 Logo of the International Organisation for Assistance to Fighters for Revolution (MOPR), the Soviet section of the International Red Aid | |
 MOPR poster from 1932 | |
| Founded | 1922 |
|---|---|
| Founder | Communist International |
| Dissolved | 1941 (Soviet affiliate – 1947) |
| Focus | "Assistance in the creation of organizations to render material and moral aid to all captives ofcapitalism in prison." |
Area served | Worldwide |
Key people | Julian Marchlewski Clara Zetkin Elena Stasova |
International Red Aid (also commonly known by its Russian acronymMOPR[1]) was an international social-service organization. MOPR was founded in 1922 by theCommunist International to function as an "international politicalRed Cross", providing material and moral aid to radical "class-war"political prisoners around the world.
The International Workers Aid society, known colloquially by its Russian-languageacronym, MOPR,[1] was established in 1922 in response to the directive of the4th World Congress of the Comintern to appeal to all communist parties "to assist in the creation of organizations to render material and moral aid to all captives ofcapitalism in prison."[2]
Julian Marchlewski-Karski was named chairman of the Central Committee of MOPR, the governing body of the new organization. After 1924, the name of this directing body was changed to the Executive Committee.[2]
The first plenary session of the Central Committee of MOPR was held in June 1923 in Moscow. At this gathering it was determined that MOPR should establish sections in all countries, particularly those suffering from theWhite Terror against the revolutionary movement.
The first international conference of MOPR took place in July 1924, simultaneously with the5th World Congress of the Comintern.
According toElena Stasova, the head of the Russian section of MOPR and deputy head of the Central Committee of the International organization, as of January 1, 1928, MOPR had a total membership of 8,900,000 people in 44 national sections. By January 1, 1931, MOPR's scope had grown to 58 national organizations, with a total membership of 8,305,454, according to Stasova.[3] At the latter date the international organization maintained a total of 56 periodicals in 19 languages, Stasova stated.[4]
Stasova noted that two forms of the organization existed, "mass organizations" — such as those of the USSR, Germany, France, the United States — and "organizations of a committee type", which limited themselves to legal and material aid to political prisoners and their families without attempting to establish large-scalemembership organizations.[5]
Stasova emphasized the ongoing difference between MOPR andWorkers International Relief, another branch of the Comintern's international apparatus. "The difference is this", she noted in 1931, "we are assisting the political prisoners and the Workers International Relief assists at the time of economic strikes, at the time of the economic struggle."[6]
The1st World Congress of MOPR was held in November 1932. At that gathering it was announced that as of January 1 of that year, MOPR had established 67 national sections outside of theUSSR, with 1,278,274 members.[7]
MOPR was headed byElena Stasova until 1937, after which time its international character was deemphasized.
As of 1924, the organization had national affiliates in nineteen countries. By 1932, it claimed sixty-two affiliates (excluding the Soviet Union) with a total of 1,278,274 individual members.[7]
The International Red Aid made its first appearance in Spain as a charity organization during the workers’ revolt of October 1934 inAsturias. It provided aid to those imprisoned for their role in the rebellion, and organize amnesty campaigns for prisoners that were to be executed.
The organization, which included many artists and writers, was later re-formed and expanded inBarcelona in January 1936, with the aim of opposing fascism on multiple fronts.
During theSpanish Civil War, the writerJoaquín Arderíus served as the organization's president before exiling himself to France and then Mexico. The SRI createdsoup kitchens andrefugee camps throughout the territory controlled by the Republicans, and also provided libraries for Republican soldiers, but many of their programs; as well as the food and aid that it collected- were focused on providing aid for children.[1] For example, the SRI founded theEscuela Nacional para Niños Anormales (National School for Mentally Disabled Children) inMadrid, with 150 students. It also founded a Children's Park on the outskirts of Madrid, providing shelter to an additional 150 children.
Other activities included:
Medical contributions included the establishment of 275 hospitals, ambulance services, the establishment of theOrthodontics Clinic and College, dental hygiene campaigns, and the mobilization of dentists to the front. The Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), a minor Marxist party in Spain at the time, organized a parallelSocorro Rojo del P.O.U.M. in opposition to the International Red Aid.[8]
The ranks of the Fifth Regiment (dissolved 21 January 1937), established by theCommunist Party of Spain at the outbreak of the Civil War, were also swelled by members of the SRI. The Fifth Regiment, based on the SovietRed Army, includedJuan Modesto andEnrique Líster amongst its leaders, and fought primarily in the battles in and around Madrid throughout 1936. The SRI also helped Communist sympathizers in Nationalist Spain make their way to friendly territory.
The insignia of the SRI consisted of an "S" (for Socorro) behind the bars of a prison.
The Dutch section of International Red Aid held its first congress in 1926.[9] The same year it began publishingRode Hulp.[10]
The Red Aid of Finland was active during the 1930s, led by theCommunist Party of Finland. It gave assistance to revolutionary prisoners in Finnish jails. Women connected to Red Aid would make handicraft works and organized bazaars, in order to finance the activities of the organization. The organization also tried to mobilize public opinion against ill-treatment of the prisoners. The Red Aid of Finland publishedVankien Toveri.[11]
Towards the ends of the 1920s,Farabundo Martí became the leader of the International Red Aid in Latin America.[12]Julio Antonio Mella, theCuban communist leader exiled in Mexico since 1926, was a leading figure in the Mexican section of the organization.[13]
The largest section of MOPR was its Soviet branch, which accounted for the majority of the organization's international membership. MOPR organized numerouslotteries and fundraising drives.
Yi Donghwi was a prominent MOPR organizer.[14]
A MOPR branch was formed inMadagascar in 1933.[15]
| Year | Name | Location | Dates | Delegates |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1923 | 1st Plenary Session of the CC of MOPR | Moscow | June | |
| 1924 | 1st International Conference | Moscow | July 14–16 | 109 (91 CP, 13 YCI, 5 non-party) |
| 1927 | 2nd International Conference | Moscow | March 24-April 5 | |
| 1932 | 1st World Congress | Moscow | November |
| Country | Group name | Establishment date | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | |||
| Algeria | "before 1928" | ||
| Argentina | 1926 | ||
| Australia | 1928 | ||
| Austria | Austrian Red Aid (Österreichische Rote Hilfe) | 1924 | |
| Belgium | Aug. 1925 | ||
| Bolivia | "before 1933" | ||
| Brazil | 1927 | ||
| British Guiana | |||
| Bulgaria | Organization for Support to the Victims of the Capitalist Dictatorship | Sept. 1923 | |
| Canada | Canadian Labour Defense League | Aug. 1925 | |
| Chile | 1930 | ||
| China | Society of Aid | Oct. 1925 | |
| Colombia | 1932 | ||
| Costa Rica | 1932 | ||
| Cuba | 1929 | ||
| Czechoslovakia | Feb. 1925 | ||
| Denmark | 1923 | ||
| Ecuador | "before 1933" | ||
| Egypt | 1928 | ||
| El Salvador | "before 1933" | ||
| Estonia | 1923 | ||
| Finland | Finnish Red Aid (Suomen Punainen Apu) | 1924 | |
| Formosa | 1930 | ||
| France | Secours Rouge International | 1923 | |
| Germany | Red Aid of Germany (Rote Hilfe Deutschlands) | Oct. 1924 | |
| Great Britain | International Class War Prisoners' Aid | 1925 | |
| Greece | Workers' Aid | 1923 | |
| Guatemala | 1928 | ||
| Haiti | 1928 | ||
| Hawaii | |||
| Hungary | |||
| Iceland | |||
| India | "after 1928" | ||
| Indo-China | |||
| Indonesia | 1928 | ||
| Ireland | 1928 | ||
| Isle of Timor | 1933 | ||
| Italy | April 1923 | ||
| Japan | Nekon Sekishoku Kyuenkai | 1928 | |
| Java | |||
| Korea | Jan. 1926 | ||
| Latvia | |||
| Lithuania | Lithuanian Red Aid | 1918 | |
| Madagascar | "before 1933" | ||
| Mexico | League for Support of Persecuted Fighters | April 1925 | |
| Mongolia | 1928 | ||
| Morocco | 1928 | ||
| Netherlands | Red Aid of Holland (Roode Hulp Holland) | Feb. 1925 | |
| New Zealand | 1928 | ||
| Norway | Norwegian Red Aid (Norges Roede Hjelp) | ||
| Palestine | 1924 | ||
| Panama | "before 1933" | ||
| Persia | 1928 | ||
| Peru | "before 1933" | ||
| Philippines | "before 1933" | ||
| Poland | Red Aid of Poland (Czerwona Pomoc w Polsce) | 1925 | |
| Portugal | Socorro Vermelho Internacional | 1925 | |
| Puerto Rico | |||
| Romania | |||
| South Africa | Ikaka la Basebenzi | 1928 | |
| Spain | Sept. 1925 | ||
| Sweden | International Red Aid, Swedish Section | ||
| Switzerland | 1923 | ||
| Syria | "before 1933" | ||
| Trinidad | |||
| Tunisia | 1928 | ||
| Turkey | |||
| United States of America | International Labor Defense | 1925 | |
| Uruguay | Feb. 1926 | ||
| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | International Society for Aid to Revolutionary Fighters (MOPR) | 1922 | |
| Venezuela | 1931 | ||
| Yugoslavia | March 1924 |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Other | |
