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Inuktitut syllabics

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Abugida-type writing system used in Canada
Inuktitut syllabics
Inuktitutsyllabary. Extra characters with dots represent long vowels; When romanised, the vowel is duplicated.
Script type
Period
1870s–present
DirectionLeft-to-right Edit this on Wikidata
LanguagesInuktitut
Related scripts
Parent systems
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Cans(440), ​Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
Unicode
Unicode alias
Canadian Aboriginal
Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, U+1400–167F (chart)
 This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
This article containsCanadian Aboriginal syllabic characters. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of syllabics.
‹ ThetemplateCanadian Syllabics sidebar is beingconsidered for deletion. ›
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
Characters
A bilingualstop sign inNunavut displaying text in both Inuktitut syllabics and the EnglishLatin alphabet. The Inuktitutᓄᖅᑲᕆᑦ transliterates asnuqqarit.[1]

Inuktitut syllabics (Inuktitut:ᖃᓂᐅᔮᖅᐸᐃᑦ,romanized: qaniujaaqpait,[2] orᑎᑎᕋᐅᓯᖅ ᓄᑖᖅ,titirausiq nutaaq) is anabugida-typewriting system used in Canada by theInuktitut-speakingInuit of theterritory ofNunavut and theNunavik region ofQuebec. In 1976, the Language Commission of the Inuit Cultural Institute made it the co-official script for theInuit languages, along with theLatin script.

The nameqaniujaaqpait[qaniujaːqpaˈit] derives from the rootqaniq, meaning "mouth". The alternative, Latin-based writing system is namedqaliujaaqpait (ᖃᓕᐅᔮᖅᐸᐃᑦ), and it derives fromqaliit, a word describing the markings or the grain in rocks.Titirausiq nutaaq[titiʁauˈsiqnuˈtaːq] meaning "new writing system" is to be seen in contrast totitirausiit nutaunngittut (ᑎᑎᕋᐅᓰᑦ ᓄᑕᐅᓐᖏᑦᑐᑦ), the "old syllabics" used before the reforms of 1976.[3]

Inuktitut is one variation onCanadian Aboriginal syllabics, and can be digitally encoded using theUnicode standard. TheUnicode block for Inuktitut characters is calledUnified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics.[citation needed]

History

[edit]

The first efforts to write Inuktitut came fromMoravian missionaries inGreenland andLabrador in the mid-19th century using Latin script. The first book printed in Inuktitut usingCree script was an 8-page pamphlet known asSelections from theGospels in the dialect of the Inuit ofLittle Whale River (ᒋᓴᓯᑊ ᐅᑲᐤᓯᐣᑭᐟ, "Jesus' words"),[4] printed byJohn Horden in 1855–56 atMoose Factory for Edwin Arthur Watkins to use among the Inuit atFort George. In November 1865, Horden and Watkins met in London underHenry Venn's direction to adaptCree syllabics to the Inuktitut language.[5] In the 1870s,Edmund Peck, anotherAnglican missionary, started printing according to that standard. Other missionaries, and later linguists in the employ of theCanadian andAmerican governments, adapted the Latin alphabet to the dialects of theMackenzie River delta, the westernArctic islands andAlaska.

Table

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The Inuktitut script (titirausiq nutaaq) is commonly presented as asyllabary. The dots on the letters in the table marklong vowels; in the Latin transcription, the vowel is doubled.[A] Forgeminate consonants, the final consonant symbol is placed before the CV syllabic, for instance-kku-, -nnu- are renderedᒃᑯ andᓐᓄ respectively.

Note: Animage of the chart is also available.
Inuktitut syllabary[1][6][7][additional citation(s) needed]
Vowel (IPA)Final (no vowel)
/ai/[a]/i//u//a/
ShortTrans.ShortLongTrans.ShortLongTrans.ShortLongTrans. Trans.IPA
ᐁaiᐃᐄiᐅᐆuᐊᐋa———
ᐯpaiᐱᐲpiᐳᐴpuᐸᐹpaᑉp/p/
ᑌtaiᑎᑏtiᑐᑑtuᑕᑖtaᑦt/t/
ᑫkaiᑭᑮkiᑯᑰkuᑲᑳkaᒃk/k/
ᕴhaiᕵᕶhiᕷᕸhuᕹᕺhaᕻh[b]/h/
ᒉgaiᒋᒌgiᒍᒎguᒐᒑgaᒡg/ɡ/ -/ɣ/
ᒣmaiᒥᒦmiᒧᒨmuᒪᒫmaᒻm/m/
ᓀnaiᓂᓃniᓄᓅnuᓇᓈnaᓐn/n/
ᓭsaiᓯᓰsi/hiᓱᓲsu/huᓴᓵsa/haᔅs/h[c]/s/ -/h/
  𑪶𑪷ši𑪸𑪹šu𑪺𑪻ša š[d]/ʂ/
  𑪰𑪱hi𑪲𑪳hu𑪴𑪵ha h[e]/h/
ᓓlaiᓕᓖliᓗᓘluᓚᓛlaᓪl/l/
ᔦjaiᔨᔩjiᔪᔫjuᔭᔮjaᔾj/j/
ᑦᔦjjaiᑦᔨᑦᔩjjiᑦᔪᑦᔫjjuᑦᔭᑦᔮjjaᑦᔾjj/jː/
  ᖨᖩřiᖪᖫřuᖬᖭřaᖮř[f]/ɟ/
ᕓvaiᕕᕖviᕗᕘvuᕙᕚvaᕝv/v/
ᕂraiᕆᕇriᕈᕉruᕋᕌraᕐr/ʁ/
ᙯqaiᕿᖀqiᖁᖂquᖃᖄqaᖅq/q/
ᖅᑫqqaiᖅᑭᖅᑮqqiᖅᑯᖅᑰqquᖅᑲᖅᑳqqaᖅᒃqq[g]/qː/
ᙰngaiᖏᖐngiᖑᖒnguᖓᖔngaᖕ[h]ng[i]/ŋ/
  ᙱᙲnngiᙳᙴnnguᙵᙶnngaᖖ[j]nng[k][C]/ŋː/
  ᖠᖡłiᖢᖣłuᖤᖥłaᖦł[l]/ɬ/
           ᖯb[m]/b/
           ᕼ[D]h[n]/h/
           ᑊʼ/ʔ/
  1. ^Found inNunavik (ᓄᓇᕕᒃ)
  2. ^Found in Nunavik (ᓄᓇᕕᒃ)
  3. ^s in easternNunavut buth in western Nunavut
  4. ^Found inNatsilingmiutut (ᓇᑦᓯᖕᒥᐅᑐᑦ)
  5. ^Found in Natsilingmiutut (ᓇᑦᓯᖕᒥᐅᑐᑦ)
  6. ^Found in Natsilingmiutut (ᓇᑦᓯᖕᒥᐅᑐᑦ)
  7. ^Found in Nunavut (ᓄᓇᕗᑦ)[B]
  8. ^ᖕ is a ᓐᒡ ligature in most areas but a ᓐᒃ ligature in Nunavik[8][9] (which may resemble8)[citation needed]
  9. ^These are generally romanized asng, but in Natsilingmiutut asŋ
  10. ^ᖖ is a ᓐᓐᒡ ligature in most areas but either a ᓐᓐᒃ ligature or a doubled ᓐᒃ (ᓐᒃᓐᒃ) ligature in Nunavik[9] (which may resemble ᓐ8 or88, respectively)[citation needed]
  11. ^These are generally romanized asnng, but in Natsilingmiutut asŋŋ
  12. ^Found in North Qikiqtaaluk, Natsilingmiutut,Aivilingmiutut andPaallirmiutut; occasionally transcribed as&
  13. ^Found in Aivilingmiutut
  14. ^Found in Nunavut (ᓄᓇᕗᑦ)

Modifications

[edit]

TheMakivik Corporation expanded the official version of the script to restore theai-pai-tai column. The commondiphthongai has generally been represented by combining thea form with a stand-alone letter ᐃi.[example needed] This fourth-vowel variant had been removed so that Inuktitut could be typed and printed usingIBMSelectric balls in the 1970s. The reinstatement was justified on the grounds that modern printing and typesetting equipment no longer suffers the restrictions of earlier typewriting machinery. Theai-pai-tai column is used only in Nunavik.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Tusâlanga - Syllabics: "Vowel sounds are often lengthened (drawn out) in Inuktitut. These sounds are represented by a dot that is placed above the syllabic character. In qaliujaaqpait (roman orthography), these sounds are represented by double vowels."
  2. ^Tusâlanga - Syllabics: "Another tricky character is a doubleq sound. In Nunavut, this sound is written:ᖅᑭ qqi,ᖅᑯ qqu,ᖅᑲ qqa"
  3. ^Tusâlanga - Syllabics: "Whenng is doubled, it is writtennng in roman orthography and like this in syllabics:ᙱ nngi,ᙳ nngu,ᙵ nnga"
  4. ^Tusâlanga - Syllabics: "the roman letterH is inserted for certain words borrowed from English.Hᐋᑭ haakihockey"

References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"Syllabics (qaniujaaqpait)".Inuktut Tusâlanga. Pirurvik.Archived from the original on 2024-11-04. Retrieved4 November 2024.
  2. ^"Writing the Inuit Language".Inuktut Tusaalanga. Pirurvik.Archived from the original on 19 Jan 2025. Retrieved2019-07-02.
  3. ^Lorraine E. Brandson (1994).Carved from the land: the Eskimo Museum collection. Diocese of Churchill–Hudson Bay. p. 81.ISBN 978-0-9693266-1-8.
  4. ^"Aboriginal syllabic scripts". Library and Archives Canada Blog. June 11, 2015.
  5. ^Harper, Kenn (2012-08-10)."The First Inuktitut Language Conference".Nunatsiaq News. Archived fromthe original on 2018-11-29.
  6. ^"Inuktitut Resources § Qaniujaaqpait Syllabics".Education, Culture and Employment.Government of the Northwest Territories.Archived from the original on 2024-11-04. Retrieved4 November 2024.
  7. ^"Inuktitut Syllabics".Nunavik-IcE.Kativik School Board. 30 June 2020.Archived from the original on 2024-05-19. Retrieved4 November 2024.
  8. ^King, Kevin."Inuktut Syllabics – Fonts Knowledge".Google Fonts.Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved24 December 2023.
  9. ^ab"Canadian Native Languages (Version 1.2)"(PDF). Tiro Typeworks. 30 April 2009.Archived(PDF) from the original on 25 Dec 2022. Retrieved24 December 2023.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Balt, Peter. Inuktitut Affixes. Rankin Inlet? N.W.T.: s.n, 1978.

External links

[edit]
Aleut
Eskimoan
Inuit1
Yupik
See also
  • 1: The Inuit language 'family' is a continuum of dialects
  • 2: Some linguists classify Sirenik as under a separate branch
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