. The only known example, based on the World War I version but with the 1939 Iron Cross centerpiece, was found by Allied forces at the end of the war, and it is now in the museum atWest Point.[19] It is likely thatReichsmarschall Göring was the intended eventual recipient. He was the only holder of the World War II Iron Cross Grand Cross, and both the previous recipients of the Star had already received the Grand Cross.
Officers awarded the Iron Cross were given entitlements and often wore signifying articles, such as an Iron Cross signet ring or cloth Iron Cross which could be affixed to clothing. Also, during the Nazi period, those attaining more than one award, for example, an officer who had attained an Iron Cross 2nd Class, an Iron Cross 1st Class, and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with the Oak Leaves, were entitled to wear a pin which exhibited three Iron Crosses with an exaggerated swastika, thereby consolidating the awards.
In some cases,Minox miniature cameras were given to people together with an Iron Cross.[20]
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Asmodern German law prohibits the production and display of items containing Nazi insignia, the West German government authorized replacement Iron Crosses in 1957 with a trifoliate Oak Leaf Cluster in place of the swastika, similar to the Iron Crosses of 1813, 1870, and 1914, which could be worn by World War II Iron Cross recipients. The 1957 law also authorized de-Nazified versions of most other World War II-era decorations (except those specifically associated with Nazi Party organizations, such as SS Long Service medals, or with the expansion of the GermanReich, such as the medals for the annexation of Austria, theSudetenland and theMemel region).
After post-war German armed forces began seeing active service, first inKosovo and then inAfghanistan, a campaign began to revive the Iron Cross and other military medals, since Germany had no awards specifically for active military service. In 2007, a petition to the German parliament to revive the Iron Cross decoration was initiated, quickly receiving over 5,000 signatures.[citation needed] On 13 December 2007 parliament decided to let the Ministry of Defence decide the matter.[21] On 6 March 2008, PresidentHorst Köhler approved a proposal by Minister of DefenseFranz Josef Jung to institute a new award for bravery. TheEhrenzeichen der Bundeswehr (Badge of Honor of the German Armed Forces) series was instituted on 10 October 2008. However, it does not have the traditional form of the Iron Cross (instead more closely resembling thePrussian Military Merit Cross), but is seen as a supplement of existing awards of theBundeswehr.[22]
In the United States, the Iron Cross was adopted byoutlaw motorcycle clubs in the 1960s, as a symbol of rebellion and probably forshock value.[23] From biker subculture it spread to rock andheavy metal subcultures, becoming part ofheavy metal fashion.Lemmy Kilmister of the influential bandMotörhead often wore one.[24] In the 1990s, this other use of the Iron Cross had spread from bikers to skateboarders and many extreme sports enthusiasts and became part of the logo of several related clothing companies. TheAnti-Defamation League states that the version of the symbol with a swastika has been commonly used by neo-Nazis and otherwhite supremacists as a hate symbol since it was discontinued following World War II, but the wider use of the Iron Cross in various subcultures means determining its use as a hate symbol relies on context: "an Iron Cross in isolation (i.e., without a superimposed swastika or without other accompanying hate symbols) cannot be determined to be a hate symbol".[23]
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...versehen, in drei Stufen verliehen: als Großkreuz ..., sowie als Kreuz Erster und Zweiter Klasse, wobei die Klassen von unten nacheinander zu erwerben waren.[It was awarded in three grades: as a Grand Cross ... and as a First and Second Class, with the grades being awarded one after the other.]
25 November Garbo received MBE from King
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