TheIrish community is one ofNew York City's largestethnic groups, and has been a significant proportion of the city's population since the waves of immigration in the late 19th century.
As a result of theGreat Famine in Ireland, many Irish families were forced to emigrate from the country. By 1854, between 1.5 and 2 million Irish had left their country. In the United States, most Irish became city-dwellers. With little money, many had to settle in the cities that the ships landed in. By 1850, the Irish made up a quarter of the population inBoston,New York City,Philadelphia,Buffalo, andBaltimore.
Today,Boston has the largest percentage of Irish-Americans of any city in the United States, while New York City has the most Irish Americans in raw numbers.[1] During theCeltic Tiger years, when the Irish economy was booming, the city saw a buying spree of residences by native Irish as second homes[2] or as investment property.[3]
Irish Americans (most of whom are Irish Catholic) make up approximately 5.3% of New York City's population, composing the second largest non-Hispanic white ethnic group.[4]
Irish American ProtestantsScotch-Irish Americans first came to America incolonial years (pre-1776). The largest wave of Catholic Irish immigration came after theGreat Hunger in 1845 although many Catholics immigrated during the colonial period.[5] Most came from some of Ireland's most populous counties, such as Cork, Galway, and Tipperary. Large numbers also originated in counties Cavan, Meath, Dublin, and Laois.[6] TheAncient Order of Hibernians, the largest Irish-Americansecret society, was formed on May 4, 1836 atSt. James Roman Catholic Church inManhattan.[7] In 1850, a group of Hibernians prevented the burning of Manhattan'sSt. Patrick's Old Cathedral by a mob of anti-CatholicKnow Nothings.[8]
In the Civil War, themassive anti-draft riots of 1863 represented a "civil war" inside the Irish Catholic community, according to Toby Joyce. The mostly Irish Catholic rioters confronted police, soldiers, and pro-war politicians who were often leaders of the Irish community.[9] In the "early days", the 19th century, the Irish formed a predominant part of the European immigrant population of New York City, a "city of immigrants", which added to the city's diversity to this day.[10] After they came, Irish immigrants often crowded into subdivided homes, only meant for one family, and cellars, attics, and alleys all became home for the poorest immigrants. As they accumulated wealth they moved into better housing.[11]Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, was originally developed as a resort for wealthy Manhattanites in 1879, but instead became an upscale family-oriented Italian- and Irish-American community.[12] Another large Irish-American community is located in Woodlawn Heights,Bronx,[13] but Woodlawn Heights also has a mix of different ethnic groups.[14] Conditions were slow to improve in Manhattan'sHell's Kitchen.[15]
The Irish Catholic men were successful in joining theNew York City Police Department (NYPD) as well as theNew York Fire Department (FDNY). Religious women became nuns teaching in parochial schools; others became public school teachers. In the neighborhoods, the Irish organized to again control over territory, jobs, and political organizations. As the "new immigrants" from Southern and Eastern Europe arrived 1880s-1914, the Irish incorporating them into their established system. It was a process of "Americanization." The Irish dominated the Catholic Church as bishops, priests, pastors and nuns.[18] The Church worked hard to keep Catholicism strong among the new arrivals, opening parish schools and high schools.[19]After 1945, a large-scale movement to the suburbs was made possible by the steady upward social mobility of the Irish.[20]
In the 20th century, the Irish-American proportion offirst responders in New York grew so large that a nationwidestereotype began to form of Irish-Americans as police officers and firemen.[21][22]Pipe bands have continued to play at funerals for police officers regardless of ethnicity into the 21st century.[22][23] OnSeptember 11, 2001, 40% of the 343 firefighters who died had Irish ancestry.[24] According toGeorge Pataki, NYPD CommissionerBernard Kerik toldBrian Cowen during a visit toGround Zero that 200claddagh rings had been recovered from the site.[25]
Fordham University was founded by Archbishop John Hughes an Irish immigrant, and built by Irish labor. Most of theJesuits are Irish-Americans and Irish Americans make up a sizeable amount of the student body. The University president Rev. Joseph McShane, SJ is an Irish American.
St. John's University was founded by Bishop John Laughlin an Irish immigrant aiming to educate Irish and other immigrants in a strong Catholic atmosphere. Almost every president of the University has been an Irish American, and many of theVincentian priests that run the University are Irish as well as lay staff and professors. The University president Rev. Brian Shanley, OP is an Irish American.
AtManhattan University, many of the students, staff and professors are Irish American. Its athletic teams are named the Jaspers, in honor of Brother Jasper of Mary, an Irish immigrant, administrator at the school and inventor of the seventh inning stretch.
Fairytale of New York by Irish bandThe Pogues refers to theNYPD choir singingGalway Bay. This is traditional because the force traditionally was largely made up of Irish Americans.
^An Irish Taste for Real Estate in Manhattan, by Patrick McHeehan, N.Y. Times, May 8, 2007 (The page number is not available; it is available on-line with registration).
^Thomas Shelley, " 'Only One Class of People to Draw Upon for Support': Irish-Americans and the Archdiocese of New York."American Catholic Studies (2001): 1-21.
^ James R. Barrett, and David R. Roediger, "The Irish and the 'Americanization' of the 'New Immigrants' in the Streets and in the Churches of the Urban United States, 1900-1930."Journal of American Ethnic History 24.4 (2005): 3-33, focus on New YHork and Chicago.
^Morton D. Winsberg, "The Suburbanization of the Irish in Boston, Chicago and New-York." Eire-Ireland 21.3 (1986): 90-104.
^A bit o' the Irish brogue: Woodlawn: An Irish enclave in the far reaches of the Bronx, by Patrick Ward, amNY, February 8, 2007, at pp. 34, 36, 38; see also at[1].
^abEllen Freudenheim,Queens: What to do, where to go (and how not to get lost) in New York's Undiscovered Borough, pp. 15-16 (Woodside), 262-265 (Rockaways), 267-275 (Sunnyside), 277-287 (Woodside). (St. Martin's NY 2006)ISBN0-312-35818-0.
Almeida, Linda Dowling.Irish Immigrants in New York City, 1945-1995 (Indiana University Press, 2001).
Anbinder, Tyler.Five Points: The 19th-century New York City neighborhood that invented tap dance, stole elections, and became the world's most notorious slum (Simon and Schuster, 2001).online
Anbinder, Tyler. "We will dirk every mother’s son of you- Five Points and the Irish conquest of New York Politics"Eire-Ireland (2001) 36(1): 29–46.excerpt
Barrett, James R., and David R. Roediger. "The Irish and the 'Americanization' of the 'New Immigrants' in the Streets and in the Churches of the Urban United States, 1900-1930."Journal of American Ethnic History 24.4 (2005): 3-33. How the Irish helped the "new immigration" in New York City and Chicago.online
Bayor, Ronald H., and Timothy Meagher, eds.The New York Irish (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997)online; 22 topical essays by experts.
Bayor, Ronald H.Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews, and Italians of New York City, 1929-1941 (U of Illinois Press, 1988).online
Bernstein, Iver.The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (1990).
Burrows, Edwin G., and Mike Wallace.Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (Oxford University Press, 1999) 1383pp; a standard scholarly history.
Carregal-Romero, José. "The Irish Female Migrant, Silence and Family Duty in Colm Tóibín’s Brooklyn."Études irlandaises 43-2 (2018): 129-141.online
Cook, Adrian.The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 (University Press of Kentucky, 1974).
Darby, Paul. "Gaelic games, ethnic identity and Irish nationalism in New York City c. 1880–1917."Sport in Society 10.3 (2007): 347-367.
Dolan, Jay P. The Immigrant Church: New York's Irish and German Catholics, 1815-1865 (1975)online
Glazer, Nathan, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan.Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City (MIT Press, 1970).online
Gordon, Michael Allen.The Orange Riots: Irish Political Violence in New York City, 1870 and 1871 (Cornell University Press, 1993).online
Gurock, Jeffrey S. "'Getting Along' in Parkchester: A New Era in Jewish–Irish Relations in New York City 1940–1970."Religions 9.6 (2018): 181+[2][permanent dead link].
Helmreich, William B. (2013).The New York Nobody Knows: Walking 6000 Miles in the City. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton U. Press.ISBN978-0-691-14405-4.
Jackson, Kenneth T., ed.The encyclopedia of New York city (Yale University Press, 2010).online
Joyce, Toby. "The New York Draft Riots of 1863: An Irish Civil War?"History Ireland (March 2003) 11#2, pp 22-27.online
Kelly, Mary C.The shamrock and the lily: the New York Irish and the creation of a transatlantic identity, 1845-1921 (Peter Lang, 2005).online review
McGlmpsey, Christopher D. "Internal ethnic friction: Orange and green in nineteenth‐century New York, 1868–1872."Immigrants & Minorities 1.1 (1982): 39-59.
McGrath, Patrick. "Secular Power, Sectarian Politics: The American-Born Irish Elite and Catholic Political Culture in Nineteenth-Century New York."Journal of American Ethnic History 38.3 (2019): 36-75.online
Marston, Sallie A. "Making difference: conflict over Irish identity in the New York City St. Patrick’s Day parade."Political Geography 21.3 (2002): 373-392.online[dead link]
Maye-Banbury, Angela. "Emerald City? The case for situational capital in advancing our understanding of Irish immigrants’ attachment to New York City as place."Irish Journal of Sociology (2022): 07916035221082548.online
Moses, Paul.An unlikely union: The love-hate story of New York's Irish and Italians (NYU Press, 2017).online
Nilsen, Kenneth E. "Irish in nineteenth century New York." inThe Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City (2002) pp: 53-69.
O'Donnell, Edward T. "Hibernians Versus Hebrews? A New Look at the 1902 Jacob Joseph Funeral Riot"Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 6.2 (2007): 209-225.
Rohs, Stephen Albert, and Stephen Rohs.Eccentric Nation: Irish Performance in Nineteenth-Century New York City (Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 2009), regarding theatres
Shelley, Thomas. " 'Only One Class of People to Draw Upon for Support': Irish-Americans and the Archdiocese of New York."American Catholic Studies (2001): 1-21.
Winsberg, Morton D. "The Suburbanization of the Irish in Boston, Chicago and New-York."Eire-Ireland 21.3 (1986): 90-104.
