As of September 2025, theState of Palestine is recognized as asovereign state by 157 of the 193member states of the United Nations (UN), or just over 80% of all UN members.[1][2][3] It has been anon-member observer state of theUN General Assembly since November 2012. This limited status is largely due to the fact that theUnited States, apermanent member of theUN Security Council withveto power, has consistently blocked Palestine's full UN membership;[4][5] Palestine is recognized by the other four permanent members, which areChina,France,Russia, and theUnited Kingdom.[6][7]
The State of Palestine was officiallydeclared by thePalestine Liberation Organization (PLO) on 15 November 1988, claiming sovereignty over the internationally recognized Palestinian territories: theWest Bank (which includesEast Jerusalem) and theGaza Strip. By the end of 1988, the Palestinian state was recognized by 78 countries. In an attempt to solve the decades-longIsraeli–Palestinian conflict, theOslo Accords were signed betweenIsrael and the PLO in 1993 and 1995, creating thePalestinian Authority (PA) as a self-governing interim administration in Gaza and around40% of the West Bank.[8]
TheIsraeli–Palestinian peace process stalled duringBenjamin Netanyahu's tenures asPrime Minister of Israel (1996–1999; 2009–2021; 2022–present), with Netanyahu opposing their statehood outside of Israel's control, in some cases prompting a more radical Palestinian response. In 2011, the State of Palestine was admitted intoUNESCO. In 2012, it was accepted as anobserver state of the UN General Assembly and the PA began to officially use the name "State of Palestine" for all purposes. In December 2014, theInternational Criminal Court recognized Palestine as a state.
Many countries support atwo-state solution to the conflict. Fourteen of the nineteen member countries of theG20 (Argentina,Australia,Brazil,Canada, China, France,India,Indonesia,Mexico, Russia,Saudi Arabia,South Africa,Turkey, and the UK), plus permanent inviteeSpain, have recognized Palestine as a state (four doing so in September 2025). The other five (Germany,Italy,Japan,South Korea, and the U.S.) do not recognize Palestine, but Italy and Japan have indicated that they would, the former contingent onHamas meeting certain conditions.
On 22 November 1974,United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236 recognized the right of the Palestinian people toself-determination, nationalindependence andsovereignty inPalestine. It also recognized thePalestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people, and accorded itobserver status in the United Nations.[citation needed] The State of Palestine was officiallydeclared by the PLO on 15 November 1988, claiming sovereignty over the internationally recognizedPalestinian territories: theWest Bank (which includesEast Jerusalem) and theGaza Strip. The designation "Palestine" for the PLO was adopted by the UN in 1988 in acknowledgment of the Palestinian declaration of independence.[citation needed]
Shortly after the 1988 declaration, the State of Palestine was recognized by manydeveloping states in Africa and Asia, and fromcommunist andnon-aligned states.[9][10] At that time, the United States was using itsForeign Assistance Act and other measures to discourage other countries and international organizations from extending recognition.[11] Although these measures were successful in many cases,[12] theArab League and theOrganisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) immediately published statements of recognition of, support for, and solidarity with Palestine, which was accepted as a member state in both forums.[13][14][15] By the end of 1988, the Palestinian state was recognized by 78 countries.[16][17]
In February 1989 at the UN Security Council, the PLO representative acknowledged that 94 states had recognized the new Palestinian state.[18][19] It subsequently attempted to gain membership as a state in severalagencies connected to the UN, but its efforts faced threats from the U.S. that it would withhold funding from any organization that admitted Palestine.[20] For example, in April of the same year, the PLO applied for membership as a state in theWorld Health Organization, an application that failed to produce a result after the U.S. informed the organization that it would withdraw funding if Palestine were admitted.[21] In May, a group of OIC members submitted toUNESCO an application for membership on behalf of Palestine, and listed a total of 91 states that had recognized the State of Palestine.[16]
In June 1989, the PLO submitted to the government of Switzerland letters of accession to theGeneva Conventions of 1949. As the depositary state, Switzerland determined that because the question of Palestinian statehood had not been settled within the international community, it was therefore incapable of determining whether the letter constituted a valid instrument of accession.[21]
Due to the [uncertainty] within the international community as to the existence or the non-existence of a State of Palestine and as long as the issue has not been settled in an appropriate framework, the Swiss Government, in its capacity as depositary of the Geneva Conventions and their additional Protocols, is not in a position to decide whether this communication can be considered as an instrument of accession in the sense of the relevant provisions of the Conventions and their additional Protocols.[22]
Consequently, in November 1989, the Arab League proposed a General Assembly resolution to formally recognize the PLO as the government of an independent Palestinian state. The draft was abandoned when the U.S. again threatened to cut off its financing for the UN should the vote go ahead. The Arab states agreed not to press the resolution, but demanded that the U.S. promise not to threaten the UN with financial sanctions again.[23]
Many of the early statements of recognition of the State of Palestine were termed ambiguously.[24] In addition, hesitation from others did not necessarily mean that these nations did not regard Palestine as a state.[21] This has seemingly resulted in confusion regarding the number of states that have officially recognized the state declared in 1988. Numbers reported in the past are often conflicting,[25] with figures as high as 130 being seen frequently.[12][26] In July 2011, in an interview withHaaretz, Palestinian ambassador to the UN,Riyad Mansour claimed that 122 states had so far extended formal recognition.[27] At the end of the month, the PLO published a paper on why the world's governments should recognize the State of Palestine and listed the 122 countries that had already done so.[28] By the end of September the same year, Mansour claimed the figure had reached 139.[29]
Since the outbreak of theGaza war, several Western and Caribbean states began recognizing Palestine.[30] In May 2024,Ireland,Norway, andSpain recognized Palestine as a coordinated effort.[31] In an effort led by France,[32][33][34] several more Western states recognized Palestine just before thegeneral debate of the eightieth session of the UN General Assembly in September 2025.[35] This move included recognition fromG7 states for the first time (Canada, France, and the UK),[36] and was described as a "historic diplomatic shift".[37][38] Additionally, a one-day summit was organized on 22 September, one day before the general debate began, by France and Saudi Arabia to discuss the two-state solution.[39]
Between the end of theSix-Day War and theOslo Accords, no Israeli government proposed a Palestinian state. During Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu'sgovernment of 1996–1999, he accused the two previous governments of bringing closer to realization what he claimed to be the "danger" of a Palestinian state, and stated that his main policy goal was to ensure that thePalestinian Authority (PA) did not evolve beyond an autonomy.[40]
In June 2003,Ariel Sharon was the first Israeli Prime Minister to proclaim that a Palestinian state was a possibility. Sharon addressed "the possibility of the establishment of a Palestinian state with temporary borders, if conditions permit" and claimed that interim Palestinian state would be "completely demilitarised, and this nation will be the home of the Palestinian diaspora and Palestinian refugees will not be allowed into Israeli territory."[41]
The government headed byEhud Olmert repeated the same objective. Netanyahu'ssecond government in 2009 again claimed that a Palestinian state posed a danger for Israel.[42] The government position changed following American pressure from theObama administration. On 14 June 2009, Netanyahu for the first time made a speech in which he supported the notion of ademilitarized and territorially reduced Palestinian state.[43] This position met some criticism for its lack of commitment on the territories to be ceded to the Palestinian state in the future. In February 2023, Netanyahu said: "I'm certainly willing to have them have all the powers that they need to govern themselves, but none of the powers that can threaten us, and this means that Israel should have the overriding security responsibility."[44] In 2025, amid the ongoingGaza war and multiple countries announcing plans to recognize Palestine, Netanyahu backtracked on his stance, vowing that a Palestinian state "will not be established" in a speech.[45]
Israel has refused to accept the1967 borders, which Israeli military experts have argued are strategically indefensible.[46][permanent dead link] It also opposes the Palestinian plan of approaching the UN General Assembly on the matter of statehood, as it claims it does not honour the Oslo Accords agreement in which both sides agreed not to pursue unilateral moves.[47]
After a two-year impasse in negotiations with Israel, the PA began a diplomatic campaign to gain recognition for the State of Palestine on the borders prior to theSix-Day War, withEast Jerusalem as its capital.[58] The efforts, which began in late 2009, gained widespread attention in September 2011, when PresidentMahmoud Abbas submitted an application to the UN to accept Palestine as a member state. This would have constituted collective recognition of the State of Palestine, which would have allowed its government to pursue legal claims against other states ininternational courts.[59][60]
In order for a state to gain membership in the General Assembly, its application must have the support of two-thirds ofmember states with a prior recommendation for admission from theSecurity Council. This requires the absence of aveto from any of the Security Council's five permanent members.[59] At the prospect of a veto from the U.S., Palestinian leaders signalled that they might opt instead for a more limited upgrade to "non-member state" status, which requires only asimple majority in the General Assembly but provides the Palestinians with the recognition they desired.
The campaign, dubbed "Palestine 194",[61] was supported by the Arab League in May 2011,[62] and was officially confirmed by the PLO on 26 June.[63] The decision was labelled by the Israeli government as a unilateral step, while the Palestinian government countered that it was essential to overcoming the current impasse. Several other countries—such as Germany and Canada—also denounced the decision and called for a prompt return to negotiations; however, many others—such as Norway and Russia—endorsed the plan, as didSecretary-GeneralBan Ki-moon, who stated: "UN members are entitled whether to vote for or against the Palestinian statehood recognition at the UN."[64]
Diplomatic efforts to gain support for the bid gained momentum following a succession of endorsements from South America in early 2011.[65][66][failed verification] High-level delegations led byYasser Abed Rabbo,Riyad al-Maliki,Saeb Erekat,Nabil Shaath, andRiyad Mansour paid visits to many states.Palestinian ambassadors, assisted by those of other Arab states, were charged with enlisting the support of the governments to which they were accredited.[66] During the lead-up to the vote, Russia, China, and Spain publicly pledged their support for the Palestinian bid,[67][68] as did inter-governmental organizations such as theAfrican Union,[69] and theNon-Aligned Movement.[70]
Israel took steps to counter the initiative,[71] and Germany, Italy, Canada and the U.S. announced publicly that they would vote against the resolution.[66] Israeli and U.S. diplomats began a campaign pressuring many countries to oppose or abstain from the vote;[66] however, because of the "automatic majority" enjoyed by the Palestinians in the General Assembly,[72] theNetanyahu administration stated that it did not expect to prevent a resolution from passing should it go ahead.[71][73] In August,Haaretz quoted the Israeli ambassador to the UN,Ron Prosor, as stating that Israel would be unable to block a resolution at the General Assembly by September. "The maximum that we can hope to gain is for a group of states who will abstain or be absent during the vote", wrote Prosor. "Only a few countries will vote against the Palestinian initiative."[74]
Instead, the Israeli government focused on obtaining a "moral majority" of major democratic powers, in an attempt to diminish the weight of the vote.[75][76] Considerable weight was placed on the position of theEuropean Union,[77] which had not yet been announced. EU foreign policy chiefCatherine Ashton stated that it was likely to depend on the wording of the resolution.[78] At the end of August, Israel's defence ministerEhud Barak said that "it is very important that all the players come up with a text that will emphasize the quick return to negotiations, without an effort to impose pre-conditions on the sides."[79]
Efforts from both Israel and the U.S. also focused on pressuring the Palestinian leadership to abandon its plans and return to negotiations.[77] In the U.S.,Congress passed a bill denouncing the initiative and calling on theObama administration to veto any resolution that would recognize a Palestinian state declared outside of an agreement negotiated by the two parties.[80] A similar bill was passed in theSenate, which also threatened a withdrawal of aid to the West Bank.[81][82] In late August, another congressional bill was introduced which proposes to block U.S. governmentfunding for UN entities that support Palestinian membership in the UN.[83] Several top U.S. officials, including ambassador to the UNSusan Rice and consul-general in JerusalemDaniel Rubinstein, made similar threats.[84][85] In the same month, it was reported that the Israeli Ministry of Finance was withholding its monthly payments to the PNA.[86] Foreign MinisterAvigdor Lieberman warned that if Palestine took unilateral action, Israel would consider the Oslo Accords null and void,[77] and would break off relations with the PA.[79]
On 11 July 2011, theQuartet met to discuss a return to negotiations, but the meeting produced no result.[27]PresidentMahmoud Abbas claimed that he would suspend the bid and return to negotiations if the Israelis agreed to the 1967 borders and ceased the expansion ofsettlements in the West Bank. The PNA's campaign saw an increasing level of support in grass-roots activism.Avaaz began anonline petition urging all UN members to endorse the bid to admit Palestine; it reportedly attained 500,000 e-signatures in its first four days.[88]OneVoice Palestine launched a domestic campaign in partnership with local news agencies, with the aim of getting the involvement and support of Palestinian citizens.[89]
Overseas, campaigns were launched in several nations, calling on their governments to vote "yes" in the resolution.[90][91] On 7 September, a group of Palestinian activists under the banner "Palestine: State No. 194" staged a demonstration outside the UN's office inRamallah.[92] During the demonstration, they submitted to the office a letter addressed to Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, urging him to "exert all possible efforts toward the achievement of the Palestinian people's just demands". The following day, Ban told reporters, "I support ... the statehood of Palestinians; an independent, sovereign state of Palestine. It has been long overdue", but he also stated that "recognition of a state is something to be determined by the member states."[93]
Other UN organs had previously expressed readiness to see a Palestinian state. In April 2011, the UN's co-ordinator for the Middle East peace process issued a report on the PA's state-building progress, describing "aspects of its administration as sufficient for an independent state".[94] It echoed a similar assessment published the week prior by theInternational Monetary Fund.[95] TheWorld Bank released a report in September 2010 that found the PA "well-positioned to establish a state" at any point in the near future; however, the report highlighted that, unlessprivate-sector growth in the Palestinian economy was stimulated, a Palestinian state would remaindonor dependent.[96]
UN Security Council resolution vote on the recommendation to the UN General Assembly regarding the admission of the State of Palestine as a member of the UN[97][98][99].svg) Date: 18 April 2024 | ||
|---|---|---|
| In favour (12) | Abstentions (2) | Against (1) |
 AlgeriaD, China, Ecuador, France, Guyana, Japan, MaltaP, Mozambique, Russia, Sierra Leone, Slovenia, South Korea |  Switzerland, United Kingdom |  United StatesV |
Bold: Denotes thepermanent members of the UN Security Council (UNSC).
P: Malta was thepresident of the UN Security Council when the vote was conducted.
D: Algeria submitted the draft resolution under consideration.[99]
V: As a permanent UNSC member, the U.S. exercised itsveto power, which prevents adoption of the proposal by the UNSC as a body.
During September 2012, Palestine decided to pursue an upgrade in status from "observer entity" to"non-member observer state". On 27 November of the same year, it was announced that the appeal had been made officially and would be put to a vote in the General Assembly on 29 November, where the status upgrade was expected to be supported by a majority of states. In addition to granting Palestine "non-member observer state status", the draft resolution "expresses the hope that the Security Council will consider favourably the application submitted on 23 September 2011 by the State of Palestine for admission to full membership in the United Nations, endorses the two state solution based on the pre-1967 borders, and stresses the need for an immediate resumption of negotiations between the two parties."
On 29 November 2012, in a 138–9 vote (with 41 abstaining) General Assembly resolution 67/19 passed, upgrading Palestine to "non-member observer state" status in the UN.[100][101] The new status equated Palestine's with that of theHoly See. The change in status was described byThe Independent as "de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine".[102] Voting "no" were Israel,Canada, theCzech Republic, theMarshall Islands, theFederated States of Micronesia,Nauru,Palau,Panama and the U.S.
The vote was an important benchmark for thepartially recognized State of Palestine and its citizens, while being a diplomatic setback for Israel and the U.S. Status as an observer state in the UN allows the State of Palestine to join treaties andspecialized UN agencies,[103] the Law of the Seas treaty, and theInternational Criminal Court (ICC). It permits Palestine to pursue legal rights over its territorial waters and air space as a sovereign state recognized by the UN, and allows the Palestinian people the right to sue for sovereignty over their territory in the International Court of Justice and to bring "crimes against humanity" and war-crimes charges, including that of unlawfully occupying the territory ofState of Palestine, against Israel in the ICC.[104][105] In December 2014, the ICC recognized Palestine as a state without prejudice to any future judicial determinations on the issue of statehood.[106][107]
After the resolution was passed, the UN has permitted Palestine to title its representative office to the UN as "The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations",[108] seen by many as a reflection of the UN'sde facto position of recognizing the State of Palestine's sovereignty under international law,[100] and Palestine started to re-title its name accordingly on postal stamps, official documents and passports.[101][109] The Palestinian authorities also instructed its diplomats to officially represent the "State of Palestine", as opposed to the "Palestine National Authority".[101] On 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that "the designation of "State of Palestine" shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents",[55] recognizing the "State of Palestine" as the official name of the Palestinian nation. On 26 September 2013 at the UN, Mahmoud Abbas was given the right to sit in the General Assembly's beige chair which is reserved for heads of state waiting to take the podium and address the General Assembly.[110]
The effort to secure full UN membership was renewed in 2024 during theGaza war,[111] with the UN Security Council holding a vote on the topic in April.[112] Although the vote had a majority of 12 in favour with two abstentions, the U.S. voted against and therefore vetoed the measure.[97] On 10 May 2024, the UN General Assembly passeda resolution that recognized that Palestine met the requirements for UN membership, and requested that the Security Council reconsider admitting the state. It also granted Palestine additional rights at the UN, including being seated with member states, the right to introduce proposals and agenda items, and participate in committees, but did not grant them the right to vote.[113][114]
157 of the 193 UNmember states have recognized the State of Palestine.
| States whose recognition of Palestine is disputed[115] |
| Name[116] | Date of recognition | Diplomatic relations | Relevant membership, further details |
|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | 15 November 1988[117] | Yes[118] | Arab League, African Union (AU), OIC;Algeria–Palestine relations |
 Bahrain | 15 November 1988[117] | Yes[119] | Arab League,GCC, OIC;Bahrain–Palestine relations Further details Recognition extended by theState of Bahrain. |
 Indonesia | 15 November 1988[117] | Yes[120] | ASEAN,BRICS, G20, OIC;Indonesia–Palestine relations |
 Iraq | 15 November 1988[117] | Yes | Arab League, OIC;Iraq–Palestine relations Further details Recognition extended by theBa'athist Iraqi Republic. |
 Kuwait | 15 November 1988[117] | Yes[121] | Arab League, GCC, OIC;[122]Kuwait–Palestine relations |
 Libya | 15 November 1988[117] | Yes | Arab League, AU, OIC;Libya–Palestine relations Further details Recognition extended by theGreat Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. |
 Malaysia | 15 November 1988[117] | Yes | ASEAN, OIC;Malaysia–Palestine relations |
 Mauritania | 15 November 1988[117] | Yes | Arab League, AU, OIC |
 Morocco | 15 November 1988[117] | Yes | Arab League, AU, OIC;[123][124]Morocco–Palestine relations |
 Somalia | 15 November 1988[117] | Yes | Arab League, AU, OIC;Palestine–Somalia relations Further details Recognition extended by theSomali Democratic Republic. |
 Tunisia | 15 November 1988[117] | Yes[125] | Arab League, AU, OIC;Palestine–Tunisia relations |
 Turkey | 15 November 1988[117] | Yes[126] | G20,NATO, OIC,OTS;Palestine–Turkey relations |
 Yemen | 15 November 1988[117] | Yes | Arab League, OIC;Palestine–Yemen relations Further details Recognition extended by bothDemocratic Yemen and theYemen Arab Republic, prior toYemeni unification. In a joint letter to theUN Secretary-General sent just prior to unification, the Ministers of Foreign affairs of North and South Yemen stated: "All treaties and agreements concluded between either the Yemen Arab Republic or the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and other States and international organizations in accordance with international law which are in force on 22 May 1990 will remain in effect, and international relations existing on 22 May 1990 between the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic and other States will continue."[127] |
 Afghanistan | 16 November 1988[117] | Yes[128] | OIC,SAARC;Afghanistan–Palestine relations Further details Recognition extended by theDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan. |
 Bangladesh | 16 November 1988[117] | Yes | OIC, SAARC;Bangladesh–Palestine relations |
 Cuba | 16 November 1988[117] | Yes | —,Cuba–Palestine relations |
 Jordan | 16 November 1988[117] | Yes | Arab League, OIC;Jordan–Palestine relations |
 Madagascar | 16 November 1988[117] | No | AU Further details Recognition extended by theDemocratic Republic of Madagascar. |
 Nicaragua | 16 November 1988[117] | Yes | — |
 Pakistan | 16 November 1988[117] | Yes | OIC, SAARC;Pakistan–Palestine relations |
 Qatar | 16 November 1988[117] | Yes | Arab League, GCC, OIC;Palestine–Qatar relations |
 Saudi Arabia | 16 November 1988[117] | Yes | Arab League, G20, GCC, OIC;Palestine–Saudi Arabia relations |
 United Arab Emirates | 16 November 1988[117] | Yes | Arab League, BRICS, GCC, OIC;Palestine–United Arab Emirates relations |
 Serbia | 16 November 1988[117] | Yes[129] | —,Palestine–Serbia relations Further details Recognition extended by theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Although the UN did not recognize theFederal Republic of Yugoslavia (later renamedSerbia and Montenegro, itself to be succeeded bySerbia in 2006) as itsexclusive successor, it claimed to be such and pledged to adhere to all ratifications, signatures and recognitions conducted by the SFRY. |
 Zambia | 16 November 1988[117] | Yes | AU |
 Albania | 17 November 1988[117] | Yes[130] | NATO, OIC;Albania–Palestine relations Further details Recognition extended by thePeople's Socialist Republic of Albania. |
 Brunei | 17 November 1988[117] | Yes | ASEAN, OIC;[131]Brunei–Palestine relations |
 Djibouti | 17 November 1988[117] | Yes | Arab League, AU, OIC;Djibouti–Palestine relations |
 Mauritius | 17 November 1988[117] | Yes | AU Further details Recognition extended byMauritius as a Commonwealth realm. |
 Sudan | 17 November 1988[117] | Yes | Arab League, AU, OIC;[132]Palestine–Sudan relations |
 Cyprus | 18 November 1988[117] | Yes | EU;Cyprus–Palestine relations Further details In January 2011, the Cypriot government reaffirmed its recognition of the Palestinian state in 1988. The government also added that any modifications to the borders from 1967 onwards would not be acknowledged until both countries reached a consensus.[133] |
 Czech Republic (disputed) | 18 November 1988[117] | Yes[134] | EU, NATO Further details The Czech Republic's predecessor,Czechoslovakia, recognized Palestine on 18 November 1988.[16][117] The Czech government denies that it recognizes Palestine, arguing that its predecessor never formally recognized Palestine and that Palestine never met the formal conditions of statehood.[135][136] Since the 2010s, the Czech government has repeatedly reiterated its non-recognition of a Palestinian state, as recently as 2025.[137][136][138][139] However, certain academics and politicians contend that the Czech Republic continues to recognize Palestine.[137] |
 Slovakia | 18 November 1988[117] | Yes | EU, NATO;Palestine–Slovakia relations Further details Slovakia's predecessor,Czechoslovakia, recognized Palestine on 18 November 1988.[16] Followingits dissolution, Slovakia reaffirmed its recognition of Palestine in 1993.[140][141] |
 Egypt | 18 November 1988[117] | Yes | Arab League, AU, BRICS, OIC;Egypt–Palestine relations |
 Gambia | 18 November 1988[117] | Yes | AU, OIC |
 India | 18 November 1988[117] | Yes[142] | BRICS, G20, SAARC;India–Palestine relations |
 Nigeria | 18 November 1988[117] | Yes | AU, OIC;Nigeria–Palestine relations |
 Seychelles | 18 November 1988[117] | Yes | AU |
 Sri Lanka | 18 November 1988[117] | Yes | SAARC;Palestine–Sri Lanka relations |
 Namibia | 19 November 1988[117] | Yes | AU;Namibia–Palestine relations Further details Namibia was established by theSouth West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), which recognized the State of Palestine during its time as a UN observer entity.[143] |
| Russia | 19 November 1988[117] | Yes[144] | BRICS,CSTO, G20, UNSC (permanent);Palestine–Russia relations Further details Recognition extended as theUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics. PresidentDmitry Medvedev reconfirmed the position in January 2011.[67] |
 Belarus | 19 November 1988[117] | Yes | CSTO;Belarus–Palestine relations Further details Recognition extended as theByelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Belarus is the legal successor of the Byelorussian SSR and in theConstitution it states, "Laws, decrees and other acts which were applied in the territory of the Republic of Belarus prior to the entry into force of the present Constitution shall apply in the particular parts thereof that are not contrary to the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus."[145] |
 Ukraine | 19 November 1988[117] | Yes | —,Palestine–Ukraine relations Further details Recognition extended as theUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, of which Ukraine is the legal successor. The modern republic continues all "rights and duties pursuant to international agreements of Union SSR which do not contradict theConstitution of Ukraine and interests of the Republic".[146] |
 Vietnam | 19 November 1988[117] | Yes[147] | ASEAN;Palestine–Vietnam relations |
| China | 20 November 1988[117] | Yes | BRICS, G20, UNSC (permanent);China–Palestine relations Further details Under theOne China principle, the State of Palestine also recognizes the People's Republic of China as the sole legitimate government of the Chinese state and does not recognize thelegitimacy of theRepublic of China on Taiwan.[148] |
 Burkina Faso | 21 November 1988[117] | Yes | AU, OIC;Burkina Faso–Palestine relations |
 Comoros | 21 November 1988[117] | Yes | Arab League, AU, OIC;Comoros–Palestine relations Further details Recognition extended by theFederal and Islamic Republic of the Comoros. |
 Guinea | 21 November 1988[117] | Yes | AU, OIC |
 Guinea-Bissau | 21 November 1988[117] | Yes | AU, OIC |
 Cambodia | 21 November 1988[117] | Yes | ASEAN Further details Recognition extended by thePeople's Republic of Kampuchea, the predecessor to modern Cambodia. Its civil-war rival, internationally recognizedDemocratic Kampuchea, announced its recognition three days prior. |
 Mali | 21 November 1988[117] | Yes | AU, OIC |
 Mongolia | 22 November 1988[117] | Yes[149] | — Further details Recognition extended by theMongolian People's Republic. |
 Senegal | 22 November 1988[117] | Yes | AU, OIC |
 Hungary (disputed) | 23 November 1988[117] | Yes | EU, NATO;Hungary–Palestine relations Further details Recognition extended by theHungarian People's Republic. Since 2024, the Hungarian government has opposed recognition of Palestinian statehood.[115][150]Agence France-Presse andCNN exclude Hungary from their lists of states that recognize Palestine.[115][151] However, certain sources contend that Hungary has not formally withdrawn its recognition of Palestine.[152][153] |
 Cape Verde | 24 November 1988[117] | Yes[154] | AU |
 North Korea | 24 November 1988[117] | Yes | —,North Korea–Palestine relations |
 Niger | 24 November 1988[117] | Yes | AU, OIC |
 Romania | 24 November 1988[117] | Yes | EU, NATO;Palestine–Romania relations Further details Recognition extended by theSocialist Republic of Romania. |
 Tanzania | 24 November 1988[117] | Yes | AU;Palestine–Tanzania relations |
 Bulgaria | 25 November 1988[117] | Yes | EU, NATO;Bulgaria–Palestine relations Further details Recognition extended by thePeople's Republic of Bulgaria. |
 Maldives | 28 November 1988[117] | Yes | OIC, SAARC;Maldives–Palestine relations |
 Ghana | 29 November 1988[117] | Yes | AU |
 Togo | 29 November 1988[117] | Yes[155] | AU, OIC |
 Zimbabwe | 29 November 1988[117] | Yes | AU;Palestine–Zimbabwe relations |
 Chad | 1 December 1988[117] | Yes | AU, OIC |
 Laos | 2 December 1988[117] | Yes[156] | ASEAN |
| Sierra Leone | 3 December 1988[117] | Yes[154] | AU, OIC |
 Uganda | 3 December 1988[117] | Yes | AU, OIC |
 Republic of the Congo | 5 December 1988[117] | Yes | AU Further details Recognition extended by thePeople's Republic of the Congo. |
 Angola | 6 December 1988[117] | Yes[157] | AU Further details Recognition extended by thePeople's Republic of Angola. |
| Mozambique | 8 December 1988[117] | Yes | AU, OIC Further details Recognition extended by thePeople's Republic of Mozambique. |
 São Tomé and Príncipe | 10 December 1988[117] | Yes[154] | AU |
 Gabon | 12 December 1988[117] | Yes | AU, OIC |
 Oman | 13 December 1988[117] | Yes | Arab League, GCC, OIC;Oman–Palestine relations |
 Poland | 14 December 1988[117] | Yes | EU, NATO;Palestine–Poland relations Further details Recognition extended by thePolish People's Republic. |
 Democratic Republic of the Congo | 18 December 1988[117] | No | AU Further details Recognition extended by theRepublic of Zaire, which was ruled byMobutu Sese Seko until his removal in 1997 when the state was succeeded by theDemocratic Republic of the Congo during theFirst Congo War. |
 Botswana | 19 December 1988[117] | Yes[158] | AU |
 Nepal | 19 December 1988[117] | No | SAARC Further details Recognition extended by theKingdom of Nepal. |
 Burundi | 22 December 1988[117] | No | AU |
 Central African Republic | 23 December 1988[117] | No | AU |
 Bhutan | 25 December 1988[117] | No | SAARC |
 Rwanda | 2 January 1989[117] | No | AU |
 Ethiopia | 4 February 1989[117] | Yes | AU, BRICS;Ethiopia–Palestine relations Further details Recognition extended by thePeople's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. |
 Iran | 4 February 1989[16] | Yes | BRICS, OIC;Iran–Palestine relations Further details Some documents list the date of Iran's recognition as 4 February 1988, but this predates the PLO's declaration of independence on 15 November 1988.[117] |
 Benin | 12 May 1989[117] | Yes | AU, OIC Further details Recognition extended by thePeople's Republic of Benin. |
 Kenya | 12 May 1989[117] | Yes | AU;Kenya–Palestine relations |
 Equatorial Guinea | May 1989[117] | Yes[159] | AU |
 Vanuatu | 21 August 1989[117] | Yes | MSG,PIF |
 Philippines | 4 September 1989[117] | Yes[160] | ASEAN;Palestine–Philippines relations |
 Eswatini | 1 July 1991[117] | Yes[161][162] | AU Further details Recognition extended as Swaziland. |
 Kazakhstan | 6 April 1992[117] | Yes[163] | CSTO, OIC, OTS;Kazakhstan–Palestine relations |
 Azerbaijan | 15 April 1992[117] | Yes[164] | OIC, OTS;Azerbaijan–Palestine relations |
 Turkmenistan | 17 April 1992[117] | Yes[165][166] | OIC[167] |
 Georgia | 25 April 1992[117] | Yes[168] | —,Georgia–Palestine relations |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina | 27 May 1992[117] | Yes[169] | Bosnia and Herzegovina–Palestine relations Further details Recognition extended by theRepublic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. |
 Tajikistan | 2 April 1994[117] | Yes[170][171] | CSTO, OIC |
 Uzbekistan | 25 September 1994[117] | Yes[172] | OIC, OTS |
 Papua New Guinea (disputed) | 4 October 1994[173] | Yes[158][173] | MSG, PIF Further details In July 2025,Agence France-Presse removed Papua New Guinea from its list of states recognizing Palestine based on comments it received from the Papua New Guinean foreign secretary and foreign minister.[115] TheAustralian Broadcasting Corporation andDeutsche Welle exclude Papua New Guinea from their lists of states recognizing Palestine.[174][175] |
 South Africa | 15 February 1995[117] | Yes[176] | AU, BRICS, G20;Palestine–South Africa relations |
 Kyrgyzstan | November 1995[117] | Yes[177][178] | CSTO, OIC, OTS;Kyrgyzstan–Palestine relations |
 Malawi | 23 October 1998[117] | Yes[179] | AU |
 Timor-Leste | 1 March 2004[117] | Yes[180][181] | ASEAN |
 Paraguay | 25 March 2005[182] | Yes[182] | Mercosur,OAS Further details On 28 January 2011, Paraguay's Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a written reaffirmation of its government's recognition of the State of Palestine. The statement noted that the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two governments in 2005 had implied mutual recognition.[182] |
 Montenegro | 24 July 2006[117] | Yes[183] | NATO;Montenegro–Palestine relations |
 Costa Rica | 5 February 2008[117] | Yes[158] | OAS |
 Lebanon | 30 November 2008[117] | Yes[184] | Arab League, OIC;Lebanon–Palestine relations Further details Date given is that of first official recognition. In Palestine's application to UNESCO in May 1989, Lebanon was listed as having recognized the State of Palestine, but without a date.[16] The list was submitted without objection from Lebanon, but later sources have shown that official recognition was not accorded until 2008.[185] At that time, the Lebanese cabinet approved the establishment of full diplomatic relations with the State of Palestine, but did not set a date for when this was to occur. On 11 August 2011, the cabinet agreed to implement its earlier decision and Abbas formally inaugurated his government's embassy in Beirut on 16 August.[186] |
 Ivory Coast | 1 December 2008[117] | Yes | AU, OIC |
 Venezuela | 27 April 2009[117] | Yes | —,Palestine–Venezuela relations |
 Dominican Republic | 15 July 2009[117] | Yes[158] | OAS |
 Brazil | 1 December 2010[187][188] | Yes[187] | BRICS, G20, Mercosur, OAS;Brazil–Palestine relations |
 Argentina | 6 December 2010[117] | Yes[189][190][191] | G20, Mercosur, OAS;Argentina–Palestine relations[65] |
 Bolivia | 17 December 2010[117] | Yes[158] | Mercosur, OAS;Bolivia–Palestine relations |
| Ecuador | 24 December 2010[192] | Yes[193] | OAS;Ecuador–Palestine relations |
 Chile | 7 January 2011[117] | Yes[194] | OAS;Chile–Palestine relations |
| Guyana | 13 January 2011[117] | Yes[158] | CARICOM, OAS, OIC[193] |
 Peru | 24 January 2011[117] | Yes[193] | OAS;Palestine–Peru relations |
 Suriname | 26 January 2011[117] | No | CARICOM, OAS, OIC |
 Uruguay | 15 March 2011[195] | Yes[158] | Mercosur, OAS;Palestine–Uruguay relations |
 Lesotho | 3 May 2011[117] | Yes[196] | AU |
 South Sudan | 14 July 2011[117] | Yes[197] | AU |
 Syria | 18 July 2011[117] | Yes[198] | Arab League, OIC;Palestine–Syria relations Further details Recognition extended byBa'athist Syria. |
 Liberia | 19 July 2011[117] | No | AU[59] |
 El Salvador | 25 August 2011[117] | Yes[199] | OAS;El Salvador–Palestine relations |
 Honduras | 26 August 2011[117] | Yes[199][200][201] | OAS;Honduras–Palestine relations |
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 29 August 2011[117] | Yes[158] | CARICOM, OAS |
 Belize | 9 September 2011[117] | Yes | CARICOM, OAS[202] |
 Dominica | 19 September 2011[117] | Yes[203] | CARICOM, OAS[206] |
 Antigua and Barbuda | 22 September 2011[117] | Yes[158] | CARICOM, OAS |
 Grenada | 25 September 2011[117] | Yes[158] | CARICOM, OAS |
 Iceland | 15 December 2011[117] | Yes | EFTA, NATO;Iceland–Palestine relations |
 Thailand | 18 January 2012[117] | Yes[207] | ASEAN;Palestine–Thailand relations |
 Guatemala | 9 April 2013[117] | No | OAS |
 Haiti | 27 September 2013[117] | Yes[158] | CARICOM, OAS |
 Sweden | 30 October 2014[117] | Yes | EU, NATO;Palestine–Sweden relations |
 Saint Lucia | 14 September 2015[117] | Yes[158] | CARICOM, OAS |
 Colombia | 3 August 2018[117] | Yes | OAS |
 Saint Kitts and Nevis | 29 July 2019[117] | Yes[208] | CARICOM, OAS |
 Barbados | 19 April 2024[209] | Yes[158] | CARICOM, OAS |
 Jamaica | 22 April 2024[209] | No | CARICOM, OAS |
 Trinidad and Tobago | 2 May 2024[209] | Yes[210] | CARICOM, OAS |
 Bahamas | 7 May 2024[209] | No | CARICOM, OAS |
 Ireland | 28 May 2024[31] | Yes[211] | EU;Ireland–Palestine relations |
 Norway | 28 May 2024[31] | Yes[212] | EFTA, NATO;Norway–Palestine relations |
 Spain | 28 May 2024[31] | Yes[213] | EU, NATO;Palestine–Spain relations |
| Slovenia | 4 June 2024[214] | Yes[214] | EU, NATO;Palestine–Slovenia relations |
 Armenia | 21 June 2024[215] | Yes[215] | CSTO;Armenia–Palestine relations |
 Mexico | 5 February 2025[216] | Yes[217] | G20, OAS;Mexico–Palestine relations Further details Mexico was listed in documents circulated at the United Nations in 2024 as having recognized Palestine on 2 June 2023,[117] the same date that the State of Palestine announced the conversion of its "Special Delegation" in Mexico into an "Embassy" without specifying whether that was by agreement with the Mexican government.[218] The State of Palestine was reportedly soon added to a list of embassies in Mexico on a Mexican government website,[219] and at least one source would later credit Mexican presidentAndrés Manuel López Obrador with having affected the change.[220] In a press release from 25 April 2024, the Mexican government stated that "Mexico has supported actions in several multilateral forums that have, among others, the legal effect of recognizing Palestine as a State."[221], and on 11 October 2024 Mexican PresidentClaudia Sheinbaum said "we believe that the Palestinian State should be recognized in its full scope, just like the State of Israel."[222] On 5 February 2025 Sheinbaum stated that "Mexico has had a position since years ago, not only of the governments of theFourth Transformation, but it comes from before, of recognition of the State of Palestine and at the same time of the State of Israel. So that is the policy of the Mexican government of years ago and of now."[216][223] Some media outlets reported that Mexico recognized Palestine on 19 March 2025,[224] in reference to the accreditation ceremony for the first Palestinian representative to Mexico under the title of "Ambassador".[220] |
 Canada | 21 September 2025[2] | No[225] | G7, G20, NATO, OAS;Canada–Palestine relations |
 Australia | 21 September 2025[2] | No[226] | G20, PIF;Australia–Palestine relations |
| United Kingdom | 21 September 2025[2] | No[227] | G7, G20, NATO, UNSC (permanent);Palestine–United Kingdom relations |
 Portugal | 21 September 2025[3] | No | EU, NATO;Palestine–Portugal relations |
| France | 22 September 2025[228] | No | EU, G7, G20, NATO, UNSC (permanent);France–Palestine relations |
 Monaco | 22 September 2025[229] | No | — |
 Luxembourg | 22 September 2025[230] | No | EU, NATO;Luxembourg–Palestine relations |
| Malta | 22 September 2025[231] | No | EU;Malta–Palestine relations |
 Andorra | 22 September 2025[233][234][235] | No | — |
 San Marino | 23 September 2025[236] | No | — |
| Name | Date of recognition | Diplomatic relations | Relevant membership, further details |
|---|---|---|---|
 Sahrawi Republic | 15 November 1988[237] | No | AU;Palestine–Sahrawi Republic relations Further details Palestine does notrecognize the Sahrawi Republic. |
 Holy See | February 2013[238] | Yes[239] | —,Holy See–Palestine relations |
| Name | Official position | Relations [note 1] | Relevant memberships |
|---|---|---|---|
 Austria | Austria conferred full diplomatic status on the PLO representation in Vienna on 13 December 1978, under then-chancellorBruno Kreisky.[240] In June 2011, Foreign MinisterMichael Spindelegger said that Austria "had not yet made up its mind whether to support a UN recognition of a Palestinian state", adding that he preferred to wait for a joint EU approach to the issue. He said: "We will decide at the last moment because it might still give [the two parties] the opportunity to bring the Middle East peace process back on track."[241] Spindelegger also suggested that the EU draft its own version of the resolution.[242] Further details Austria was initially listed as having recognized the State of Palestine on 14 December 1988, in documents submitted to UNESCO in 1989 supporting to Palestine's application for membership. However, the submitting states (Algeria, Indonesia, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal and Yemen) later requested that Austria be removed from the list.[16] | Yes[243] | EU;Austria–Palestine relations |
 Belgium | In May 2024, Foreign MinisterHadja Lahbib stated that recognition was not up for discussion, but it would not be granted at the time,[244] while Prime MinisterAlexander De Croo stressed that recognition was "symbolic" and would not have "any impact in the field".[245] In July 2025, Belgium stated that it would determine its position on recognition in early September 2025.[246] In August 2025, Foreign MinisterMaxime Prévot urged theFederal Parliament that Belgium must recognize Palestine as soon as possible, warning that any delay would jeopardize the country's credibility in the two-state solution.[247] On 1 September 2025, Foreign MinisterMaxime Prévot announced that Belgium will recognize Palestinian statehood at the 2025 UN General Assembly, provided that the lastIsraeli hostage has been released and Hamas "no longer exercises any form of governance over Palestine."[248][249] On 22 September 2025, Prime MinisterBart De Wever declared that Belgium would not yet recognize Palestinede jure, reiterating the demands regarding Hamas.[250] | Yes[251] | EU, NATO;Belgium–Palestine relations |
 Cameroon | Cameroon officially supports a two-state solution.[252] Although a member of the OIC, PresidentPaul Biya has developed strong ties with Israel since the mid-1980s.[253] This perceived friendship has soured the country's traditionally close ties with Arab states, many of whom have withdrawn longstanding economic development assistance and pressed Biya to support Palestinian interests.[254] In August 2011, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu asked Biya to oppose the UN resolution that would admit Palestine as a member state.[255] | Yes[252] | AU, OIC[59] |
 Croatia | Croatia formalized relations with thePLO on 31 March 2011. Former Croatian Prime MinisterJadranka Kosor stated in 2011 that her government supported the co-existence of Israel and Palestine as two independent states;[256] however, Croatia abstained during voting onupgrading Palestine to non-member observer state status in the UN and on admission of Palestine to UNESCO. Former Croatian Foreign MinisterVesna Pusić stated on 24 October 2014 that "Croatia will most likely recognize Palestine soon".[257] The Croatian government tends to favour Israel over Palestine as a commitment to the U.S., to whom Croatia is aligned, and the central quarters of theEuropean Union of which Croatia has been a member since 2013. Croatia believes that if it were to recognize Palestine, this would frustrate its position with the EU and ties to the U.S., and also because the situation in the Middle East is complicated it feels there is no guarantee that there would be peace and further existence of the Jewish state if Israel eventually decides to withdraw from theoccupied territories.[258] In June 2025, PresidentZoran Milanović stated that Croatia should recognize Palestine.[259] On 27 August 2025, Milanović declared that he will vigorously push for Croatia to recognize Palestine as soon as feasible within the bounds of his constitutional authority. He is also urging the government to start the process of recognizing Palestine in theCroatian Parliament.[260] | Yes | EU, NATO |
 Denmark | Danish Foreign MinisterLene Espersen met Abbas on 9 March 2011 to persuade him to return to negotiating with Israel. Espersen also extended Danish support to Palestinian national development.[261] During the campaign for the 2011elections, the largest opposition party argued that Denmark should recognize the State of Palestine. Foreign MinisterLene Espersen warned that such a unilateral decision could have "more negative than beneficial" consequences, and stressed the need to co-ordinate policy with the EU.[262] In December 2014, a bill that called on Denmark to recognize Palestine as a state was rejected in the Danish parliament.[263] In July 2025, Foreign MinisterLars Løkke Rasmussen responded to the planned recognition of Palestine by France, stating that Denmark preferred such recognition to stem from a negotiated two-state solution or a coordinated EU effort.[264] In August 2025, Prime MinisterMette Frederiksen announced that Denmark would not recognize Palestine at this time because "it will not help the thousands of children who are currently fighting for their survival, no matter how much we might wish it."[265] On 22 September 2025, Rasmussen stated Denmark would recognise Palestine after several conditions are met, including all hostages being released, disarming of Hamas, reforming of the Palestinian Authority, and Hamas having no role in the governance of Gaza in the future.[266] | Yes | EU, NATO;Denmark–Palestine relations |
 Eritrea | Eritrea is one of only two African countries that do not recognize Palestine, the other being Cameroon.[59][267] In October 2010, PresidentIsaias Afewerki stated, "Israel needs a government, we must respect this. The Palestinians also need to have a dignified life, but it can not be the West Bank or Gaza. A two-state solution will not work. It's just to fool people. Israelis and Palestinians living in the same nation will never happen for many reasons. One option that may work is aTransjordan. Israel may be left in peace and the Palestinian and Jordanian peoples are brought together and can create their own nation."[268] In his address to the UN General Assembly in 2011, Isaias stated that "Eritrea reaffirms its long-standing support to the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination and an independent, sovereign state. It also upholds the right of Israel to live in peace and security within internationally recognized boundaries."[269] On 29 November 2012, Eritrea voted in favour of a resolution to make Palestine a non-member observer state at the UN. On 23 September 2024, the Minister for Foreign affairs H. E. Osman Saleh emphasized the Palestinians' right to self-determination.[270] On 19 January 2025, the Ministry of Information released a press statement welcoming aceasefire in the Gaza war implemented that day.[271] | Yes[272] | AU |
 Estonia | During a meeting with Riyad al-Malki in June 2010, MinisterUrmas Paet said the country approved an agreement between the two countries and "self-determination for Palestine".[273] Officials stated that the government would not adopt a position regarding the UN bid until the final wording of the resolution was published.[274] On 30 July 2025, Estonian prime ministerKristen Michal emphasized that Estonia has no plans to recognize Palestine.[275] | Yes[276] | EU, NATO |
 Fiji | Fijian policy on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is largely based on UN resolutions.[277] | No | MSG, PIF |
 Finland | Finland supports a two-state solution to the conflict.[278] In 2025, PresidentAlexander Stubb stated that he is willing to approve recognition of Palestine if the government presses forward with such a proposal.[279] Prime MinisterPetteri Orpo stated that Finland is not preparing to recognize Palestine.[280] In September 2025, he announced a set of conditions before recognition would be implemented.[281] | Yes | EU, NATO;Finland–Palestine relations |
 Germany | In April 2011, ChancellorAngela Merkel labelled the Palestinian bid for recognition a "unilateral step",[282] and stated unequivocally that Germany will not recognize a Palestinian state without its prior acceptance by Israel, "Unilateral recognitions therefore definitely do not contribute to achieving this aim ... This is our stance now and it will be our stance in September. There needs to be mutual recognition, otherwise it is not a two-state solution."[283] She also reaffirmed her government's commitment to see an agreement reached as soon as possible, "We want a two-state solution. We want to recognize a Palestinian state. Let us ensure that negotiations begin. It is urgent."[284] In August 2025, ChancellorFriedrich Merz said Germany would not recognize Palestine as it does not "see the requirements met".[285] Further details TheGerman Democratic Republic recognized the State of Palestine on 18 November 1988,[16] but it laterunified with theFederal Republic of Germany and the current government does not recognize it. | Yes | EU, G7, G20, NATO;Germany–Palestine relations |
 Greece | Under previous governments, Greece garnered a reputation as a staunch supporter of the Palestinian cause.[286] Within the wider Arab–Israeli conflict,Andreas Papandreou maintained a stronger stand against Israel than any other government in the European Community. Diplomatic relations were founded with the PLO in 1981, while relations with Israel were maintained only at the consular level until Greece's formal recognition of Israel in 1990 underKonstantinos Mitsotakis.[287] Since the formation of current foreign policy underGeorge Papandreou, Greece has seen a rapid improvement in relations with Israel,[288] leading the media to mark the conclusion of Greece's pro-Palestinian era.[289] In December 2015, Greece's parliament voted in favour of a motion requesting that the government recognize Palestine.[290] On 7 September 2025, Prime MinisterKyriakos Mitsotakis declared that Greece will recognize Palestinian statehood at the right time.[291] | Yes | EU, NATO;Greece–Palestine relations |
 Israel | See above | Yes | |
 Italy | In May 2011, at an event in Rome celebrating Israel's independence, then Prime MinisterSilvio Berlusconi pledged his country's support to Israel.[292] In June, he reiterated Italy's position against unilateral actions on either side of theconflict, stressing that "peace can only be reached with a common initiative through negotiations".[293] This position was shared by parliamentarians, who drafted a letter to the UN stating that "a premature, unilateral declaration of Palestinian statehood would ... undermine rather than resolve the Israeli–Palestinian peace process".[294] Nevertheless, Italy upgraded the diplomatic status of the Palestinian delegation inRome to amission, similarly to what other EU countries were doing, giving the head of the delegationambassadorial status.[295] On 31 October 2011, Italydid not oppose Palestine'sUNESCO membership bid.[296] On 29 November 2012, Italy voted in favour ofUN Resolution 67/19, giving Palestine anon-member observer state status at the UN.[297] Italy's opposition to unilateral actions was reiterated on 21 December 2017, when it voted in favour of a UN draft resolution calling on all countries to comply withSecurity Council resolutions regarding thestatus of Jerusalem,[298] following the decision by the U.S. tomove its embassy to Israel fromTel Aviv to thecity.[299] In July 2025, both Prime MinisterGiorgia Meloni and Foreign MinisterAntonio Tajani stated that Italy was not ready to recognize Palestine and that such a move would be counterproductive.[300][301] In September 2025, Meloni stated that Italy would recognize Palestine, given that all Israeli hostages are released and Hamas is excluded from the Palestinian government.[302] | Yes | EU, G7, G20, NATO;Italy–Palestine relations |
| Japan | Japan supports a two-state solution to the conflict,[303] and supports the establishment of a Palestinian state.[304] In October 2007, a Japanese Justice Ministry official said: "Given that the Palestinian Authority has improved itself to almost a full-fledged state and issues its own passports, we have decided to accept the Palestinian nationality."[305] The Japanese government declared that it would not recognize any act that would jeopardize a Palestinian state with the pre-1967 borders nor the annexation of East Jerusalem by Israel.[306][307] Japan voted favourably for the UN General Assembly resolution to accord Palestine non-member observer state status in the UN in November 2012, and since then has referred to the country as "Palestine".[308] In August 2024, a Japanese official stated that the country was considering recognition.[309] On 30 July 2025, Foreign MinisterTakeshi Iwaya stated that, in contrast to France, Japan requires additional time before recognizing Palestine as a sovereign state; however, he reaffirmed Japan's continued commitment to a two-state solution.[310] On 22 September 2025, Iwaya stated that Japan's recognition of Palestine as a state is a matter of "when" rather than "if".[311] | Yes | G7, G20;Japan–Palestine relations |
 Kiribati | During the summit of thePacific Islands Forum in early September 2011, the foreign minister of Kiribati reportedly expressed support for the Palestinian position.[312] | No | PIF |
 Latvia | Latvia supports a two-state solution to the conflict and provides development assistance to the Palestinian National Authority.[313][314] In July 2025, the Latvian foreign ministry reiterated that there were no plans to recognize Palestine.[315] | Yes | EU, NATO |
 Liechtenstein | Liechtenstein relies on Switzerland to carry out most of its foreign affairs.[316] In January 2011, it co-sponsored a draft resolution guaranteeing the Palestinian people's right to self-determination,[317] and stated that this right must be exercised with a view to achieving a viable and fully sovereign Palestinian state.[318] In September 2025, Foreign MinisterSabine Monauni stated that Palestine fundamentally met the requirements for statehood.[319] | No | EFTA |
 Lithuania | Lithuania supports a two-state solution including an independent Palestinian state.[320] In 2011, Foreign MinisterAudronius Ažubalis called for a strong, unanimous European position that encouraged both parties to resume peace talks.[321] In August 2025, a senior advisor to PresidentGitanas Nausėda stated that "at this time, the question of recognising Palestine is not on our agenda".[322] | Yes | EU, NATO;Lithuania–Palestine relations |
 Marshall Islands | The Marshall Islands has, like the U.S., long been a close voting ally of Israel at the UN. In December 2017, the Marshall Islands was one of just nine countries (including the U.S. and Israel) to vote against a motion adopted by the UN General Assembly condemning the U.S.'srecognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital city.[299] Additionally, it was one of only five countries (the others being Israel, the U.S., Micronesia, and Nauru) to oppose a UN draft resolution in November 2020 on the creation of a Palestinian state.[323] | No | PIF |
 Federated States of Micronesia | The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) is a consistent supporter of Israel, especially in international resolutions,[324] though this is due in part to its association with the U.S.[316] Former FSM PresidentManny Mori said that the relationship goes back to 1986, when Israel made "[an] early decision to support Micronesia's membership in the UN".[325] During the summit of thePacific Islands Forum in September 2011, the leader of the Micronesian delegation reportedly stated his country's solidarity with the Palestinian people's suffering and support for their right to self-determination. Regarding the PNA's endeavour to gain admission to the UN, the official stated that theagreements signed with the U.S. prevented the FSM from voting according to its government's wishes in cases where they conflicted with those of the U.S.[312] In reference to Israel's continued development assistance to Micronesians, another diplomat noted, "We need Israeli expertise, so I don't see a change in our policy anytime soon."[324] | No | PIF |
 Moldova | On 27 May 2024, Foreign MinisterMihai Popșoi reaffirmed support of Moldova for the two-state solution; however, he also stated that there was no internal consensus on recognizing the State of Palestine.[326] | Yes | |
 Myanmar | Myanmar is one of only two Asian members of theNon-Aligned Movement that has not recognized the State of Palestine, alongside Singapore.[327][328] Former foreign affairs ministerWin Aung stated in 2000 that Myanmar supports a two-state solution within internationally recognized borders.[329] | No | ASEAN |
 Nauru | During thePacific Islands Forum in early September 2011, Foreign Affairs MinisterKieren Keke confirmed his nation's solidarity with the Palestinian people and their right to self-determination.[330] The PNA's foreign ministry published a statement prior to the summit claiming that most Pacific island nations would vote against a UN resolution regarding the Palestinian state.[331] | No | PIF |
 Netherlands | The Netherlands supports a two-state solution, with the recognition of Palestine as a state seen as contingent upon successful negotiations that ensure the security and mutual recognition of both states.[332] In August 2025, the Dutch foreign minister stated "The Netherlands is not planning to recognise a Palestinian state at this time."[333] | Yes | EU, NATO;Netherlands–Palestine relations |
 New Zealand | New Zealand supports a two-state solution to the peace process.[334] It also maintains a policy of tacit rather than explicit recognition of new states. For Palestine, this would mean upgrading its accredited delegation to a diplomatic status.[335] In early September 2011, Foreign MinisterMurray McCully said that the government would not make a decision until the wording of the resolution was released. "We've got a reputation for being fair minded and even handed on this matter and all we can do is wait to see the words.[334] He also told Riyad al-Malki that his country had refused to give Israel any pledges to refuse to vote in favor of the draft resolution.[312] Since 2017, Prime MinisterJacinda Ardern had reiterated her support for a two-state solution and opposition to settler expansions.[336][337] On 26 September 2025, Foreign MinisterWinston Peters announced that New Zealand was not ready to recognize a Palestinian state stating it did not meet the minimum criteria of statehood.[338] | Yes[180] | PIF;New Zealand–Palestine relations |
 North Macedonia | North Macedonia is one of the few countries with no political or diplomatic relations with Palestine, of any kind. Whilst he was Foreign Minister,Nikola Poposki stated that the country's position will be built in accordance with the views of the European Union and its strategic partners.[339] | No | NATO |
 Palau | Palau is one of four countries (alongside the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia and Nauru) that has almost always voted with the U.S. in bills at the UN. Palau, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia and the U.S. make up theCompact of Free Association,[340] which some observers have suggested amounts to "checkbook diplomacy", whereby the U.S. bought the tiny island states' votes for cash.[341] When the UN overwhelmingly voted to condemnDonald Trump's decision torecognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital andrelocate the U.S. embassy there, Palau was one of only nine countries to support the move.[342][343] | No | PIF |
 Panama | Panama has not indicated its position regarding a vote on statehood,[344] and is reported to be undecided on the matter.[345] PresidentRicardo Martinelli has a record of supporting Israel in UN resolutions,[346] and has reportedly resisted pressure from other Latin American governments to recognize Palestine.[347] TheCentral American Integration System (SICA) was expected to adopt a joint position on the issue at its summit on 18 August,[348] but Panama insisted that discussion should retain a regional focus and the matter was not included on the final agenda.[349] In early September, Foreign Minister Roberto Henriquez said that the government's decision would not be made public until its vote is cast, but added, "It is very important that the birth of this country and its recognition in the international forum is previously accompanied by a full peace agreement with its neighbour, Israel."[350] On 4 July 2015, Panama's Vice President and Foreign Minister Isabel De Saint Malo de Alvarado said that her government is looking at ways to recognize the State of Palestine without affecting their "close relationship" with Israel.[351] | No | OAS |
 Samoa | In 2010, Prime MinisterTuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi expressed support for a two-state solution to the conflict.[352] | No | PIF |
 Singapore | Singapore has not recognized the State of Palestine.[328] The island state has a strong relationship with Israel;[353] however, Singapore established a representative office inRamallah as a move to improve coordination of capacity-building initiatives and fortify relations with the Palestinian National Authority.[354][355] On 2 July 2024, Foreign MinisterVivian Balakrishnan stated that Singapore could recognize Palestine if it in turn accepted Israel's right to exist.[356] In July 2025, Singapore announced that it was "prepared in principle" to recognize Palestine.[357] On 22 September 2025, Balakrishnan declared that Singapore will recognize Palestine once it has a competent administration, supports Israel's right to exist, and abandons terrorism.[358] | Yes[359] | ASEAN |
 Solomon Islands | Foreign MinisterPeter Shannel Agovaka met Riyad al-Malki in early September 2011 at the summit of thePacific Islands Forum in Wellington. Agovaka reportedly confirmed his government's support of Palestinian efforts at the UN, and that possible recognition of the State of Palestine would be considered in the next cabinet meeting.[312] | No | PIF |
| South Korea | The government of South Korea does not recognize the State of Palestine; however, it has a representative office inRamallah.[360] | Yes | G20;Palestine–South Korea relations |
| Switzerland | Switzerland does not recognize Palestine as an independent state but voted in favour of granting it a non-member observer status at the UN in November 2014. Swiss PresidentSimonetta Sommaruga voiced her support for a two-state solution, saying: "Switzerland has worked for years for a solution to the conflict between Israel and Palestine. Our aim is to achieve peace."[361] | Yes | EFTA;Palestine–Switzerland relations |
 Tonga | In September 2011, following the summit of the Pacific Islands Forum inWellington, the PNA's foreign ministry noted that it had made significant strides in its efforts to attain recognition from Tonga.[330] | No | PIF |
 Tuvalu | On 10 September 2015, the UN General Assembly passed a Palestinian resolution to allow its flag to fly in front of theUN headquarters in New York. The vote was passed with 119 votes in support, 8 opposing, and 45 abstentions. Tuvalu was one of the eight opposing votes.[362] | No | PIF |
| United States | In September 2011, PresidentBarack Obama declared U.S. opposition to the bid in his speech to the General Assembly, saying that "genuine peace can only be realized between Israelis and Palestinians themselves", and that "[u]ltimately, it is Israelis and Palestinians – not us – who must reach an agreement on the issues that divide them".[363] Obama told Abbas that the U.S. would veto any UN Security Council move to recognize Palestinian statehood.[364] PresidentsDonald Trump andJoe Biden have maintained that UNSC veto policy.[365] In August 2025, U.S. Vice PresidentJD Vance reaffirmed that the U.S. would not recognize Palestine, stating: "I don't know what it would mean to really recognise a Palestinian state, given the lack of functional government there."[366] | Yes | G7, G20, NATO, OAS, UNSC (permanent);Palestine–United States relations |
| Name | Official position | Relations [note 1] | Relevant memberships |
|---|---|---|---|
 Kosovo | No[367] | ||
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta | The Order of Malta has relations at ambassador level with the Palestinian Authority. | Yes[368][369] | |
 Republic of China (Taiwan) | Taiwan does not recognise the State of Palestine, while the government of Taiwan is "closely monitoring the latest developments on the issue" and calls on "all parties to show self-restraint ... and resolve differences through ongoing communication". On 22 September 2025, theMinistry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) criticised a map released by thePermanent Observer Mission of Palestine colouring the island of Taiwan as "recognised", which suggested thatTaiwan is part of China, and said that Taiwan "has no immediate plan to recognise a Palestinian state". MOFA also cited a strategic partnership between China and Palestine, in which Palestine affirmed that Taiwan is an "inalienable part of China's territory."[370] | No[370] | Palestine–Taiwan relations |
The State of Palestine is a party to several multilateral treaties, registered with fivedepositaries: the United Kingdom,UNESCO, UN, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The ratification of the UNESCO conventions took place in 2011/2012 and followed Palestine becoming a member of UNESCO, while the ratification of the other conventions were performed in 2014 while negotiations with Israel were at an impasse.
| Depositary country/organization | Depositary organ | Number of treaties | Examples | Date of first ratification/accession |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Ministry of Foreign Affairs | 1[371] | Convention respecting the laws and customs of war on land | 2 April 2014 |
| Russia | 1[372] | Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons | 10 February 2015 | |
| Switzerland | Federal Council | 7[373][374] | Geneva Conventions and Protocols | 2 April 2014 |
| UNESCO | Director-General | 8[375] | Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage | 8 December 2011 |
| United Nations | Secretary-General | >50[376] | Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Statute of the International Criminal Court | 9 April 2014 |
| United Kingdom | Foreign and Commonwealth Office | 2[377][378] | UNESCO Constitution, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons | 23 November 2011 |
In an objection of 16 May 2014, Israel informed the Secretary General of the UN that it did not consider that Palestine met the definition of statehood and that its requested accession to theUN Convention against Torture as being "without legal validity and without effect upon Israel's treaty relations under the Convention".[379] The U.S. and Canada lodged similar objections.[380][381]
Palestine participated in the negotiation of the UNTreaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons and voted in favour of its adoption on 7 July 2017.[382]
Within two weeks of thePNC meeting, at least fifty-five nations, including states as diverse as the Soviet Union, China, India, Greece, Yugoslavia, Sri Lanka, Malta, and Zambia, had recognised the Palestinian state.
In the spring of 2024, more European and Caribbean nations recognized a Palestinian state...
The UK's expected announcement on Sunday is part of a French-led initiative to recognize a State of Palestine
French President Emmanuel Macron has led the way on the plan to recognize Palestinian statehood
Mr Macron has spearheaded a movement among Western leaders to recognise Palestinian statehood, in opposition to the US. France became the first G7 nation to make this pledge in July.
The UK, Australia and Canada have recognised the Palestinian State in a historic diplomatic shift just days ahead of the UN General Assembly High-level week...
Ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de l'État de Palestine.[Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the State of Palestine.]
...pada 19 Oktober 1989 di Jakarta telah ditandatangani "Komunike Bersama Pembukaan Hubungan Diplomatik Indonesia-Palestina"...[...on 19 October 1989 in Jakarta, the "Joint Communiqué on the Opening of Diplomatic Relations between Indonesia and Palestine" was signed...]
دولة فلسطين.[State of Palestine]
Mr. Mahmoud Abbas is the President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) and the President of the State of Palestine.
État de Palestine.[State of Palestine.]
Les deux pays ont établi des relations diplomatiques en 1994. chacune des deux parties étant représentée par un bureau de liaison.Les deux pays ont établi des relations diplomatiques en 1994. chacune des deux parties étant représentée par un bureau de liaison.[The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1994, with each party represented by a liaison office.][permanent dead link]
Turkey established official relations with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1975 and was one of the first countries that recognized the Palestinian State established in exile on 15 November 1988.
Embassy of Afghanistan in Damascus ... non-resident envoy to: Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine.
Embassy of the State of Palestina.
His Excellency Mahmoud Abbas, President of the State of the Palestine.
... representative of His Excellency the President of the State of Palestine
Slovakia reconfirmed its recognition of Palestine in 1993.
Slovakia's Foreign Ministry says that the two sides confirmed their mutual recognition when Slovakia was becoming independent in 1992–93...
In 1947, India voted against the partition of Palestine at the UN GA. India was the first Non-Arab State to recognize PLO ... in 1974. India was one of the first countries to recognize the State of Palestine in 1988. In 1996, India opened its Representative Office to the Palestine Authority in Gaza, which later was shifted to Ramallah in 2003.
Первое представительство ООП (Организации Освобождения Палестины) в Москве было открыто в 1974 г., и первым Главой Представительства стал Бригадный Генерал Мухаммад Аль-Шаер. В 1981г. Представительство было преобразовано в дипломатическую миссию. А 18 ноября 1988 г. СССР официально признал Палестинское Государство. В январе 1990г. Представительство было преобразовано в Посольство Государство Палестина.[The first PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) representative office in Moscow was opened in 1974, and the first Head of the Representative Office was Brigadier General Muhammad al-Shaer. In 1981, the Representative Office was transformed into a diplomatic mission. And on 18 November 1988, the USSR officially recognized the State of Palestine. In January 1990, the Representative Office was transformed into the Embassy of the State of Palestine.]
1968: Viet Nam established ties with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)... 19 November 1988: Viet Nam recognized the State of Palestine and officially transformed the PLO's resident Representative Office into the Embassy of the State of Palestine.
"State of Palestine". Relations established with the PLO prior to the 1988 declaration of independence.
He also stressed that Hungary remains opposed to one-sided recognition of a Palestinian state and continues to insist on balanced diplomacy in global affairs.
Several European countries, such as Czech Republic and Hungary, originally recognized a Palestinian state in 1988 when they were part of the Communist bloc of Soviet-aligned nations and followed a unified policy, but their current diplomatic stance may be different.
And while it has not officially rescinded recognition, its position is unclear.
Tény, hogy anno hazánk is elismerte ... és a békés közel-keleti rendezésben bízva ezt azóta sem mondta fel.[It is a fact that our country also recognized it back then, ... and has not renounced it since, trusting in a peaceful settlement in the Middle East.]
Palestine.
The State of Palestine is recognized by over one hundred states including the Republic of the Philippines. In September 1989, diplomatic relations were established between the two governments leading to the opening of the Embassy of the State of Palestine in Manila, May 1990.
Relations established on 6 April 1992. Palestinian Embassy in Kazakhstan was opened in 1993.
The Republic of Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with Palestine since 15.04.1992
Niyazov sent a message of condolences to the government of the State of Palestine
Relations established 25 April 1992.
Lista zemalja koje su priznale Bosnu i Hercegovinu i datumi uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa – Palestine – 27.05.1992, 30.10.1992.[List of countries that recognized Bosnia and Herzegovina and dates of establishment of diplomatic relations – Palestine – 27 May 1992, 30 October 1992.]
Diplomatic relations established with the State of Palestine 25 September 1994
Papua New Guinea [does] not recognise Palestinian statehood.
The establishment of full diplomatic relations with the State of Palestine was announced on 15 February 1995. ... South African Representation in Palestine – The South African Representative to the Palestinian National Authority ... State of Palestine Representation in South Africa – Embassy of the State of Palestine.
The Head of the General Delegation of Palestine to Australia and New Zealand and Ambassador to East Timor, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu.
estableció relaciones diplomáticas con Palestina el 25 de marzo de 2005 mediante el intercambio de Notas Reversales, acto que implicó su reconocimiento. ... Por esta declaración la República del Paraguay reitera expresamente el reconocimiento de ese Estado como libre e independiente con las fronteras del 4 de junio de 1967.[established diplomatic relations with Palestine on 25 March 2005 through the exchange of Reversal Notes, an act that implied its recognition. ... By this declaration, the Republic of Paraguay expressly reiterates its recognition of that State as free and independent with the borders of 4 June 1967.]
Palestine, State of Palestine – Date of Recognition 24 July 2006; Date of Establishment of Diplomatic Relations 1 August 2006.
The Lebanese government has approved forming full diplomatic relations with what it calls the 'state of Palestine', and is elevating the office of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Beirut to the status of an embassy. No date has been set to carry out the decision, which was announced by Lebanese Information Minister Tariq Mitri.
The Lebanese Cabinet decided at its meeting Thursday to establish diplomatic relations with the State of Palestine to implement the Cabinet decision of 2008.
In a letter sent by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to the President of the Palestinian National Authority, Mahmoud Abbas, on 1 December 2010, the Brazilian Government has recognized the Palestinian State based on the existing borders in 1967.
Embajador Estado de Palestina[Ambassador State of Palestine]
...embajador del Estado de Palestina en Argentina...[...ambassador of the State of Palestine in Argentina...]
Foreign Affairs Minister Anita Anand on Friday said that Canada will nevertheless withhold full normalization of relations with Palestine until the territory's leadership delivers on commitments they made, including releasing Israeli hostages.
Further steps, including the establishment of diplomatic relations and opening of embassies, will be considered as the Palestinian Authority makes progress on its commitments to reform....
Foreign secretary Yvette Cooper will now formally establish diplomatic relations with Palestine, Sir Keir said in a letter to its president Mahmoud Abbas.
Andorra ha reconegut oficialment Palestina. Aquest gest tan necessari, ha matisat, no serà amb plens efectes diplomàtics fins que no es compleixin requisits com l'alliberament d'ostatges, que es faci efectiu el desarmament de Hamàs, i s'impulsi la creació d'un govern palestí que exclogui Hamàs.[Andorra has officially recognized Palestine. This much-needed gesture, he clarified, will not have full diplomatic effects until requirements such as the release of hostages, the effective disarmament of Hamas, and the creation of a Palestinian government that excludes Hamas are met.]
Noting Singapore's "good and strong" relationship with the Palestinian Authority,...
The Assembly then adopted that text by a recorded vote of 119 in favour to 8 against (Australia, Canada, Israel, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, Tuvalu, United States), with 45 abstentions.
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