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Sound correspondences between English accents

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(Redirected fromInternational Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects)

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This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

TheInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) can be used to represent sound correspondences among various accents and dialects of theEnglish language.

These charts give adiaphoneme for each sound, followed by itsrealization in different dialects. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values.

Abbreviations list

[edit]

The following abbreviations are used in this article for regional varieties of English:

Abbreviations list
AbbreviationRegional variety
AmEAmerican English
AuEAustralian English
BahEBahamian English
BajEBajan English
CaECanadian English
CIEChannel Island English
EnEEnglish English
FiEFiji English
InEIndian English
IrEIrish English
JSEJamaican English
NZENew Zealand English
PaEPalauan English
ScEScottish English
SIESolomon Islands English
SAESouth African English
SSEStandard Singapore English
WaEWelsh English

SeePronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries.

Consonants

[edit]
Englishconsonants
Diaphoneme[i]PhonesExamples
ppʰpen
pspin, tip
bbbut
b̥web
tt,tʰsting,two
ɾ,[ii]ʔ,[iii]t̞[iv]better
dddo
d̥,ɾ[v]odd, daddy
tʃtʃʰchair
tʃteach, nature
dʒdʒgin,joy
d̥ʒ̊edge
kkskin, unique, thick
kʰcat,kill,queen
ɡɡgo,get
ɡ̊beg
ff,ɸ[vi]fool, enough, leaf, off,photo
vv,β[vii]voice,verve
v̥have, of, verve
θθ,t̪,f[viii]thing, teeth
ðð,ð̥,d̪,v[ix]this, breathe, father
sssee,city, pass
zzzoo
z̥rose
ʃʃshe,sure, session, emotion, leash
ʒʒgenre, pleasure, equation, seizure
ʒ̊beige
hh,ɦ,[x]ç[xi]ham,hue
mm,ɱ[xii]man, ham
nnno, tin
ŋŋringer, sing,[xiii] finger, drink
ll,ɫ,[xiv]l̥,ɫ̥,[xv]ɤ,o,[xvi]left, bell, sable, please
rɹʷ,ɹ,ɾ,[xvii]r,[xviii]ɻ,ɹ̥ʷ,ɹ̥,ɾ̥,ɻ̊,[xv]ʋ[xix]run, very, probably
ww,ʍ[xv]we, queen
jjyes,Mayan
hwʍ,w[xx]what
Marginal consonants
xx,χ,k,kʰ,h,ɦloch,[xxi] ugh[xxii]
çç[xxiii]Hugh
ʔʔuh-oh
ɬɬ,lLlangefni,[xxiv]hlala gahle[xxv][1]
ɮɮibandla[xxv][2]
  1. ^This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
  2. ^/t/, is pronounced[ɾ] in some positions in AmE, AuE, and sometimes in EnE.
  3. ^/t/ is pronounced[ʔ] in some positions in ScE, EnE, AmE and AuE.
  4. ^/t/ is pronounced[t̞] non-initially in IrE.
  5. ^/d/ is pronounced[ɾ] if preceded and followed by vowels in GA and Australian English.
  6. ^The labiodental fricative/f/ is often pronounced as bilabial[ɸ] after the bilabials/p/,/b/, and/m/, as inup-frontGA:[ʌpˈɸɹʌnt],Cub fanGA:[ˈkʰʌbɸæn],tomfooleryGA:[ˌtʰɑmˈɸuɫəɹi].
  7. ^The labiodental fricative/v/ is often pronounced as bilabial[β] after the bilabials/p/,/b/, and/m/, as inupvoteGA:[ˈʌpβəʊt],obviateGA:[ˈɑbβiˌeɪt],HumveeGA:[ˈhʌmβi].
  8. ^/θ/ is pronounced as a dental stop[t̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with/f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with/t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. The dental stop[t̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of/θ/.
  9. ^/ð/ is pronounced as a dental stop[d̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with/v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with/d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English.[d̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of/ð/.
  10. ^The glottal fricative/h/ is often pronounced as voiced[ɦ] between vowel sounds and after voiced consonants. Initial voiced[ɦ] occurs in some accents of the Southern Hemisphere.
  11. ^/h/ is pronounced[ç] before the palatal approximant/j/, sometimes even replacing the cluster /hj/, and sometimes before high front vowels.
  12. ^The bilabial nasal/m/ is often pronounced as labiodental[ɱ] before/f/ and/v/, as insymphonyGA:[ˈsɪɱfəni],circumventGA:[ˌsɝkəɱˈvɛnt],some valueGA:[ˌsʌɱ‿ˈvæɫju̟].
  13. ^In some dialects, such asBrummie, words likeringer[ˈɹɪŋə],sing[sɪŋ], which have a velar nasal[ŋ] in most dialects, are pronounced with an additional/ɡ/, like "finger":[ˈfɪŋɡə].
  14. ^Velarized[ɫ] traditionally does not occur in Irish English; clear or plain[l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP, some other English accents, and South African English, however, have clear[l] in syllable onsets and dark[ɫ] in syllable rimes.
  15. ^abcSonorants are voiceless after a fortis (voiceless) stop at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
  16. ^L-vocalization in whichl is pronounced as a kind of a back vowel ([ɤ] or[o], or non-syllabic[ɤ̯,o̯], forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel) occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents, such as African-American Vernacular English, Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, Standard Singapore English.
  17. ^/r/ is pronounced as a tap[ɾ] in some varieties of Scottish, Irish, Indian, Welsh, Northern England and South African English.
  18. ^The alveolar trill[r] only occurs in some varieties of Scottish, Welsh, Indian and South African English.
  19. ^R-labialization, in whichr is pronounced as[ʋ], is found in some accents in Southern England.
  20. ^Some dialects, such asScottish English,Irish English, and manyAmerican South andNew England dialects, distinguish voiceless[ʍ] from voiced[w]; seewine–whine merger andvoiceless labiovelar approximant.
  21. ^Marginal in most accents, and otherwise merged with/k/, seeLock–loch merger.
  22. ^This common English interjection is usually pronounced with[x] in unscripted spoken English, but it is most often read/ʌɡ/ or/ʌk/
  23. ^/hj/ can be/ç/ in Conservative RP.
  24. ^ɬ exists inWelsh English as an allophone of/l/ inWelsh loan words. Other dialects usually replace it withl.
  25. ^abThis sound exists inSouth African English inZulu loan words.

Vowels

[edit]

In thevowels charts, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, alongside the words used to name their correspondinglexical sets. The diaphonemes for the lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.

The groups are mostly defined such that no mergers of the sets in each group take place outside them. However, there are several mergers which are not described in the tables for practical reasons (see "Sets not merged here"). Note that in most cases, the first set in the group will never merge with the last set, similar to how the furthest points of adialect continuum are notmutually intelligible.

TRAP toTHOUGHT

[edit]
Dia-
phoneme[i]		Lexical setExamplesAmEAuE[3][4]BahEBajECaE[5]Cameroonian English[6]CIEEnEFiEInE[7]IrE[8]NZE[9][10]Newfoundland English[11]PaEScE[12]SIESAE[13][14]SSEWaE[15]
AAVEBoston accentCajun EnglishCalifornia EnglishChicano EnglishGeneral American[16][17][9]Inland Northern American EnglishMiami accentMid-Atlantic accentNew York accentPhiladelphia EnglishSouthern American EnglishBrummie[18]Southern England EnglishNorthern England EnglishRPUlster EnglishSouth-West Irish EnglishDublin EnglishStandard Irish EnglishAbercraf EnglishPort Talbot EnglishCardiff English
Non-RhoticRhoticOlderYoungerNorthernSouthernNon-RhoticOlderRhoticOlderNon-RhoticRhoticCultivatedGeneralBroadCockneyEstuary English (EE)MLE[19]West CountryCumbrianGeordieLancashireManchesterPitmaticScouseYorkshireConservative[20][21]Contemporary (SSBE)[22]BelfastMid-UlsterTraditionalUlster ScotsLocalNewCultivatedGeneralBroadCultivatedGeneralBroad
æTRAPhamɛː~ɛə̯~eə̯ɪə̯~eə̯~ɛɐ̯[ii]æeə~ɛəæ~ɛə̯~eə̯eə̯~ɛə̯~æ[ii]eə̯~ɪə̯æɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[ii]æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯[ii]æɛæ~eəeə̯~æjə[ii]æː[iii]æː~ɛː[iii]æ̝ː~ɛː~e̞ː[iii]æ~aaæ~ɛə̯[ii]a̽æaæ~ɛ~ɛɪæ~a~ɛ̞ɐ̞æː~aːa~äaa~äaa~äæaː[iii]ææ~ɛäː~aæaæ~aæɛɛ̝ææäɑ~ææa~ææ~ɛ~e̞ɛ[23]aaː[iii]aː~æː[iii]
badæ~ɛː~ɛə̯æ~ɛə̯æ~ɛə̯ɛ~æ~a~äæ~æ̞ææ,ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[ii]ææ~æɛæ~ɐɛɐæ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠æ~a̝
ladæa̝~ææ~ɛæ~ɛaaa~æ
ɑː /æBATHpassä~aɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[ii]æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯[ii]æɛ~æeäːäː~ɐːaːɑːɑːɑː~ɑ̟ː~ɑ̹ːɑːɑ̟ːɑ̈ː~ʌ̞ːa~ɑäːæː~aːaːɐː~äːæːɑɑ̟ːɑːɒː~ɔːä[24]
ɑːPALMfathera~ä~ɑa~äɑä~ɑ~ɒä~aɑ~äa~äɑɑ̟ːɑ~äɑɑɒ~ɑɑːɒ~ɑäːɒː~ɑːäːaː~ɑːäːaːäː~ɑːæ~ɑːɑːɑːaːaː~æː
ɒLOTnotɒ~ɑɒɒɒ~ɔɒ~ɑɔɒä~ɒ~ɔ̈~ɔɒ~ɔɒ~ɒ̈ɒ~ɔɒ~ɑ̠ɒ~ɔɒɒ~ɔɒɔɔɔ~ɒ~äɒ~ɑ~ääːɔːäɑ~ɒ~ɔɑɒ~ɔɑɑɔɒ̈ɒ̈~ʌ̈ɒ̈ɔɒɑ̟
ɒ /ɔːCLOTHoff[iv]ɒ(ɔ̯)~ɔ(ʊ̯)~ɔə̯aɒ~ɔ~ɑ[v]ɒ~ɑɑ~ɔɔə̯~oə̯~ʊə̯ɔə̯~ɒ̝ə̯ɔo̯~ɑɒ̯ɑɒ̯~ɑɔɒːɒːo̞ːɒːaː~äɔːɒɑːɒ̈,o̞ːɒ̈~ʌ̈,oːɒ̈,oː
ɔːTHOUGHTlawɔːo̞ːoːɒː~ɑːoː~ɔːo̞ː~ɔːɔː~ɔ̝ə̯~ɔuə̯ɔə̯~ɔː~ɔ̝ːoːɒː~ɔːɔːɒː~ɔːo̞ːɒː~ɔːo̞ːɔː~ɒːɒː~ɔː~oːɒːoːo̞ːoːɒːʌ̈ː
pauseoː~oʊ~ɔoo̟ː~o̞ː
  1. ^This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
  2. ^abcdefghiIn most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special/æ/ tensing systems occur.
  3. ^abcdefSeebad–lad split for this distinction.
  4. ^In American accents without thecot–caught merger,CLOTH words (usually words with a vowel written⟨o⟩ preceding the fricatives/f/,/θ/ and/s/ and the velar nasal/ŋ/, e.g.off,cloth,boss,long), are pronounced with the vowel ofTHOUGHT, rather than the vowel ofLOT as is the case in most other dialects of English, seeLot–cloth split. In American accents with thecot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers),LOT,CLOTH andTHOUGHT all have the same vowel.
  5. ^ɒ~ɔ occurs in American accents without thecot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest haveɑ.

commA toFLEECE

[edit]
Dia-
phoneme[i]		Lexical setExamplesAmEAuE[3][4]BahEBajECaE[5]Cameroonian English[6]CIEEnEFiEInE[7]IrE[8]NZE[9][10]Newfoundland English[11]PaEScE[12]SIESAE[13][14]SSEWaE[15]
AAVEBoston accentCajun EnglishCalifornia EnglishChicano EnglishGeneral American[16][17][9]Inland Northern American EnglishMiami accentMid-Atlantic accentNew York accentPhiladelphia EnglishSouthern American EnglishBrummie[18]Southern England EnglishNorthern England EnglishRPUlster EnglishSouth-West Irish EnglishDublin EnglishStandard Irish EnglishAbercraf EnglishPort Talbot EnglishCardiff English
Non-RhoticRhoticOlderYoungerNorthernSouthernNon-RhoticOlderRhoticOlderNon-RhoticRhoticCultivatedGeneralBroadCockneyEstuary English (EE)MLE[19]West CountryCumbrianGeordieLancashireManchesterPitmaticScouseYorkshireConservative[20][21]Contemporary (SSBE)[22]BelfastMid-UlsterTraditionalUlster ScotsLocalNewCultivatedGeneralBroadCultivatedGeneralBroad
əcommAaboutəə~a̽~ɔ~ɪ~ɛəə~ɐə~ə̝ə~ɐə~ɔːəə~ɐəɐ~aəəəə~ɐəə[ii]ə
ɪKITbitɪ~iə̯ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈ɪɪ̞ɪɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈ɪ~ɪ̈ɪɪ~ɪjə~iə̯ɪɪ~iiɪɪɪ~iɪɪ~iɪɪ~ɪ̈ɪɪɪ̞ɪɪ̈~ëə~ɘɛɪɪ̈ɪɪɪ~ë̞~ə~ʌɪɪɪ̈[ii]ɪ~iɪɪ̞
kitɪ[ii]i[ii]
ihappYcityɪ~iiɪ~iɪi̯~iiɪi̯~iɪ~ɪ̈ɪi̯~iiɪɪi̯~iːɪi̯~əi̯iːiiiː~iəi̯~iiɪi̯~iːiːei~ɪiiɪ~eiɪ~eɪi̯~iːiiːeiːɪi̯ɪi̯~əi̯iie~ɪ~iiiːiiː
iːFLEECEseeiiiːɪi̯~iɪi̯~iɪi̯ɪi̯~iːiəi̯~ɨi̯əi~ɐiɪiiː,ei̯ɪiiːɪi~iːiː,ɪ̈i̯~ɪ̈ɪ̯ɪi~iːɪi̯iːɪi̯iːiːiiː
  1. ^This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
  2. ^abcdIt is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; seeKit–bit split.

STRUT toGOOSE

[edit]
Dia-
phoneme[i]		Lexical setExamplesAmEAuE[3][4]BahEBajECaE[5]Cameroonian English[6]CIEEnEFiEInE[7]IrE[8]NZE[9][10]Newfoundland English[11]PaEScE[12]SIESAE[13][14]SSEWaE[15]
AAVEBoston accentCajun EnglishCalifornia EnglishChicano EnglishGeneral American[16][17][9]Inland Northern American EnglishMiami accentMid-Atlantic accentNew York accentPhiladelphia EnglishSouthern American EnglishBrummie[18]Southern England EnglishNorthern England EnglishRPUlster EnglishSouth-West Irish EnglishDublin EnglishStandard Irish EnglishAbercraf EnglishPort Talbot EnglishCardiff English
Non-RhoticRhoticOlderYoungerNorthernSouthernNon-RhoticOlderRhoticOlderNon-RhoticRhoticCultivatedGeneralBroadCockneyEstuary English (EE)MLE[19]West CountryCumbrianGeordieLancashireManchesterPitmaticScouseYorkshireConservative[20][21]Contemporary (SSBE)[22]BelfastMid-UlsterTraditionalUlster ScotsLocalNewCultivatedGeneralBroadCultivatedGeneralBroad
ʌSTRUTrunʌ~ɜʌ~ɐʌʌ~ɜ~ɛ̠ɐʌ~ɜ~ɑ̈ʌ~ɜ~ɐʌ~ɔʌɐʌ̈ʌɜä~ɐʌʌ~ɜ~ɐɔʌ~ɔɒ~ʌ~ə~ɤ~ʊɐ̟~aɐ~ʌ̟~ɐ̟ʌ~ʌ̝ʌ~ʊʊʊ̞~ɤʊʊ, ʌ̈ʊɐɐ~ʌ̈~ɑ̈[ii]ʌ~ɐə~ɜ~ɐɞ~ʌ̈ʌ̈~ʊʊɤ~ʊʌ̈~ʊɐ~äɔ̈ʌʌ~ɐɐ~ääə~ɜ
ʊFOOTputʊ~ʊ̜̈~ɵ~ø̞ʊʊ~ɜ̠ʊ~ʊ̞ʊə~ɔ̝ʊʊ̈~ʏʊʊ~uuʊʊ~uʊɤ~ʊ~ʊ̝ʊ~ʊ̈ʊ~ʊ̜̈ʊ~ʊ̈ʊʊɵ~ɤ̈ʊʉʊ̈ʊʊʊ~ʊ̈ʊʊʉʊʊ~ɵʊ~uʊɘ
hoodʉː~ʊʊuː~ʊ
uːGOOSEthroughʊu̯~uu~ʊu̯~ɵu̯uuː~ʉː~yːʉ̠ːʊ~uːu̟~ʊu̯~ʉu̯~ɵu̯u~ɵu̯ʊu̯~ɵu̯~yːu̟ːu~ʊu̯~ɤʊ̯~ɤu̯ʉu̯ʊu~ɵu~ʊ̈y~ʏy~ʉ̞u̟ʊu̯ʊ̈ʉ̯ʊ̈ʉ̯~əʉ̯ʉːuːʉu̯uːuː~ʉəʉ̯~əu̯əʉ~ʉː~ɨː~ʊːʉː~ʉ̟ː~ʏːʏ̝ː~ʉːuː~ʏːʉːu̟ː~ʉː,ɵʊ̯ʊu~uːʏːʉːʉː, ɪ̈u̯~ɪ̈ʊ̯ʊu~uːʊu̯ʊ̈ʉ̯~ʉː~ɨ̞ɯ̯̈uuːuːʊ̈ʉ̯uːuuu̟ːʉː~yːʉːuuː
threwɪu̯[iii]
juːcute(j)ʊu̯~(j)u(j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯(j)uː~(j)ʉː~(j)yː(j)ʉ̠ː(j)ʊ~(j)u:(j)u̟~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ʉu̯~(j)ɵu̯(j)u~(j)ɵu̯(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯~(j)yːju̟ː(j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɤʊ̯~(j)ɤu̯(j)ʉu̯jʊu~jɵu~jʊ̈y~jʏy~jʉ̞u̟(j)ʊu~(j)ɵu~(j)ʊ̈y~(j)ʏy~(j)ʉ̞u̟jʊu̯jʊ̈ʉ̯jʊ̈ʉ̯~jəʉ̯jʉːjuː(j)ʉu̯juːjuː~jʉjəʉ̯~jəu̯jəʉ~jʉː~jɨː~jʊːjʉː~jʉ̟ː~jʏːjʏ̝ː~jʉː(j)uːjʉːju̟ː~jʉː,jɵʊ̯jʊu~juːjʏːjʉːjʉː, jɪ̈u̯~jɪ̈ʊ̯jʊu~juːjʊu̯jʊ̈ʉ̯~jʉː~jɨ̞ɯ̯̈jujuːjʉjʊ̈juːjʊ̈ʉ̯juːjujʉjuju̟ːjʉː~jyːjʉːju
  1. ^This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
  2. ^TheSTRUT vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see'STRUT for Dummies'
  3. ^In Welsh English,you,yew andewe are/juː/,/jɪu/ and/ɪu/ respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones.

PRICE toCHOICE

[edit]
Dia-
phoneme[i]		Lexical setExamplesAmEAuE[3][4]BahEBajECaE[5]Cameroonian English[6]CIEEnEFiEInE[7]IrE[8]NZE[9][10]Newfoundland English[11]PaEScE[12]SIESAE[13][14]SSEWaE[15]
AAVEBoston accentCajun EnglishCalifornia EnglishChicano EnglishGeneral American[16][17][9]Inland Northern American EnglishMiami accentMid-Atlantic accentNew York accentPhiladelphia EnglishSouthern American EnglishBrummie[18]Southern England EnglishNorthern England EnglishRPUlster EnglishSouth-West Irish EnglishDublin EnglishStandard Irish EnglishAbercraf EnglishPort Talbot EnglishCardiff English
Non-RhoticRhoticOlderYoungerNorthernSouthernNon-RhoticOlderRhoticOlderNon-RhoticRhoticCultivatedGeneralBroadCockneyEstuary English (EE)MLE[19]West CountryCumbrianGeordieLancashireManchesterPitmaticScouseYorkshireConservative[20][21]Contemporary (SSBE)[22]BelfastMid-UlsterTraditionalUlster ScotsLocalNewCultivatedGeneralBroadCultivatedGeneralBroad
aɪPRICEflightäɪ̯ɐɪ̯[ii]ɑɪ̯~aːäɪ~aɪæɪ~aɪ~äɪɐɪ̯ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯[ii]aɪ̯~äːäɪ̯äɪ̯ɐɪ̯ai~aæɐi~äɪ~äɛ~äːäɪ̯ɑ̟e̯~ɑe̯ɑe̯~ɒe̯ɑɪ̯ʌɪ̯ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯[ii]a̽iaɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯aɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~ɔɪ̯ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~ɑ̟ə̯~ɑ̟ːa̠ɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~ɑ̹ɪ̯æː~aɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ɒɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~əɪ̯aɪ~äɪäi̯aɪ~äɪaɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~aːäɪ~äːäɪ̯ɑ̈ɪ̯~ʌ̞ɪ̯ɐe̯äɪ̯ɐi̯~ɜi̯[ii]æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯əɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ɑɪ̯~ɐɪ̯aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ɑ̟ɪ̯ɑe̯ɒe̯əiɑɪ̯ɜi̯,äe̯ɑɪ̯äɪ̯äɪ̯~äːɑɪ̯~ɑ̟ːai̯ɐ̟ɪ̯ɜɪ̯ɜi̯
myäː~äe̯~aːäɪ̯äɪ̯aɪ̯~ae̯~æɪ̯ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~äɪ̯äɪ̯aɪ~æɛ~aæäː~äɛɑɪ̯äe̯~ɜi̯
ɔɪCHOICEboyoɪ̯ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ɔɪ̯ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ɔɪ̯oɪ̯ɔɪ̯ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ɔoɪoi̯o̞ɪ̯oɪ̯oɪ̯~ɑɪ̯oɪ̯~ʌɪ̯ɔɪ̯oiɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ɔ̝ɪ~oɪɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ɔ̝ɪ̯~oɪ̯ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ɔɪoe̯ɔɪoɪɔɪɔɪ̯oɪ̯ɔɪ̯əɪ̯~ɑɪ̯aɪ̯~äɪ̯ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯ɒɪ̯oɪ̯oe̯ɔɪ̯oi̯ɔɪ̯ɔɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ɔɪ̯ɔi̯ɔɪ̯ɒɪ̯ʌ̈i̯
  1. ^This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
  2. ^abcdSome dialects of North American English have a vowel shift calledCanadian raising, in which the first element of the diphthongs/aɪ,aʊ/ is raised in certain cases, yielding[ʌɪ̯,ʌʊ̯] or[əɪ̯,əʊ̯]. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of/aɪ/. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, soright[ɹʌɪ̯t] andout[ʌʊ̯t] have raised vowels, buteyes[aɪz] andloud[laʊd] do not.

NEAR to lettER

[edit]
Dia-
phoneme[i]		Lexical setExamplesAmEAuE[3][4]BahEBajECaE[5]Cameroonian English[6]CIEEnEFiEInE[7]IrE[8]NZE[9][10]Newfoundland English[11]PaEScE[12]SIESAE[13][14]SSEWaE[15]
AAVEBoston accentCajun EnglishCalifornia EnglishChicano EnglishGeneral American[16][17][9]Inland Northern American EnglishMiami accentMid-Atlantic accentNew York accentPhiladelphia EnglishSouthern American EnglishBrummie[18]Southern England EnglishNorthern England EnglishRPUlster EnglishSouth-West Irish EnglishDublin EnglishStandard Irish EnglishAbercraf EnglishPort Talbot EnglishCardiff English
Non-RhoticRhoticOlderYoungerNorthernSouthernNon-RhoticOlderRhoticOlderNon-RhoticRhoticCultivatedGeneralBroadCockneyEstuary English (EE)MLE[19]West CountryCumbrianGeordieLancashireManchesterPitmaticScouseYorkshireConservative[20][21]Contemporary (SSBE)[22]BelfastMid-UlsterTraditionalUlster ScotsLocalNewCultivatedGeneralBroadCultivatedGeneralBroad
ɪərNEARdeeriə̯(ɹ)~iɤ̯(ɹ)iɹɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪɐ̯(ɹ)i(ɹ)~ɪ(ɹ)ɪɹ~iɹiɻ~iə̯ɻiɹɪə̯(ɹ)ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)ɪɹ~iɹiɹi(ɹ)iɹɪə̯(ɹ)ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~iː(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)iː(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)iə̯(ɹ)~eə̯(ɹ)eːɹɪɹia̽iə̯(ɾ)~ɪə̯(ɾ)ɘiɐ(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)~ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ)iə(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~ɪiɐ(ɹ)ɪː(ɹ)~ɪə̯(ɹ)ɪː(ɹ)iɻɪə(ɹ)iɐ̯(ɹ)ɪəiɛ̯(ɾ)ɪə̯(ɹ)ɪ̞ː(ɹ)~ɪə̯(ɹ)ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)ɪə̯(ɾ)~iː(ɾ)iːɹɪə̯(ɹ)ɪə̯(ɹ)[ii]ɛrɪɹ~iɹiə̯ɾɪə̯(ɾ)~iə̯(ɾ)ɪə̯(ɹ)ɪə̯(ɾ)~ɪː(ɾ)iə̯(ɹ)iːə(ɾ)~jøː(ɾ)iːə(ɹ)~jøː(ɹ)
ɛərSQUAREmareɛə̯(ɹ)ɛɹɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛɐ̯(ɹ)ɛ(ɹ)~æ(ɹ)eɹeɹ~ɛɹeə̯ɻ~eɻeɹɛə̯(ɹ)ɛə̯(ɹ)~eə̯(ɹ)ɛɹ~eɹeɹɛ(j)(ɹ)e̞ɹ~ɛ(j)ɹe̞ə̯(ɹ)e̞ː(ɹ)~eː(ɹ)eː(ɹ)~e̝ː(ɹ)eə̯(ɹ)ɛɹɛɛə̯(ɾ)ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ)ɛ̝ə(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ɛiə(ɹ)ɛ̝ː(ɹ)~e̞ː(ɹ)ɛː(ɹ)eɻɛː(ɹ)ɪː(ɾ)~eː(ɾ)~ëː(ɾ)~ɛː(ɾ)~
ɛ̈ː(ɾ)~œː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)~
ɘː(ɾ)~ɜː(ɾ)~ɵː(ɾ)		ɛː(ɹ)ɛə̯(ɹ)ɛː(ɹ)~ɛə̯(ɹ)ɛə̯(ɹ)ɛə̯(ɾ)~eː(ɾ)ɚːɛːɹeːɹe̞ə̯(ɹ)ɛɹeə̯ɾɛə̯(ɾ)~ɛɐ̯(ɾ)ɛə̯(ɹ)ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~eː(ɹ)eː(ɾ)~e̝ː(ɾ)ɛ(ɹ)ɛː(ɾ)ɛː(ɹ)~eː(ɹ)
ɜːrNURSEburnɚɚəː(ɹ)ɚʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹɝɚɚ~ɝɚ~əɻɚɜː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)ɚəɪ̯ɚɜ(ɹ)ɚ~ɐɹəː(ɹ)əː(ɹ)~ɘː(ɹ)ɘː(ɹ)~ɵː(ɹ)ə(ɹ)~ɜ(ɹ)~ɜi̯(ɹ)ɤɚɛ~ɔəː(ɾ)ɵ̝ː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ)ɜː(ɹ)~ɜ̟ː(ɹ)~œ̈ː(ɹ)ɜː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)əː(ɹ)ɜɻɜː~ɛøː(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)ɜː~ɛɜː~ɛəː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)əː(ɹ)əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)ɜː(ɾ)~äɾɚːɚː[iii]ɚːʊːɹ[iii]ɚːɵː(ɹ)ɝ:ɚʌɾ[iii]əː(ɾ)~ɐː(ɾ)əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)ø̈ː(ɹ)~ø̞̈ː(ɹ)ø̈ː(ɾ)~ø̞̈ː(ɾ)ə(ɹ)əː(ɾ)øː(ɾ)øː(ɹ)
birdɪɾ~ʌɾ[iii]
earthəɹɛːɹ[iii]ɛːɹ[iii]ɛɾ[iii]
ərlettERwinner[iv]ə(ɹ)ə(ɹ)ɚɚə(ɹ)ə(ɹ)ə(ɹ)ɚə(ɹ)ə~a̽~ɔ~ɪ~ɛœ(ɾ)~ə(ɾ)ə(ɹ)~ɐ(ɹ)ə(ɹ)~ə̝(ɹ)ə(ɹ)~ɐ(ɹ)əɻə(ɹ)~ɜ(ɹ)ə(ɹ)ɐ(ɹ)~a(ɹ)ə(ɾ)ɚə(ɹ)ɚəɾə(ɾ)~ɐ(ɾ)ə(ɹ)ə(ɾ)ə(ɾ)ə(ɹ)
donorʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ
  1. ^This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
  2. ^MergingNEAR andSQUARE is especially common amongst young New Zealanders.
  3. ^abcdefgSeeFern–fir–fur merger for this distinction in some varieties.
  4. ^Sometimes transcribed for GA as[əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as[ə(ɹ)].

NORTH toCURE

[edit]
Dia-
phoneme[i]		Lexical setExamplesAmEAuE[3][4]BahEBajECaE[5]Cameroonian English[6]CIEEnEFiEInE[7]IrE[8]NZE[9][10]Newfoundland English[11]PaEScE[12]SIESAE[13][14]SSEWaE[15]
AAVEBoston accentCajun EnglishCalifornia EnglishChicano EnglishGeneral American[16][17][9]Inland Northern American EnglishMiami accentMid-Atlantic accentNew York accentPhiladelphia EnglishSouthern American EnglishBrummie[18]Southern England EnglishNorthern England EnglishRPUlster EnglishSouth-West Irish EnglishDublin EnglishStandard Irish EnglishAbercraf EnglishPort Talbot EnglishCardiff English
Non-RhoticRhoticOlderYoungerNorthernSouthernNon-RhoticOlderRhoticOlderNon-RhoticRhoticCultivatedGeneralBroadCockneyEstuary English (EE)MLE[19]West CountryCumbrianGeordieLancashireManchesterPitmaticScouseYorkshireConservative[20][21]Contemporary (SSBE)[22]BelfastMid-UlsterTraditionalUlster ScotsLocalNewCultivatedGeneralBroadCultivatedGeneralBroad
ɔːrNORTHsortoə̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɔo̯(ɹ)oɹɔə̯(ɹ)~ɒə̯(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ)ɔə(ɹ)~ɔɹɔɹ~oɹoɹ~ɔɹoɹ~ɔɹɔɻ~oɻoɹ~ɔɹɔə̯(ɹ)oɐ̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ)oɹ~ɔɹɔə̯(ɹ)ɔɹo̞ː(ɹ)oː(ɹ)ɔə̯(ɹ)ɒːɹ~ɑːɹɔɹɔɑː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)o̞ː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)~oʊ(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ)o̟ː~o̞ː, ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ːoː(ɹ)ɔɻ~oɻɔː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ)ɔː(ɹ)ɔː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ)o̞ː(ɹ)ɔː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ)o̞ː(ɹ)oː(ɹ)ɔː(ɾ)~ɒː(ɾ)ɔːɹäːɹ~ɑːɹɒːɹ~oːɹoː(ɹ)ɔ̈roɹɔɾoː(ɾ)o̞ː(ɹ)oː(ɹ)oː(ɾ)ɔ(ɹ)ɒː(ɾ)ʌ̈ː(ɹ)
FORCEtoreɔə̯(ɹ)~oɐ̯(ɹ)o(u)ə(ɹ)o(u)ɹoə̯(ɹ)oːɹoː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)o̞ː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ), ʌʊ̯ə(ɹ)oːɹɔːɹɒːɹoːɹo̝(ə̯)ɾoː(ɾ)
ʊərCUREtourʊə̯(ɹ)~ʊɐ̯(ɹ)uə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ)ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹuɻ~oɻuɹ~ɚʊə̯(ɹ)uə̯(ɹ)uɹ~ɚʊə̯(ɹ)ʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ),oː(ɹ)uə̯(ɹ)ʊɹ~ɔɹuə̯(ɾ)ɘua(ɹ)~ɘʉa(ɹ)~ʊa̯(ɹ)~ʊə̯(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)~o̞ː(ɹ)ʊə(ɹ)~ʊː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)~oʊ(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ)ʊə(ɹ)uɐ̯(ɹ)ʊə(ɹ)uɛ̯(ɾ)~ɪ̈u̯ə(ɾ)~ɪ̈ʊ̯ə(ɾ)~
o̞ː(ɾ)		ʊə̯(ɹ)ɵː(ɹ)~ɤ̈ː(ɹ),o̞ː(ɹ)oə̯(ɹ)ʊə̯(ɾ)~uː(ɾ)uːɹʊə̯(ɹ)ʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ),oː(ɹ)oɚʉɾoə̯(ɾ)~oɐ̯(ɾ)ʊə̯(ɹ)ʊə̯(ɹ)~oː(ɹ)uə̯(ɹ)uːə(ɾ)uːə(ɹ)~ʌ̈ː(ɹ)
jʊərpurejuə̯(ɹ)~jʊə̯(ɹ)juɹ~jʊɹjʊə̯(ɹ)~jʊɐ̯(ɹ)juə(ɹ)~jʊə(ɹ)jʊɹ~jɔɹ~joɹjʊɹ~jɔɹ~joɹ~jɚjʊɹ~juɹ~jɚjɚjʊ~juɹ~jɚjʊə̯(ɹ)juɐ̯(ɹ)~juə̯(ɹ)juɹjɔɹ~joɹ~jɚjuə̯(ɹ)juɹ~jɚjʊə̯(ɹ)jʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ),joː(ɹ)juə̯(ɹ)joːɹjɚ~jʊɹ~jɵɹjɔjuə̯(ɾ)jɘua(ɹ)~jɘʉa(ɹ)~jʊa̯(ɹ)~jʊə̯(ɹ), jɔː(ɹ)~jo̞ː(ɹ)jʊə(ɹ)~jʊː(ɹ), jɔː(ɹ)~jɔ̝ə(ɹ)~jɔuə(ɹ), joː(ɹ)~joʊ(ɹ)~jɔo(ɹ)jʉ̜ə̯(ɹ)~jʊ̜ə̯(ɹ)~jɔ̝ː(ɹ)joː(ɹ)jʊɻjʊə(ɹ)juɐ̯(ɹ)jʊə(ɹ)jo̞ː(ɾ)jʊə̯(ɹ)jɵː(ɹ)~jɤ̈ː(ɹ),jo̞ː(ɹ)joə̯(ɹ)jʊə̯(ɾ)~juː(ɾ)juːɹjʊə̯(ɹ)jʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ),joː(ɹ)jɔ̈rjoɚjʉɾjoə̯(ɾ)~joɐ̯(ɾ)jʊə̯(ɹ)jʊə̯(ɹ)~joː(ɹ)joː(ɾ)jɔ(ɹ)ɪuːə(ɾ)juːə(ɹ)~jʌ̈ː(ɹ)
  1. ^This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.

Sets not merged here

[edit]

In the tables above, the mergers of theFACE,DRESS,GOAT,MOUTH, andSTART lexical sets are not included because of space limitations. These mergers[citation needed] are instead described below:

  • FACE may merge with happY in Scottish English.
  • DRESS may completely merge withTRAP in Singaporean Standard English.
  • GOAT may merge withTHOUGHT in various North England Englishes.
  • MOUTH may merge withPRICE in General South African English.
  • START may completely merge withTRAP,BATH andPALM in Cameroonian English.
Dia-
phoneme[i]		Lexical setExamplesAmEAuE[3][4]BahEBajECaE[5]Cameroonian English[6]CIEEnEFiEInE[7]IrE[8]NZE[9][10]Newfoundland English[11]PaEScE[12]SIESAE[13][14]SSEWaE[15]
AAVEBoston accentCajun EnglishCalifornia EnglishChicano EnglishGeneral American[16][17][9]Inland Northern American EnglishMiami accentMid-Atlantic accentNew York accentPhiladelphia EnglishSouthern American EnglishBrummie[18]Southern England EnglishNorthern England EnglishRPUlster EnglishSouth-West Irish EnglishDublin EnglishStandard Irish EnglishAbercraf EnglishPort Talbot EnglishCardiff English
Non-RhoticRhoticOlderYoungerNorthernSouthernNon-RhoticOlderRhoticOlderNon-RhoticRhoticCultivatedGeneralBroadCockneyEstuary English (EE)MLE[19]West CountryCumbrianGeordieLancashireManchesterPitmaticScouseYorkshireConservative[20][21]Contemporary (SSBE)[22]BelfastMid-UlsterTraditionalUlster ScotsLocalNewCultivatedGeneralBroadCultivatedGeneralBroad
eɪFACEdateeɪ̯~ɛɪ̯eɪ̯eːeɪ̯~ɛɪ̯eːeɪ̯~eeɪ̯eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯eɪ̯ɛɪ~eiɛi̯~æ̠i̯ɛɪ̯æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ɐɪ̯~äɪ̯eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯eɪ̯~eː~ɛeɪ̯eː~ɛːeɪ̯ɛi̯~aɪ̯~ɐɪ̯~ʌɪ̯æɪ~aɪɛɪ̯~eɪ̯~ë̞ɪ̯eɪ̯eː~eɪ̯ɛː~e̞ːeː~eɪ̯~ɪə̯ɛː~e̞ːɛɪ~e̞ɪɛː~e̞ːɛɪ~e̞ɪɛː~e̞ːe̞ɪ̯ɛɪ̯eːeː~ɪː, eə̯~ɪə̯eːeː~eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ɛɪ̯æe̯~ɐe̯ɐe̯ɛː~ɛɪeɪ̯~eːeeɪ̯~eːeɪ̯eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~æɪ̯æɪ̯~äɪ̯~ʌɪ̯e[25]eːei̯
daye̞ɪe̞ɪe̞ɪe̞ɪeɪ̯
ɛDRESSbed[ii]ɛ~eə̯ɛɛ~æɛ~æ̝ɛɛɛ~ɜɛɛ~eɛɛ~eiəɛ~ɛjəe̞e̞~ee~e̝ɛɛ~ee, eɪ~eə~ɛɪɛ~ɛ̞ɛe̞ɛɛɛ̝ə̯ɛe̞e~e̝e̝ɛ~ɪ[26]ɛe̞e~e̝ɛ,e[27]ɛ
penɪ~iə̯, ɛ~eə̯ɪɛ~ɪɪ~ɪjə~iə̯ɛ
lengthi
oʊGOATnoʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯oʊ̯~ɔʊ̯oːoʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~o̞o̞~ooʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~o̞ʌo̯~oʊ̯~ooʊ̯~oːoʊ̯oʊ̯~ʌ̈ʊ̯ɘʊ̯~ɜʊ̯ɔu~ɒuɜʊ~ɜʊ̈~ɜʏ~ɘʊ̯ɵ̞ʊ̯ɜʉ̯~ɐʉ̯ɐʉ̯~äʉ̯oʊ̯~ɵʊ̯oː~oə̯oʊ̯oəʊ̯ʌʊ̯~ɐʊ̯~aʊ̯æ̈ɤ̈~æ̈ɤ̝̈~ɐɤ̈~ɐɤ̝̈~
æ̈ʊ~ɐʊ~aʊ~ɐø~
œ̈ø~ʌ̈ː~œ̈		əʏ̯~əʊ̯oː~oʊ̯~ɵʊ̯oʊ̯oː~ɔːoː~ʊə̯~ɵːoː~ɔːɔʊ~ɔooː~ɔːɛʉ̯~ɛʊ̯~eʉ̯~
eʊ̯~əʉ̯~əʊ̯~
ɔʊ̯~ɒʊ̯		oː~ɔːəʊ̯əʉ̯oːʌo̯~ʌɔ̯əʊ̯oʊ̯~əʊ̯ɵʊ̯ɜʉ̯~ɐʉ̯ɐʉ̯ʌʊoː~oʊ̯o̝oː~oʊ̯ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~œːʌʊ̯o[25]oːɘu̯
towou̯oʊ̯
soulɔʊ̯~oːoʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯~oːɔʊ̯~oːoː~oʊ̯ɔu̯ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ɒʊ~ɔo~aɤɒʊ̯~ɒɤ̯ɔʊ̯ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ɔo̯
aʊMOUTHaboutæɔ̯~æə̯ɐʊ̯[iii]aʊ̯~aːäʊ̯äʊ̯~aʊ̯~æʊ̯äʊ̯~ɐʊ̯æʊ̯ɑ̈ʊ̯aʊ̯~æʊ̯æʊ̯~ɛɔ̯æɒ~æɔæɒ̯~ɛjɔ~ɜʊ̯äʊ̯aɔ̯~ao̯~æɔ̯~æo̯æo̯~æə̯~ɛo̯~ɛə̯ao̯~ɑə̯~aɵ~aɛ̯ʌʊ̯ʌʊ̯~ɜʊ̯[iii]a̽uaʊ̯æə̯~æʊ̯~ɛʉ̯~ɛ̝̈ʊ̯æʊ~æə~æː~aː~æiəæʊ̯~æʏ̯~aʊ̯~aʏ̯ɑʊ̯~aːæy~ɐʏ̯~ɐʊ̯~ɛɪ̯aʊäu̯~æu̯~ɛu̯~əu̯~uːaʊɐʊaʊɑ̟ʊ̯aʊ̯aɔ̯äʊ̯ɐʏ̯~ɜʉ̯ɐʊ̯~ʌʊ̯ɛʊ̯aʊ̯~ɛʊ̯aʊ̯æo̯ɛo̯~ɛə̯əuɑʊ̯ɜʉ̯ɑʊ̯äʊ̯äːæʊ̯au̯ɐu̯ɜʊ̯ɑ̟u̯
nowɑ̟ʊ̯äʊ̯~ɑʊ̯
ɑːrSTARTarmɑ(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ)ɑɹ~ɒɹa(ɹ)~ä(ɹ)ɑ(ɹ)~a(ɹ)ɑɹɑɹ~ɒɹɑɹäɻ~ɐɻɑɹɑ̟ə̯(ɹ)ɒə̯(ɹ)äə̯(ɹ)ɑɹ~ɒɹɑɹɑː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ)ɑɹ~ɒɹäː(ɹ)äː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)ɑː(ɹ)aːɹɑɹ~ɐɹa̽~a̽ːɑː(ɾ)ɑː(ɹ)ɑː(ɹ)~ɑ̟ː(ɹ)~ɑ̹ː(ɹ)ɑː(ɹ)äɻäː(ɹ)ɒː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɹ)äː(ɹ)aː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɾ)äː(ɹ)ɑ̟ː(ɹ)ɑ̈ː(ɹ)~ʌ̞ː(ɹ)ɑː(ɹ)äː(ɾ)ɑɻæːɹ~aɹäːɹ~ɑɹɐː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ)ærɑɹäɾɑː(ɾ)ɑ̟ː(ɹ)ɑː(ɹ)ɒː(ɾ)~ɔː(ɾ)ä(ɹ)aː(ɾ)aː(ɹ)~æː(ɹ)
  1. ^This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
  2. ^Often transcribed/e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
  3. ^abSome dialects of North American English have a vowel shift calledCanadian raising, in which the first element of the diphthongs/aɪ,aʊ/ is raised in certain cases, yielding[ʌɪ̯,ʌʊ̯] or[əɪ̯,əʊ̯]. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of/aɪ/. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, soright[ɹʌɪ̯t] andout[ʌʊ̯t] have raised vowels, buteyes[aɪz] andloud[laʊd] do not.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Dictionary Unit for South African English (2023)."‖hlala kahle".Dictionary of South African English. Retrieved2024-04-20.
  2. ^Dictionary Unit for South African English (2023)."ibandla".Dictionary of South African English. Retrieved2024-04-20.
  3. ^abcdefgHarrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  4. ^abcdefgCox & Palethorpe (2007)
  5. ^abcdefgBoberg (2004)
  6. ^abcdefgTodd, Loreto (1982).Cameroon. John Benjamins Publishing.ISBN 9789027286703.
  7. ^abcdefgSailaja (2009:19–26)
  8. ^abcdefgWells (1982:422)
  9. ^abcdefghijklmnMannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
  10. ^abcdefgBauer et al. (2007:97–102)
  11. ^abcdefgWells (1982), p. 499.
  12. ^abcdefgScobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  13. ^abcdefgBekker (2008)
  14. ^abcdefgLass (2002:111–119)
  15. ^abcdefgCoupland & Thomas (1990:93–136)
  16. ^abcdefgKenyon & Knott (1953)
  17. ^abcdefgKenyon (1950)
  18. ^abcdefgWells (1982:364)
  19. ^abcdefgFox, Susan (2015).The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London.
  20. ^abcdefgRoach (2004:241–243)
  21. ^abcdefg"Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library. Archived fromthe original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved2013-05-26.
  22. ^abcdefg"The British English vowel system". 8 March 2012.
  23. ^Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.)The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied LinguisticsISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
  24. ^Deterding, David (2007).Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26.ISBN 978-0-7486-3096-7.
  25. ^abDeterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the/eɪ/ and/oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.),The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.
  26. ^Wells (1982), p. 500.
  27. ^Mary W.J. Tay (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'".English World-Wide.3 (2):135–45.doi:10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay.

Further reading

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place →LabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Manner ↓Bi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flexPalatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalm̥mɱ̊ɱn̼n̪̊n̪n̥nn̠̊n̠ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbp̪b̪t̼d̼t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒtʂdʐtɕdʑ
Non-sibilant affricatepɸbβp̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔cçɟʝkxɡɣqχɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricatives̪z̪szʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰʁ̞ʔ̞
Tap/flapⱱ̟ⱱɾ̼ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙr̥rr̠ɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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