Censorship is a long term issue inMalaysia which has become more apparent as it attempts to adapt to a modernknowledge-based economy.[1] Despite having in itsFederal Constitution that subject to certain conditions, "every citizen has the right to freedom of speech and expression" (Article 10), Malaysia has consistently sat low on global indexes related to press and media freedom.
In 2016,Malaysia was ranked 146th (out of 180) in theWorldwide Press Freedom Index byReporters Without Borders. It was also given a "Partly Free" status on theFreedom in the World report byFreedom House in 2008 and remains so in 2016.[2] On the Freedom in the World index, graded on a scale of one to seven, with one being the most free and seven being the least, Malaysia obtained four points for both political rights andcivil liberties.[3]
Unlicensed use or possession of a printing press is illegal under thePrinting Presses and Publications Act of 1984. Journalists are frequently given guidelines by the Prime Minister's Office when reporting 'sensitive' issues, and media self-censorship is encouraged.[4]
Ex-Malaysian Home Minister Datuk Seri Syed Hamid Albar said in 2003 that the guidelines surrounding censorship, which were drawn up in 1993, would be restudied because some of the rules "were no longer applicable". He reiterated that the main objective of the code was to build a better "Bangsa Malaysia". On the current film censorship guidelines, he said that if a scene was "too sexy", then the scene would be axed. "It's up to the Board. They watch the scene and if it's too glaring then they will cut it. If it's not pornographic in nature, then they will allow it. It is very subjective." He also said, "Today's standard of morality and spirituality must be strong because people are exposed to all sorts of challenges" and "There is a correlation between criminal offenders and sex and violence shown on screen."
After the negative reactions towards the censoring of an article concerning the2011 Bersih 2.0 rally, in mid-August 2011, Prime MinisterDatuk Seri Najib Tun Razak stated that media censorship "is no longer effective" and that the government will review its current censorship laws.[5]
Despite this promise, the Malaysian government again censored reports by theBBC andAl Jazeera on the 2012Bersih 3.0 rally.[6] Both organisations sent very strongly worded complaints to Astro Malaysia, the broadcasting company delivering the news, about the doctoring of their news reports.[7] The complaints were dismissed with Astro saying that the news agencies "did not take cognizance of the duty of Astro to comply with local content regulations".[8] The Minister of Culture and Information, Rais Yatim, went on record to say that "only the best parts of the report" were shown.[9] There were also reports of the police seizing and destroying cameras and attacking journalists who attempted to take photos of what appeared to bepolice brutality.[10]
Books, magazines and prints containing nudity (including nudity of aboriginal peoples) or government sensitive material are censored manually by shading areas in black ink. Some books are censored by removing entire pages.[11]
Pornography of any kind is strictly banned in Malaysia.[12] Sex and nude scenes are strictly disallowed by the censors.
Under subsection 48(3) and (4) of thePenang Islamic Religious Administration Enactment 2004, non-Muslims inPeninsular Malaysia are penalised for using the following words, or to write or publish them, in any form, version or translation in any language or for use in any publicity material in any medium:"Allah", "Firman Allah", "Ulama", "Hadith", "Ibadah", "Kaabah", "Qadhi'", "Illahi", "Wahyu", "Mubaligh", "Syariah", "Qiblat", "Haji", "Mufti", "Rasul", "Iman", "Dakwah", "Wali", "Fatwa", "Imam", "Nabi", "Sheikh", "Khutbah", "Tabligh", "Akhirat", "Azan", "Al Quran", "As Sunnah", "Auliya'", "Karamah", "Syahadah", "Baitullah", "Musolla", "Zakat Fitrah", "Hajjah", "Taqwa" and "Soleh".[13][14][15]
AnyHebrew andYiddish-language movies and movies fromIsrael are not allowed to be shown in Malaysian cinemas.[16]
Up till 11 June 2011 and beginning July 2014, Internet content was officially uncensored, and civil liberties assured, though on numerous occasions the government has been accused of filtering politically sensitive sites. Any act that curbs internet freedom is theoretically contrary to the Multimedia Act signed by the government of Malaysia in the 1990s. However, pervasive state controls on traditional media spill over to the Internet at times, leading to self-censorship and reports that the state investigates and harasses bloggers and cyber-dissidents.
As of 28 January 2014 many political sites have been blocked by the Malaysian government. Internet users will encounter a blue and black box with "This website is not available in Malaysia as it violates the National law" announcement. When users try to resolve the IP address of those domain, they will get back an IP address provided by TM [175.139.142.25][17][18]
The OpenNet Initiative found no evidence of Internet filtering in Malaysia in the political, social, conflict/security, and Internet tools areas in May 2007.[19] and is on the Reporters Without Borders 2011 list of countries under surveillance.[20]
Prime MinistersAbdullah Badawi andNajib Razak, on many occasions, have pledged that Internet access in Malaysia will not be censored and that it is up to parents to install their own censorship software and provide education to their children (provide self-censorship).[citation needed] The ISPs also actively deny that there are Internet filters in place when asked. However, the Communications Minister has occasionally announced that they are working on a nationwide filter, but each time such an announcement is made the Prime Minister makes a rebuttal to emphasise that there will be noInternet censorship.[citation needed] The state ministries ofTerengganu andKelantan have also announced that they have statewide filters in place in their respective states[citation needed].
In 2006, Deputy Science and Technology Minister Kong Cho Ha announced that all Malaysian news blogs will have to be registered with the Ministry of Information. He justified this by stating the law was necessary to dissuadebloggers from promoting disorder in Malaysia's multi-ethnic society.[21]
In April 2011, Prime Minister Najib Razak repeated promises that Malaysia will never censor the Internet.[22] In 2016, the blogging platformMedium was blocked in Malaysia, after an investigative blog it hosted,Sarawak Report, covered allegations ofcorruption against Najib.[23][24]
In February 2012, Malaysian authorities deported a Saudi journalist accused of insulting the Islamic prophet, Muhammad in a tweet.[25]
In May 2013, leading up to the13th Malaysian general election, there were reports of access to YouTube videos critical of the Barisan National government and to pages of Pakatan Rakyat political leaders in Facebook being blocked. Analysis of the network traffic showed that ISPs were scanning the headers and actively blocking requests for the videos and Facebook pages.[26][unreliable source?][unreliable source?][27]
In July 2018, the Malaysian police announced the creation of the Malaysian Internet Crime Against Children Investigation Unit (Micac) that is equipped with real-time mass internet surveillance software developed in the United States and is tasked with the monitoring of all Malaysian internet users, with a focus on pornography and child pornography. The system creates a "data library" of users which includes details such as IP addresses, websites, locations, duration and frequency of use and files uploaded and downloaded.[28][29]
In March 2020, routes to IP addresses belonging to the CDN provider for Pornhub and XVideos were blocked by Telekom Malaysia. Users were initially able to circumvent the block using an alternative DNS service provider,[30] but these IPs were eventually blocked a few days later.
On 15 February 2021, online dating platformSugarbook was blocked. Malaysian authorities claimed that the online dating platform violates Section 233 of the Multimedia and Communications Act 1998 for improper use of network facilities or network service.[31]Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) has not confirmed the banning of Sugarbook, but the authority announced that they are investigating Sugarbook and several other applications that provide online dating services.[32]
All newspapers need an official permit to print, which must be renewed annually until the annual licensing requirement was scrapped in a 2012 amendment to the law. The licensing system allows the government to close media outlets at will and often encourages publishers to toe the line.[citation needed]
In 2006 alone, 56 publications were banned by theInternal Security Ministry, including the Indonesian translation ofCharles Darwin'sOn the Origin of Species.[33]
Malaysia once banned the release of theBible inIban language. The translation of the word "God", i.e. "Allah Ta'ala" was deemed to be specifically for Muslim use. The ban has since been lifted.[34]
In August 2008, theSisters in Islam (SIS), an Islamic organisation in Malaysia, was surprised to find that a book published in 2005 featuring a compilation of research papers was banned by the Home Ministry of Malaysia. SIS research and publications programme manager Masjaliza Hamzah said that activists and academics fromSoutheast Asia and the Middle East contributed to the book in 2003 and that it mainly focused on challengesMuslim women faced in their countries. A statement from SIS described the book: "It discussed strategies...used to curb extremism and promote women’s rights".[35]
On 27 October 1987,Operation Lalang was carried out. In this operation, two daily newspapers,The Star andSin Chew Daily, and two weekly newspapers,The Sunday Star andWatan, were closed down for several months. They also had their publishing permits suspended temporarily. Prior to the operation,The Star was the primary English newspaper that provided news in the opposition's point of view. This was consideredtreason, and during Operation Lalang, this newspaper was shut down. Most of the staff working for the four newspapers werelaid off or otherwise threatened with prison and detainment, under the Internal Security Act.
In 2003,Tan SriAbdullah Ahmad, the former editor-in-chief of theNew Straits Times, wrote an article criticisingSaudi Arabian policies that aided the United States invasion ofIraq among other things. As a result, the Saudi government reduced the Malaysian quota forhaj and in the same year Abdullah "was fired without warning by the daily’s management at the request of the rulingUMNO party following a complaint by the Saudi ambassador in Malaysia." UMNO, which holds a stake in the paper, later stated that he had jeopardised Malaysia's close relationship with Saudi Arabia.[36][37]
In June 2010,Suara Keadilan's publication was not renewed because it published a report which claimed that a government agency was bankrupt.Suara Keadilan is run by opposition leaderAnwar Ibrahim'sKeadilan party. The Home Ministry, which overseas Malaysia's newspapers, said it was not satisfied with the paper's explanation for the allegedly inaccurate report.[38]
In July 2011, parts ofThe Economist's article about the2011 Bersih 2.0 rally were found to be censored[39] by the Home Ministry on claims that the censored parts were "incorrect and misleading".[40] The move was later slammed by politicians, who called it an outdated move in a maturing society. MCA vice-president Senator Gan Ping Sieu even recommended a better approach of rebutting the claims with facts and "lodging a complaint against the publisher" and that the censoring of the printed article which is also available online would only stir public curiosity and "would only result in more people learning about the article, thus defeating the ministry's purpose of censoring it in the first place."[41]
In January 2012, eagle-eyed readers of the AFP website found that the local tabloidThe Star had removed the mention of Malaysia from an article sourced from the AFP.[42] This discovery was posted to the 1 Malaysia Don't Want SKMM Block File Sharing Website page where many of the members criticised The Star for their action. Malaysia was removed from a mention of countries that practice internet censorship, reaffirming the readers that the country is indeed practising internet censorship and is trying to hide the truth from the readers of the tabloid.
In January 2014, the image of pigs were censored in the Malaysian edition ofInternational New York Times, which was partnered with The Malaysian Reserve in the country.[43]
In March 2014, the Malay-language version of the comic book Ultraman the Ultra Power was banned in by Home Ministry, due to it referring to God as Allah, raising the ire of Malaysian netizens.[44][45][46][47]
Silverfish Books inKuala Lumpur has reported on the censorship of foreign books inMalaysia.[48] They have discovered the censorship of Czech authorMilan Kundera, the banning of works byKhalil Gibran,Chinua Achebe, andIris Chang, and the restriction of books byRushdie and many others. They also managed to get a list of some of the restricted books from one of their distributors. The list includes literary fiction (e.g. work fromSalman Rushdie,Irvine Welsh,Anthony Burgess, New Village Zine,Rebecca Wells), a fantasy novel byRobert Jordan and children's books (e.g.SpongeBob SquarePants andDora the Explorer titles).
Among the academic titles banned for "disrupting peace and harmony" in 2006 were Mona Johulan'sThe Bargaining for Israel: In the Shadow of Armageddon, Mathew S Gordon'sIslam, Trudie Crawford,Lifting the Veil, Bobby S Sayyid'sA Fundamental Fear of Eurocentrism and the Emergence of Islamism and Christine Mallouhi'sMini Skirts Mothers & Muslims.[49] In 2014, the Home Ministry banned the novels "Perempuan Nan Bercinta" by Faisal Tehrani (for promoting Shiism),Alan Hollinghurst'sThe Line of Beauty (for promoting homosexuality), Jacob Appel's "The Man Who Wouldn't Stand Up" (for criticising Mohammed) and three other works of fiction.[50][51][full citation needed]
Censored comics includeIt's a Good Life, If You Don't Weaken,Ultraman the Ultra Power[52] andThe Best ofDrawn & Quarterly.[53] Censorship of nonfiction varies; it includes academic works such as:Mao: A Life and Making Globalization Work, as well as a host of books dealing with human bodies and/or sexuality, such asThe Vagina Monologues,Breastfeeding Your Baby: Revised Edition andHow to Talk to Your Child About Sex.
Malaysia has a history of music censorship.In radios they will censor lyrics with coarse language.Rastafarianreggae is often censored, as it refers to "Zion".
In 2003, American rock bandLinkin Park was told to refrain from wearing shorts while performing[54] and in 2004, singerMariah Carey was asked to cover up.[54][55]Madonna has been banned from Malaysian television[56] and a scheduled concert by Norwegian metal bandMayhem was banned earlier in 2006.[57] Malaysian organizers of aPussycat Dolls concert were fined for flouting decency laws.[54]
The country's opposition party, thePan-Malaysian Islamic Party, urged the government to order the cancellation of a concert on 29 August 2008 by Canadian rock singerAvril Lavigne. Her onstage moves were considered too provocative for Malaysia's teenage population.[58] Eventually the concert went on as scheduled; it sold over 10,000 tickets and was a critical success in Malaysia.[59] After the event, the government lifted some bans, allowing musicians to perform in Malaysia to boost tourism.
In September 2009, the Malaysian government agreed to let Muslims attend a concert by US hip-hop starsThe Black Eyed Peas, reversing an earlier ban imposed because the show was sponsored by an alcoholic beverage company. The government did not give further details on the U-turn, which had caused an outcry in the Muslim-majority nation. The protest reflects growing conflicts between moderate and conservative Muslims, including many occupying positions of power in the government and judiciary, in a country that has long been considered a moderate society in the Islamic world.[citation needed]
Shows byGwen Stefani andBeyoncé Knowles (two concerts were cancelled in 2007 and 2009, respectively) have also faced protests by conservative Muslims over immodest clothing, forcing the artists to don attire that revealed little skin. Moderate Muslims, Chinese, Indians and other non-Muslims criticised conservative Muslims, calling them "narrow-minded" in the wake of these events.
In July 2010, theWonder Girls were allowed to return to Malaysia forMTV World Stage Live in Malaysia, along withKaty Perry, despite her songs and clothing being too "sexy" for the Malaysian teenagers. In October the same year,Adam Lambert scheduled concert in Malaysia was given the green light amid moderate protests from fundamental Muslims over controversies pertaining to his sexuality.
In February 2012, anErykah Badu concert was cancelled because it was found that she had applied atemporary tattoo of the wordAllah on a part of her body.[60]
In October 2013, aKesha concert was cancelled at the 11th hour which has brought so much anger to the Malaysians. Although Kesha has tried to fit the rules set by the authorities but they still warned her that she will be imprisoned if she disobey the rules.
In July 2023, aThe 1975 concert was cancelled during Good Vibes Festival in Kuala Lumpur and got banned from performing in Malaysia. During the festival,Matty Healy, the frontman of the band kissed their bassist,Ross McDonald in an act to protest against the country's anti-LGBTQ+ policies. He later made a speech, "I made a mistake. When we were booking shows, I wasn’t looking into it. I don't see the fucking point of inviting The 1975 to a country and then telling us who we can have sex with."[61]
Any songs whether from local or foreign singers, may be censored if the song contains explicit lyrics or sexual references. For example, in 1989, the nation's public broadcaster, Radio Televisyen Malaysia, bans 71 songs by local artists in just three months alone.[62] RTM also no longer plays or airs the songDespacito from their TV and radio stations in 2017 due for sexually charged lyrics. However, privately owned radio stations and online streaming services are still allowed to play and host the song.[63]
Most song censoring were done by local radio stations such asAstro Radio'sHitz andMix with stricter form of censorship and Malaysian feed ofMTV Asia were delayed by 1 hour for censorship purpose. In addition, singles released to Malaysian radio stations may be different from the version released in the album due to censorship purpose.
Film censorship in imposed in Malaysia and theFilm Censorship Board of Malaysia is the government ministry that vets films and is also the government agency responsible for granting licenses to the films for commercial viewing. It is under the control of the Home Ministry.
The two main cinema operators in Malaysia,Golden Screen Cinemas andTanjung Golden Village, are known to be strict in ensuring that only patrons aged 18 and above are allowed to view films rated "18". Although movies shown in Malaysian cinemas carry an age-restricted rating such as "18", films that contain scenes of sex and nudity are completely censored off by theFilm Censorship Board of Malaysia, which renders the 18 rating meaningless and strict entry by the cinema operators pointless. Kissing and make-out scenes are also censored in movies rated "P13" but in recent years the Board has loosened the censorship. On the other hand, there have been many "18" rated films filled with profanity and graphic violence that were hardly censored or uncensored in recent years. This shows that the board mostly views sex and nudity as completely unacceptable for a Malaysian audience.
Malaysia's film censorship guidelines were further tightened in 2003 amid rising Islamic conservatism: In addition to nudity and sex scenes being strictly censored off, kissing scenes and cleavages were also censored and many movies were banned altogether. Many movies have been banned for high impact violence and/or cruelty, which is also not allowed by Malaysia's film censorship guidelines.[citation needed] Censorship guidelines for local movie productions were only slightly eased in March 2010 to allow LGBT characters who could only portray their sexual orientation through hugging the same sex. No kissing was allowed between two men or two women.
Censorship guidelines for films were loosened in March 2010, the first revision since 1994, allowing movies with violence and profanity to be screened in local cinemas, some without cuts, such asNight at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb,Zookeeper,Life of Pi andWe Bought a Zoo. Minimal cuts are applied to some films, includingDivergent,The Host,The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones,The Maze Runner andThe Fault in Our Stars.
In billboards for the 2016 filmThe Monkey King 2, the billboards promoting the movie removed all images ofZhu Bajie, a part human and part pig character who was one of the main characters of the movie and the story it was based on.[64]
Ownership of satellite receivers other than those provided byAstro is illegal without a license (which in itself is difficult and prohibitively expensive to obtain). Owners of such receivers without a license can face confiscation of equipment as well as a hefty fine if discovered. This is enforced through tip-offs, and owners can be found out quite easily, as many of these receivers rely ondishes that are significantly bigger than those provided by Astro.
In other aspects, kissing onscreen on local television networks, whether free-to-air or pay television is prohibited, as are homosexuality, sex scenes/nudity and strong graphic violence. As well, strong language is also censored, whether on both free-to-air or pay television. For a short time in the early 2000s, images of pigs on terrestrial TV were also censored, although images of pigs are now apparently allowed, and there was no such censorship on satellite/cable TV. Although contractually, satellite networks cannot be censored in the country, Astro has censored news footage that is critical of the ruling government.[65] It is the network's duty to ensure that the feed provided to cable and satellite providers in the country is free of all banned content. Therefore, the Malaysian feed of most channels is often the one meant for conservative areas, i.e. Cambodia and Indonesia.
In 1995, Saban'sMighty Morphin Power Rangers was taken off the air because of the similarities of the word "Morphin" (a short form for "Metamorphorsizing"), to the drugMorphine.[66]
On 6 April 2012, Information Communications and Culture Minister Rais Yatim said in a Twitter post that there is no censorship regarding the portrayal ofLGBT characters on state-owned TV channels, including the portrayal of effeminate men; however the ministry has the right of select content suitable for the Malaysian public.[67]
On 1 May 2012, theBBC strongly condemnedAstro for tampering with their content on the BBC World News programme which was broadcast on 28 April 2012, the day when a rally which demanded electoral reform named "Bersih 3.0" was held in Kuala Lumpur. According to thevideo posted on YouTube, some short interviews with two demonstrators were removed from the news clip. On top of that, a scene which showed the riot police firing tear gas and chemical-laced water at the protestors was also censored.[68] On the next day, Astro admitted to censoring the BBC's Bersih 3.0 coverage but expressed their disappointment with the world-renowned news agency for failing to understand their intention to "comply with local rules".[69] Meanwhile,Al-Jazeera asked for an explanation from the local satellite television operator to clarify reports it had censored their coverage of the same Bersih rally.[70]
Among the titles that were blacklisted include:
