International Emergency Economic Powers Act

Long title	An Act with respect to the powers of the President in time of war or national emergency.
Acronyms(colloquial)	IEEPA
Enacted by	the95th United States Congress
Effective	December 28, 1977
Citations
Public law	95-223
Statutes at Large	91 Stat. 1625
Codification
Titles amended	50 U.S.C.: War and National Defense
U.S.C. sections created	50 U.S.C. ch. 35 § 1701 et seq.
Legislative history
Introduced in the House asH.R. 7738 byJonathan Brewster Bingham (D–NY) on June 13, 1977 Committee consideration byHouse Foreign Affairs,Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Passed the House on July 12, 1977 (passed) Passed the Senate on October 11, 1977 (passed) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on November 30, 1977 (agreed) with further amendment Senate agreed to House amendment on December 7, 1977 (agreed) Signed into law by PresidentJimmy Carter on December 28, 1977
United States Supreme Court cases
Dames & Moore v. Regan,453 U.S.654 (1981) V.O.S. Selections, Inc. v. Trump (2025) Learning Resources v. Trump (2025)

TheInternational Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), Title II ofPub. L. 95–223, 91 Stat. 1626, enactedDecember 28, 1977, is aUnited States federal law authorizing thepresident to regulate international commerce after declaring anational emergency in response to any unusual and extraordinary threat to theUnited States which has its source in whole or substantial part outside the United States.^[1] The act was signed byPresidentJimmy Carter on December 28, 1977.^[2]

EnglishWikisource has original text related to this article:

International Emergency Economic Powers Act

In theUnited States Code, the IEEPA is Title 50, §§1701–1707.^[3] The IEEPA authorizes the president to declare the existence of an "unusual and extraordinary threat ... to the national security, foreign policy, or economy of the United States" that originates "in whole or substantial part outside the United States."^[4] It further authorizes the president, after such a declaration, to block transactions and freeze assets to deal with the threat and requires the president to report to Congress every 6 months on the circumstances, threats and actions taken.^[5] In the event of an actual attack on the United States, the president can also confiscate property connected with a country, group, or person that aided in the attack.^[6]

IEEPA falls under the provisions of theNational Emergencies Act (NEA), which means that an emergency declared under the act must be renewed annually to remain in effect.^[7]

The authority given to the President under the IEEPA does not grant him the ability to regulate or prohibit communication that "does not involve a transfer of anything of value", imports or exports of information or any informational materials, or transactions incidental to travel. Donations intended to relieve human suffering, such as food, clothing or medicine are also excluded unless the President specifically finds their inclusion necessary.^[8]

Congress enacted the IEEPA in 1977 to clarify and restrict presidential power during times of declared national emergency under theTrading with the Enemy Act of 1917 ("TWEA"). Under TWEA, starting withFranklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, presidents had the power to declare emergencies without limiting their scope or duration, without citing the relevant statutes, and without congressional oversight.^[9] TheSupreme Court inYoungstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer limited what a president could do in such an emergency, but did not limit the emergency declaration power itself. A 1973 Senate investigation found (inSenate Report 93-549) that four declared emergencies remained in effect: the 1933 banking crisis with respect to the hoarding of gold,^[10] a 1950 emergency with respect to theKorean War,^[11] a 1970 emergency regarding thepostal workers strike, and a 1971 emergencyin response to the government's deteriorating economic and fiscal conditions.^[12] Congress terminated these emergencies with theNational Emergencies Act, and then passed the IEEPA to restore the emergency power in a limited, overseeable form.

Unlike TWEA, IEEPA was drafted to permit presidential emergency declarations only in response to threats originating outside the United States.^[4] Beginning withJimmy Carter in response to theIran Hostage Crisis, presidents have invoked IEEPA to safeguard U.S. national security interests by freezing or "blocking" assets of belligerent foreign governments,^[13] or certain foreign nationals abroad.^[14]

In 1988, Congress passed amendments to the TWEA and IEEPA, authored by Rep.Howard Berman (D–CA), aimed at protecting the rights of American citizens to receive information, regardless of the country of origin of such materials used, by exempting varied methods of communication from regulation. The revisions to both acts, known collectively as the "Berman Amendment", restrict the President's authority to regulate or prohibit the importation or exportation of various forms of print, audio and video materials, artwork and other images, and other informational materials protected under theFirst Amendment.^[15] TheOffice of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) under theU.S. Department of Treasury, however, interpreted this exemption narrowly to claim it held the right to prohibit any transactions associated with "informational materials not fully created and in existence at the date of the transaction".^[16] In response, the Berman-sponsored Free Trade in Ideas Act—passed by Congress in 1994—revised the original amendment's First Amendment exemptions to include newer and forthcoming mediums (including intangible items such as television broadcasts and methods of personal communication), further clarifying that the President's emergency sanction powers under the IEEPA and TWEA cannot be used with regard to any information or informational materials, regardless of their format or medium, or whether they are intended for personal or commercial use. The updated language also clarified that the non-exhaustive list of exempted materials was illustrative in nature, inferring that unlisted materials not yet invented or in wide use at the time of its passage would be prohibited from being subject to sanctions or other regulation under both acts.^[17]

Following theSeptember 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, PresidentGeorge W. Bush issuedExecutive Order 13224 under the IEEPA to block the assets of terrorist organizations.^[18] The President delegated blocking authority to federal agencies led by the U.S. Treasury. In October 2001, Congress passed theUSA PATRIOT Act which, in part, enhanced IEEPA asset blocking provisions under §1702(a)(1)(B) to permit the blocking of assets during the "pendency of an investigation." This statutory change gave the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control the power to block assets without the need to provide evidence of the blocking subject's wrongdoing nor to permit the blocking subject a chance to effectively respond to the allegations in court.^[19] Executing these blocking actions led to a series of legal cases challenging federal authority to indefinitely prevent charitable organizations from accessing their assets held in the United States.^[20]

PresidentDonald Trump used the IEEPA extensively, sanctioning more than 3,700 entities and invoking 11 national emergency declarations (out of the 13 that he declared overall) relying primarily or exclusively on IEEPA authority during his 2017–21 term; Trump also used or threatened use of its powers in unconventional and unprecedented manners (including executive actions utilizing powers under the act that prompted legal challenges).^[16]

On May 30, 2019, the White House announced that Trump would use IEEPA powers to introduce tariffs on imports from Mexico in response to the national security threat of illegal immigration from Mexico into the United States.^[21] As part of an ongoingtrade war with China, on August 24, 2019, Trump tweeted that he "hereby ordered" U.S. companies to start looking at alternatives to China on the basis of claimed powers under IEEPA.^[22][23] Trump, however, did not formally declare an emergency as required by IEEPA.

In September 2020, the Trump administration sanctioned and imposed visa restrictions on twoInternational Criminal Court (ICC) officials, prosecutorFatou Bensouda and Jurisdiction Complementarity and Cooperation Division DirectorPhakiso Mochochoko, over the court's investigation into allegations of war crimes committed by the U.S. and Israel in Afghanistan and thePalestinian territories, respectively. Critics considered the order an effort to intimidate ICC civil servants from proceeding with its investigation and accused the administration of targeting the two prosecutors, both of African origin, based on their race. TheU.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York granted a preliminary injunction blocking the sanctions in January 2021, through a challenge to the order brought by four dual-national American law professors and theOpen Society Justice Initiative. (The Biden administration lifted the ICC sanctions in April 2021.)^[24][25][26]

Also in September 2020, Trump used the IEEPA toorder the removal of social media platformsTikTok andWeChat from U.S. app stores as well as prohibit domestic business transactions involving their respective China-based parent companiesByteDance andTencent; the restrictions would have become applicable to TikTok unless it was sold to an American company within 45 days of the executive order's issuance.^[27][28] Observers (including Trump administration critics and many TikTok users) raised First Amendment concerns with the executive order and suggested that, while national security concerns were cited to justify them, the sanctions were prompted by the administration's hostile relations toward China in general and retaliation against TikTok in particular. This retaliation was claimed to be for certain anti-Trump content hosted by the app. The app's operator suggested in court documents pertaining to its lawsuit to overturn the order that the retaliation was also for a ticket reservation prank waged by some users of the video platform that depressed attendance for a campaign rally he held inTulsa, Oklahoma that June.^{[29][30][dubious –discuss]} The executive order was blocked by federal courts intwo separate cases on grounds that the sanctions likely violated IEEPA's informational materials exemption (under the Berman Amendment) and First Amendment protections applying to users of the apps.^[31][32][33]

• Dames & Moore v. Regan
• KindHearts for Charitable Humanitarian Development v.Geithner^[34]
• Genova Pipe v. Lutnick and Noem^{[35][36][37][38][39][40]}

Wikinews has related news:

• Man arrested for broadcasting Hezbollah television in New York

• In 1983, financierMarc Rich was accused of violating the act by trading in Iranian oil during theIran hostage crisis. He was one ofmany peoplepardoned by PresidentBill Clinton in his last days in office.^[41]
• On August 23, 2006, Javed Iqbal was arrested through theU.S. Department of the Treasury with a charge ofconspiracy to violate the IEEPA for airing material produced byal-Manar (The Beacon) inNew York City during the2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.^[42]
• On December 16, 2009, it was announced that theU.S. Dept. of Justice reached a settlement withCredit Suisse over accusations that the bank assisted residents of IEEPA sanctioned countries to wire money in violation of the Act from 1995 to 2006. The settlement resulted in Credit Suisse forfeiting $536 million.^[43]
• On July 16, 2020, aUAE-based firm, Essentra FZE Company Limited, admitted of conspiring to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) and defying theUnited States sanctions onNorth Korea. The firm also agreed to pay a fine of $665,112 to theUnited States Department of Justice.^[44]

As of 2025^[update], the following IEEPA emergencies are active.^[45]

• Nicaragua (1985–1990 for aggressive activities in Central America)
• South Africa (1985–1991 for maintaining apartheid)
• Libya (1986–2004 for sponsoring terrorism)
• Panama (1988–1990 against theManuel Noriega government)
• Kuwait (1990–1991, while occupied by Iraq)
• Iraq (1990–2004 for invading Kuwait)
• Haiti (1991–1994 for the1991 Haitian coup d'état)
• Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2003 for sponsoring Serb nationalist groups)
• UNITA (1993–2003 for interfering with UN peacekeeping efforts)
• Myanmar (1997–2016 against the policies of themilitary government)
• Afghanistan (1999–2002 for harboring al-Qaeda)
• Russia (2000–2012 to support theMegatons to Megawatts Program)
• Sierra Leone (2001–2004 for human rights violations)
• Liberia (2001–2015 directed against PresidentCharles G. Taylor)
• Zimbabwe (2003–2024 against the ZANU–PF government)
• Syria (2004–2025 against theBashar al-Assad government)
• Côte d'Ivoire (2006–2016 regarding theFirst Ivorian Civil War)
• International Criminal Court (2020–2021 for investigating actions by United States personnel in Afghanistan)
• West Bank settlers (2024–2025 for violence against Palestinians)

• National Emergencies Act
• List of national emergencies in the United States

• Bowman, Mary Margaret Coughlin (1978)."Presidential Emergency Powers Related to International Economic Transactions: Congressional Recognition of Customary Authority".Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law.11 (3):515–534.
• Christopher Casey; Jennifer Elsea; Dianne Rennack (2024).The International Emergency Economic Powers Act: Origins, Evolution, and Use (Report).Congressional Research Service.
• Marks, Lee R.; Grabow, John C. (1982)."President's Foreign Economic Powers AfterDames & Moore v. Regan: Legislation by Acquiescence".Cornell Law Review.68 (1):68–103.
• Meezan, David M. (1996)."Forgotten Rights: Takings Claims and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act".Vermont Law Review.21 (2):591–632.

• International Emergency Economic Powers Act as amended (PDF/details) in theGPOStatute Compilations collection
• International Emergency Economic Powers Act as enacted (details) in theUS Statutes at Large

• 1977 in American law
• 95th United States Congress
• United States federal trade legislation
• Economic warfare
• United States federal defense and national security legislation
• United States foreign relations legislation

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