The following is a chart of theInternational Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system ofphonetic symbols devised and maintained by theInternational Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.
| BL | LD | D | A | PA | RF | P | V | U | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Implosive | Voiced | ɓ | ɗ | ᶑ | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ | |||
| Voiceless | ɓ̥ | ɗ̥ | ᶑ̊ | ʄ̊ | ɠ̊ | ʛ̥ | ||||
| Ejective | Stop | pʼ | tʼ | ʈʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |||
| Affricate | p̪fʼ | t̪θʼ | tsʼ | t̠ʃʼ | tʂʼ | tɕʼ | kxʼ | qχʼ | ||
| Fricative | ɸʼ | fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ʃʼ | ʂʼ | ɕʼ | xʼ | χʼ | |
| Lateral affricate | tɬʼ | c𝼆ʼ | k𝼄ʼ | q𝼄ʼ | ||||||
| Lateral fricative | ɬʼ | |||||||||
| Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) | Tenuis | kʘ qʘ | kǀ qǀ | kǃ qǃ | k𝼊 q𝼊 | kǂ qǂ | ||||
| Voiced | ɡʘ ɢʘ | ɡǀ ɢǀ | ɡǃ ɢǃ | ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊 | ɡǂ ɢǂ | |||||
| Nasal | ŋʘ ɴʘ | ŋǀ ɴǀ | ŋǃ ɴǃ | ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊 | ŋǂ ɴǂ | ʞ | ||||
| Tenuislateral | kǁ qǁ | |||||||||
| Voiced lateral | ɡǁ ɢǁ | |||||||||
| Nasal lateral | ŋǁ ɴǁ | |||||||||
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
| ◌̋ | ˥ | ꜒ | Extra-high (top) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ◌́ | ˦ | ꜓ | High |
| ◌̄ | ˧ | ꜔ | Mid |
| ◌̀ | ˨ | ꜕ | Low |
| ◌̏ | ˩ | ꜖ | Extra-low (bottom) |
| ꜜ◌ | Downstep | ||
| ꜛ◌ | Upstep | ||
| ◌̌ | ˩˥ | ꜖꜒ | Rising (low to high) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ◌̂ | ˥˩ | ꜒꜖ | Falling (high to low) |
| ◌᷄ | ˧˥ | ꜔꜒ | High rising |
| ˨˦ | ꜕꜓ | Mid rising | |
| ◌᷅ | ˩˧ | ꜖꜔ | Low rising |
| ◌᷇ | ˥˧ | ꜒꜔ | High falling |
| ˦˨ | ꜓꜕ | Mid falling | |
| ◌᷆ | ˧˩ | ꜔꜖ | Low falling |
| ◌᷈ | ˧˥˨,˨˦˨,˩˧˩ | ꜔꜒꜕,꜕꜓꜕,꜖꜔꜖ | Rising–falling (Peaking) |
| ◌᷉ | ˥˧˥,˦˨˦,˧˩˧ | ꜒꜔꜒,꜓꜕꜓,꜔꜖꜔ | Falling–rising (Dipping) |
| ◌̥ | ◌̊ | Voiceless | ◌̤ | Breathy voiced | ◌̪ | ◌͆ | Dental | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ◌̬ | Voiced | ◌̰ | Creaky voiced | ◌̺ | Apical | |||||||||||||||
| ◌ʰ | Aspirated | ◌̼ | Linguolabial | ◌̻ | Laminal | |||||||||||||||
| ◌̹ | ◌͗ | ◌˒ | More rounded | ◌ʷ | Labialized | ◌̃ | Nasalized | |||||||||||||
| ◌̜ | ◌͑ | ◌˓ | Less rounded | ◌ʲ | Palatalized | ◌ⁿ | Nasal release | |||||||||||||
| ◌̟ | ◌˖ | Advanced | ◌ˠ | Velarized | ◌ˡ | Lateral release | ||||||||||||||
| ◌̠ | ◌˗ | Retracted | ◌ˤ | Pharyngealized | ◌̚ | No audible release | ||||||||||||||
| ◌̈ | Centralized | ◌̴ | Velarized orpharyngealized | ◌ᵊ | Mid central vowel release | |||||||||||||||
| ◌̽ | Mid-centralized | ◌̝ | ◌˔ | Raised | ◌ᶿ | Voiceless dental fricative release | ||||||||||||||
| ◌̩ | ◌̍ | Syllabic | ◌̞ | ◌˕ | Lowered | ◌ˣ | Voiceless velar fricative release | |||||||||||||
| ◌̯ | ◌̑ | Non-syllabic | ◌̘ | ◌꭪ | Advanced tongue root | ◌ʼ | Ejective | |||||||||||||
| ◌˞ | Rhoticity | ◌̙ | ◌꭫ | Retracted tongue root | ◌͡◌ ◌͜◌ | Affricate ordouble articulation | ||||||||||||||
| ˈ | Primarystress |
|---|---|
| ˌ | Secondary stress |
| ː | Long |
| ˑ | Half-long |
| ◌̆ | Extra-short |
| | | Minor (foot) group |
| ‖ | Major (intonation) group |
| . | Syllable break |
| ‿ | Linking (absence of a break) |
| ↗︎ | Global rise |
| ↘︎ | Global fall |
| [ ] | Phonetic transcription |
|---|---|
| / / | Phonemic transcription |
| { } | Prosodic notation |
| ( ) | Indistinguishable utterance |
| ⸨ ⸩ | Sound obscured |
