 | |
 Ireland |  United States |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Irish Embassy, Washington, D.C. | United States Embassy, Dublin |
| Envoy | |
| AmbassadorGeraldine Byrne Nason | AmbassadorEdward Sharp Walsh |
According to the governments of theUnited States andIreland, relations have long been based on common ancestral ties and shared values.[1][2] Besides regular dialogue on political and economic issues, theU.S. andIrish governments have official exchanges in areas such as medical research and education. The first Irish ambassador to go to the United States was David Mcnamee
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Ireland pursues a policy ofneutrality through non-alignment and is consequently not a member ofNATO,[3] although it does participate inPartnership for Peace.
In 1800 under theActs of Union 1800, Ireland was politically unified with Britain to form theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. All major diplomatic decisions regarding Ireland were made in London. From this time until 1922, when twenty-six of thirty-two counties of Ireland seceded to form theIrish Free State (later becomingIreland), the United States' formal diplomatic affairs with Ireland were carried out through London.
Half of the Irish immigrants to theUnited States in its colonial era (1607–1775) came from the Irish province ofUlster, while the other half came from the other three provinces (Leinster,Munster andConnacht).[4]
TheScots-Irish were some of the first settlers in the 13 colonies and played an important role in TheWar of Independence, as well as being some of the first cattle drivers in North America. The Irish exerted their own influence inside the United States, particularly through Democratic Party politics. From 1820 to 1860, 2 million Irish arrived in the United States, 75% of these after theGreat Irish Famine (orThe Great Hunger) of 1845–1852, struck.[5] Most of them joined fast-growing Irish shantytowns in American cities. The famine hurt Irish men and women alike, especially those poorest or without land.[6] It altered the family structures of Ireland because fewer people could afford to marry and raise children, causing many to adopt a single lifestyle. Consequently, many Irish citizens were less bound to family obligations and could more easily migrate to the United States in the following decade.[7]
After theAmerican Civil War, American officials who were resentful ofBritish support to theConfederacy during the conflict looked the other way as theFenian Brotherhood plotted and even attempted an invasion of Canada.[8] TheFenian raids proved a failure butIrish American politicians, a growing power in theDemocratic Party, demanded more independence for Ireland and made anti-British rhetoric—called "twisting the lion's tail"—a staple of election campaign appeals to the Irish vote.[9]
Éamon de Valera, a prominent figure in theEaster Rising and theIrish War of Independence, was himself born inNew York City in 1882. His American citizenship spared him from execution for his role in the Easter Rising.[10][11]
De Valera went on to be namedPresident of Dáil Éireann, and in May 1919 he visited the United States in this role. The mission had three objectives: to ask for official recognition of theIrish Republic, to float a loan to finance the work of the Government (and by extension, theIrish Republican Army), and to secure the support of the American people for the republic. His visit lasted from June 1919 to December 1920 and had mixed success. One negative outcome was the splitting of the Irish-American organisations into pro- and anti-de Valera factions.[12] De Valera managed to raise $5,500,000 from American supporters, an amount that far exceeded the hopes of the Dáil.[13] Of this, $500,000 was devoted to the American presidential campaign in 1920 which helped him gain wider public support there.[14] In 1921, it was said that $1,466,000 had already been spent, and it is unclear when the net balance arrived in Ireland.[15] Recognition was not forthcoming in the international sphere. He also had difficulties with variousIrish-American leaders, such asJohn Devoy and JudgeDaniel F. Cohalan, who resented the dominant position he established, preferring to retain their control over Irish affairs in the United States.
The United States Navy had five U.S. Naval Air Stations in Ireland from 1918 to 1919. These stations were specifically in place to protect Ireland and neighbouring countries from belligerent submarine aggression. The names and locations of these bases wereNAS Queenstown,NAS Wexford,NAS Whiddy Island,NAS Berehaven andNAS Lough Foyle.
TheIrish War of Independence ended in 1921 with theAnglo-Irish Treaty, which confirmed thepartition of Ireland into theIrish Free State andNorthern Ireland, the latter of which opted to remain a part of theUnited Kingdom. The Irish Free State quickly fell into theIrish Civil War between Pro-Treaty Forces who supported independence via partition and Anti-Treaty Forces who opposed partition and wanted independence for the entire island of Ireland. Pro-Treaty Forces won the Irish Civil War in 1923, and the following year the United States recognized the Irish Free State and established diplomatic relations with it.[16] The Irish Free State was succeeded by the new state of Ireland in 1937, and formally declared itself a republic in 1949.
Given the major role of Irish politicians in the Democratic Party, De Valera hoped that Democratic PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt would be highly favorable toward Ireland, especially where tensions with Great Britain were concerned. Historian Bernadette Whelan concludes Dublin was disappointed regarding the negotiation of a US-Irish trade agreement and the purchase of weapons in the late 1930s. However, through "soft diplomacy," US-Irish relations achieved some degree of normalcy during this period. Whelen points out Washington's even-handed reaction to de Valera's successful revision of the 1922 Irish Constitution. It looked forward toward a united and independent republic, with Dublin controlling Northern Ireland. Washington did not agree and in the end the "special relationship" that emerged linked London and Washington.[17]
Ireland was officially neutral duringWorld War II, but declared anofficial state of emergency on 2 September 1939 and the Army was mobilized. As the Emergency progressed, more and newer equipment was purchased for the rapidly expanding force from the UK and the United States as well as some manufactured at home. For the duration of the Emergency, Ireland, while formally neutral, tacitly supported theAllies in several ways.[18] TheIrish Sea was mined. German military personnel were interned in theCurragh along with the belligerent powers' servicemen, whereas Allied airmen and sailors who crashed in Ireland were very often repatriated, usually by secretly moving them across the border toNorthern Ireland.[18]G2, the Army's intelligence section, played a vital role in the detection and arrest of German spies, such asHermann Görtz.
During theCold War, Irish military policy, while ostensibly neutral, was biased towardsNATO.[19]G2 monitored communists and agents of communist governments operating in Ireland, primarily through embassies in Dublin, sharing information with western allies. During theCuban Missile Crisis,Seán Lemass authorised the search of Cuban and Czechoslovak aircraft passing through Shannon and passed the information to theCIA.[20]
U.S.foreign direct investment in Ireland has been particularly important to the growth and modernization of Irish industry since 1980, providing new technology, export capabilities, and employment opportunities. During the 1990s, Ireland experienced a period of rapid economic growth referred to as theCeltic Tiger. While Ireland's historical economic ties to the UK had often been the subject of criticism, Peader Kirby argued that the new ties to the US economy were met with a "satisfied silence".[21] Nevertheless, voices on the political left have decried the "closer to Boston than Berlin" philosophy of theFianna Fáil-Progressive Democrat government.[22] Growing wealth was accompanied by rapidly increased life expectancy and very high quality of life ratings; the country ranked first inThe Economist's 2005 quality of life index.[23]
The Troubles caused a strain in theSpecial Relationship betweenthe United Kingdom and the United States. In February 1994,British Prime MinisterJohn Major refused to answerUS PresidentBill Clinton's telephone calls for days over his decision to grantSinn Féin leaderGerry Adams avisa to visit the United States.[24] Adams was listed as a terrorist byLondon.[25] The US State Department, the CIA, theUS Justice Department and theFBI all opposed the move on the grounds that it made the United States look 'soft on terrorism' and 'could do irreparable damage to the special relationship'.[26] Under pressure fromCongress, the president hoped the visit would encourage theIRA to renounce violence.[27] While Adams offered nothing new, and violence escalated within weeks,[28] the president later claimed vindication after the IRA ceasefire of August 1994.[29] To the disappointment of the prime minister, Clinton lifted the ban on official contacts and received Adams at theWhite House onSt. Patrick's Day 1995, despite the fact the paramilitaries had not agreed to disarm.[25]
The US also involved itself as anintermediary during theNorthern Ireland peace process, including, in 1995,US SenatorGeorge Mitchell being appointed to lead an international body to provide an independent assessment of the decommissioning issue, and President Clinton speaking in favor of the "peace process" to a huge rally at Belfast's City Hall where he called IRA Fighters "yesterday's men". Mitchell announced the reaching of theGood Friday Agreement on 10 April 1998 stating, "I am pleased to announce that the two governments and the political parties in Northern Ireland have reached agreement," and it emerged later that President Clinton had made a number of telephone calls to party leaders to encourage them to reach this agreement.
Ireland's air facilities were used by the United States military for the delivery of military personnel involved in the2003 invasion of Iraq throughShannon Airport. The airport had previously been used for theinvasion of Afghanistan in 2001, as well as theFirst Gulf War.[30] The government of Ireland has come under internal and external pressure to inspect airplanes atShannon Airport to investigate whether or not they containextraordinary rendition captives.[31][32] Police at Shannon said that they had received political instruction not to approach, search or otherwise interfere with US aircraft suspected of being involved in extraordinary rendition flights. Irish Justice MinisterDermot Ahern sought permission from the US for random inspection of US flights, to provide political "cover" to him in case rendition flights were revealed to have used Shannon; he believed at least three flights had done so.[33] Ireland has been censured by the European Parliament for its role in facilitating extraordinary rendition and taking insufficient or no measures to uphold its obligations under the UN CAT.[34]
With Ireland's membership in theEuropean Union, the discussion of EU trade and economic policies, as well as other aspects of EU policy, is also a key element in the U.S.-Irish relationship. In recent years, Ireland has attempted to act as a diplomatic bridge between the United States and the European Union. During its 2004Presidency of the Council of the European Union, Ireland worked to strengthen U.S.-EU ties that had been strained by theIraq War, and former Irish TaoiseachJohn Bruton was named EU Ambassador to the United States. In May 2011, U.S. PresidentBarack Obama visited Ireland.[35] In 2012 according to a U.S. Global Leadership Report, 67% ofIrish people approved of Obama's leadership. This was the fourth-highest rating for any surveyed country inEurope.[36]
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In 2017,President Donald Trump sought to reform the tax code to repatriate American businesses abroad, and specifically referenced Ireland on several occasions, stating "Many, many companies, they're going to Ireland." Despite this, Irish politicians thought the U.S. tax overhaul posed little threat to U.S. investment in Ireland, withEuropean Commissioner for Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentPhil Hogan stating, "Ireland remains a logical and very attractive European base for American business."[37][38]
In April 2019,Nancy Pelosi, theSpeaker of the United States House of Representatives, visited the border of Ireland and Northern Ireland and said that ifBrexit compromised theGood Friday Agreement then there was "no chance" of a US–UK trade deal.[39][40] During a visit to London in June 2021, the administration ofPresident Joe Biden stated, "Any steps that imperil or undermine the Good Friday agreement will not be welcomed by the US."[39][41]
In March 2023, Joe Biden visited Belfast, Northern Ireland, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of theGood Friday Agreement. Bill Clinton played a significant role in negotiating the GFA over several decades, and it has enjoyed bipartisan support in the United States.[42]
Ireland has hadan unusually close relationship with Palestine for a Western nation, due to perceived similarities between the two countries as products ofBritish colonialism and both experiencing long-lasting and deep-rooted conflicts (i.e. theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict andthe Troubles).[43]Jane Ohlmeyer, a history professor atTrinity College Dublin, said: "There can be a tendency — and we see this, for example, in the street murals in Belfast — to see the conflict through the prism of Northern Ireland, where republican nationalists sympathize with Palestine and loyalists, unionists with Israel".[44] With America being seen as a staunch ally of Israel in theGaza war which followed the2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel, the IrishTaoiseach,Leo Varadkar, has acknowledged a "differences of opinions [between the US and Ireland] in relation to Israel and Gaza", particularly regarding theIsraeli bombardment of Gaza. Varadkar noted there was "very strong historic support for Israel in the US, for lots of different reasons, but that's not going to deflect me from saying what I feel needs to be said".[45] He called the bombardment "something approaching revenge",[43] and has pushed for aceasefire in the conflict.[46] Referring toallegations of genocide against Palestinians in the Israeli attack on Gaza and the tradition of the Irish Taoiseach offering a bowl ofshamrock to the American president as a gift, "no shamrocks for Genocide Joe" became a popular anti-war chant in both the Republic of Ireland and in Northern Ireland. Many called for Varadkar to not meet with U.S. President Joe Biden forSaint Patrick's Day, which he did on 17 March.[47]
Subsidiaries of US multinationals have located in Ireland due to low taxation and an educated English-speaking population. Ireland is the world's most profitable country for US corporations, according to analysis by US tax journal Tax Notes.[48] In 2013, Ireland was named the "best country for business" byForbes.[49]
The United States is Ireland's largest export partner and second-largest import partner (after the United Kingdom), accounting for 23.2% of exports and 14.1% of imports in 2010.[50] It is also Ireland's largest trading partner outside of the European Union. In 2010, trade between Ireland and the United States was worth around $36.25 billion. U.S. exports to Ireland were valued at $7.85 billion while Irish exports to the U.S. were worth some $28.4 billion, with Ireland having a trade surplus of $20.5 billion over the U.S.[51] The range of U.S. products imported to Ireland includes electrical components, computers and peripherals, pharmaceuticals, electrical equipment, and livestock feed. Exports to the United States include alcoholic beverages, chemicals and related products, electronic data processing equipment, electrical machinery, textiles and clothing, and glassware.
The major U.S. investments in Ireland to date have included multibillion-dollar investments byIntel,Dell,Apple,Microsoft,IBM,Wyeth,Quintiles,Google,EMC andAbbott Laboratories. Currently, there are more than 600 U.S. subsidiaries operating in Ireland, employing in excess of 100,000 people and spanning activities from manufacturing of high-tech electronics, computer products,medical supplies, and pharmaceuticals to retailing, banking and finance, and other services. Many U.S. businesses find Ireland an attractive location to manufacture for the EU market, since as a member of the EU it has tariff free access to the European Common Market. Government policies are generally formulated to facilitate trade and inward direct investment. The availability of an educated, well-trained, English-speaking work force and relatively moderate wage costs have been important factors. Ireland offers good long-term growth prospects for U.S. companies under an innovative financial incentive programme, including capital grants and favourable tax treatment, such as a low corporation income tax rate for manufacturing firms and certain financial services firms. Irish firms are now beginning to provide a lot of employment in the U.S., for example indigenous Irish companies, particularly in the high tech sector have provided in excess of 80,000 jobs to date for American citizens.[citation needed]
Irish immigration to the USA has played a large role in theculture of the United States. About 33.3 million Americans—10.5% of the total population—reported Irish ancestry in the 2013American Community Survey conducted by theU.S. Census Bureau.[52] Irish Americans have made manycontributions to American culture and sport.Halloween is thought to have evolved from the ancient Celtic/Gaelic festival ofSamhain, which was introduced in the American colonies by Irish settlers.
A number of the presidents of the United States have Irish origins.[53] The extent of Irish heritage varies. For example, both ofAndrew Jackson's parents were Irish-born, whileGeorge W. Bush has a rather distant Irish ancestry.Ronald Reagan's father was of Irish ancestry,[54] while his mother also had some Irish ancestors.John F. Kennedy had Irish lineage on both sides. Within this group, only Kennedy was raised as a practicing Roman Catholic. Former PresidentBarack Obama's Irish heritage originates from hisKansas-born mother,Ann Dunham, whose ancestry is Irish and English.[55] PresidentJoe Biden is also an Irish-American on both his parents sides and a practicing Roman Catholic like Kennedy.
Emigration, long a vital element in the U.S.–Irish relationship, declined significantly with Ireland's economic boom in the 1990s. For the first time in its modern history, Ireland experienced high levels of inward migration, a phenomenon with political, economic, and social consequences. However, Irish citizens do continue the common practice of taking temporary residence overseas for work or study, mainly in the US, UK, Australia and elsewhere in Europe, before returning to establish careers in Ireland. The USJ-1 visa program, for example, remains a popular means for Irish youths to work temporarily in the United States.[56]
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This article incorporatespublic domain material fromU.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets.United States Department of State.
Media related toRelations of the Republic of Ireland and the United States at Wikimedia Commons
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