Interventional Psychiatry is a subspecialty within the field ofpsychiatry, focusing on the use of procedural and device-based treatments to manage mental health disorders, particularly those resistant to conventional therapies such as pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. This field integratesneuromodulation methods with targeted pharmacological interventions, providing options for patients who have not responded to traditional treatments.[1][2]
The origins of interventional psychiatry can be traced to the historical use of procedural treatments for psychiatric disorders, withElectroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) being a notable early example. Introduced in 1938 byUgo Cerletti andLucio Bini, ECT involves applying electrical currents to the brain to induce seizures, which can alleviate symptoms of severe depression, catatonia, and other psychiatric conditions. Despite its effectiveness, ECT has been subject to stigma due to concerns over side effects, particularly cognitive impairments.[3]
During the latter half of the 20th century, the rise ofpsychopharmacology led to a decline in procedural treatments, as medications became the primary mode of treating mental health disorders. However, the lack of response in some patients to pharmacotherapy renewed interest in procedural treatments, eventually leading to the development of interventional psychiatry as a distinct subspecialty.[4]
Interventional psychiatry encompasses various treatments, primarily categorized into neuromodulation techniques and interventional pharmacology. These treatments are typically employed in cases of treatment-resistant mental health disorders.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): ECT remains a cornerstone of interventional psychiatry, especially for severe, treatment-resistant depression and catatonia. The procedure involves controlled electrical currents to the brain, inducing a seizure that can lead to significant improvements in mood and behavior.[5]
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): TMS is a non-invasive technique using magnetic fields to stimulate specific brain areas. It has been approved for treating major depressive disorder and is particularly useful for patients unresponsive to antidepressants. Unlike ECT, TMS does not require anesthesia and has a lower risk of cognitive side effects.[6]
Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS): VNS involves implanting a device that delivers electrical impulses to the vagus nerve, influencing brain activity. Initially developed for epilepsy treatment, VNS has also been approved for treatment-resistant depression.[7]
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): DBS is an invasive procedure involving the surgical implantation of electrodes in specific brain areas. These electrodes deliver electrical impulses to modulate brain circuits involved in mood regulation. DBS is currently used for conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder and is being explored as a treatment for severe depression.[8]
Ketamine andEsketamine: Ketamine, an anesthetic, has shown rapid antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression. It is administered intravenously in controlled settings. Esketamine, a derivative of ketamine, is available as a nasal spray and has been approved for use with oral antidepressants for treatment-resistant depression.[10]
Other Pharmacological Interventions: This category includes intravenousbrexanolone, used for postpartum depression, and emerging therapies involving psychedelics such aspsilocybin, which are being studied for their potential to enhance psychotherapy and treat refractory depression.[11]
The demand for specialized training has led to the creation of fellowship programs dedicated to interventional psychiatry. These fellowships typically last one year and provide comprehensive training in various interventional modalities, including both neuromodulation techniques and interventional pharmacology. Fellows gain experience in patient selection, procedural techniques, and side effect management, along with exposure to emerging treatments and research opportunities.[12]
