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 The August 26, 2013 front page of theInternational Herald Tribune | |
| Type | Daily newspaper |
|---|---|
| Format | Broadsheet |
| Owner(s) | Whitney Communications,The Washington Post andThe New York Times Company[1] |
| Founder | James Gordon Bennett Jr. |
| Founded | 1887 |
| Language | English |
| Ceased publication | October 14, 2013 |
| City | Paris |
| Country | France |
| Sister newspapers | The New York Times (1967–2013) The Washington Post (1967–2003) |
| ISSN | 0294-8052 |
| Website | gale.com/intl/herald-tribune |
TheInternational Herald Tribune (IHT) was a daily English-language newspaper published in Paris, France, for international English-speaking readers. It published under the nameInternational Herald Tribune starting in 1967, but its origins as an international newspaper trace back to 1887.[2] Sold in over 160 countries, theInternational Herald Tribune produced a large amount of content until it becamethe second incarnation ofThe International New York Times in 2013, 10 years afterThe New York Times Company became its sole owner.[3]
In 1887,James Gordon Bennett Jr. created a Paris edition of his newspaper theNew York Herald[4] with offices at 49, avenue de l'Opéra. He called it theParis Herald. When Bennett Jr. died, the Herald and its Paris edition came under the control ofFrank Munsey.[5] In 1924, Munsey sold the paper to the family ofOgden Reid, owners of theNew-York Tribune, creating theNew York Herald Tribune, while the Paris edition became theParis Herald Tribune. By 1967, the paper was owned jointly by Whitney Communications,The Washington Post andThe New York Times, and became known as theInternational Herald Tribune, orIHT.[6]
The first issue of theInternational Herald Tribune was published on May 22, 1967.[7] It continued the practices that had endeared it to American expatriates and travelers, such as carryingbaseball scores andstock prices.[8]
At the start, the paper maintained the offices it inherited from theHerald Tribune European Edition – that dated to 1931[9] – at 21 Rue de Berri, just off theChamps-Élysées.[10] ColumnistArt Buchwald recalled them as being "grubby" and antiquated but "the perfect location for an American newspaper abroad."[9] Then in 1978, the paper moved its facilities to the Parisian suburb ofNeuilly-sur-Seine.[9]
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In 1974, the paper pioneered the innovation of doing electronic transmission of facsimile pages across borders, when it opened a remote printing facility in London.[11] This was followed by a printing site inZurich in 1977.[11] TheInternational Herald Tribune began transmitting electronic images of newspaper pages from Paris toHong Kong via satellite in 1980, making the paper simultaneously available on opposite sides of the planet.[12] This was the first such intercontinental transmission of an English-language daily newspaper and followed the pioneering efforts of the Chinese-language newspaperSing Tao Daily (星島日報).[citation needed]
Additional printing locations followed, including Rome andTokyo 1987; and Frankfurt 1989.[13] By 1985, theInternational Herald Tribune had a circulation of 160,000, and was profitable with annual revenues of around $40 million.[14] At the time of the paper's centennial in 1987, theIHT was opening a new print site on average each year.[15]
By the early 1990s, the paper was printed concurrently around the globe, with seven sites in Europe, three in Asia, and one in America, allowing day-of-publication availability in all major cities worldwide.[13] Notably, every region received the same editorial content, and even most of the advertising ran across all areas; by comparison, the international edition ofThe Wall Street Journal was heavily regionalized.[13] (Several editions were published of each day's paper, however, and sometimes particular regions saw revisions that other regions might not.[16]) Nearly 200,000 copies were sold per day, including 50,000 in Asia and 45,000 copies to airlines flying international routes.[13] Despite the technology, however, in practice stories often appeared in theInternational Herald Tribune a day after they appeared in either of the parent papers.[17][18] Marking a departure from its origins as a paper mostly read by American expatriates and travelers in Europe,[11] by this point the majority of its readers were non-American.[13]
TheInternational Herald Tribune's main editorial team was based in Paris, and while content for the paper largely consisted of stories, columns, and editorials from the two parent papers,[18] the paper reported from many news sources, including its own corps of correspondents and columnists.[15] In any case, all of the final editing was done by the Paris staff.[18] By 2002, theInternational Herald Tribune had some 335 employees.[18] Some columnists from the parent papers, such asFlora Lewis andArt Buchwald, kept publishing columns in theInternational Herald Tribune even after their work no longer appeared in the parent publications.[17]
Over the years, theInternational Herald Tribune faced increasing newsstand competition from the international editions of theWall Street Journal,USA Today, and theFinancial Times.[18] Furthermore, the advent of the internationally available cable news networkCNN, and later theInternet, gave Americans more readily available ways to keep up on sports scores and the like.[17] As the 21st century dawned, there were divided opinions regarding theInternational Herald Tribune's place in the media world, with for instanceJames Ledbetter ofSlate pronouncing it a relic of a by-gone era butPeter Osnos ofThe Atlantic believing it still had a role to play.[10]
In October 2002, it was announced thatThe New York Times Company ("TheTimes") would buy out thePost's interest, for an amount of around $70 million.[18] TheTimes thereby became the sole owner of theInternational Herald Tribune.[19] The change became effective with the edition published on January 2, 2003.[18] The headquarters for the paper remained at its site in Neuilly-sur-Seine.[18] TheTimes subsequently folded theInternational Herald Tribune website into its own website during 2009.[20]
In 2005 the paper opened its Asia newsroom in Hong Kong.[12] In April 2001, the Japanese newspaperThe Asahi Shimbun (朝日新聞) tied up with theInternational Herald Tribune and published an English-language newspaper, theInternational Herald Tribune/Asahi Shimbun.[21] After theWashington Post sold its stake in theInternational Herald Tribune, it continued being published under the nameInternational Herald Tribune/Asahi Shimbun, but it was discontinued in February 2011.[21]
By 2008, the circulation of the paper was over 240,000.[11] By the early 2010s, the Internet edition of the paper was receiving some seven million visitors per month, and overall theIHT represented one of the biggest global media entities.[12]
Throughout its history the Paris-based paper had a glittering stable of writers and journalists.[22] Among the most well-known were the humoristArt Buchwald,[23] the fashion editorSuzy Menkes,[24] jazz criticMike Zwerin[25] and food writersWaverly Root[26] andPatricia Wells.[27] Former executive editors include Philip Manning Foisie,[28]John Vinocur,[29]David Ignatius[30] andMichael Getler.[31]
In 2013, the New York Times Company announced that theInternational Herald Tribune was being renamedThe International New York Times.[32]
On October 14, 2013, a Monday,[8] theInternational Herald Tribune appeared on newsstands for the last time and ceased publication under that name.[33][6]
In 2016, the NYT Paris offices, acquired from the IHT, closed amid massive layoffs.[34]The National Book Review called it "end of a romantic era in international journalism".[35]
The archives of theInternational Herald Tribune, all the articles from 1887 until 2013, were sold or licensed to theGale company, where they began appearing in 2017.[36][37]
This material is not available from anyNew York Times archive.[38]The New York Times website does, however, host a very limited selection of "retrospective" stories from the 1887–2013 years,[39] a collection that became available in 2017, the same year that the full archives became available on Gale.[40]
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