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Aprovisional government, also called aninterim government, anemergency government, atransitional government orprovisional leadership,[1] is a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often followingstate collapse,revolution,civil war, or some combination thereof.
Provisional governments generally come to power in connection with a grave crisis that has caused the previous government to suddenly and irreversibly collapse, such aseconomic collapse,civil war,defeat in a foreign war,revolution, or the death of a long-serving authoritarian ruler. Questions ofdemocratic transition andstate-building are often fundamental to the formation and policies of such governments.
Provisional governments maintainpower until a new government can be appointed by a regular political process, which is generally anelection.[2] They may be involved with defining thelegal structure of subsequent regimes, guidelines related tohuman rights andpolitical freedoms, the structure of theeconomy,government institutions, and international alignment.[3]
Provisional governments differ fromcaretaker governments, which are responsible for governing within an establishedparliamentary system and serve temporarily after an election,vote of no confidence orcabinet crisis, until a new government can be appointed.[3] Caretaker governments operate entirely within the existing constitutional framework and most countries tightly circumscribe their authority, in contrast to provisional governments, which often operate in the absence of any elected legislature and usually enjoy expansive, if temporary, powers.
In opinion of Yossi Shain and Juan J. Linz, provisional governments can be classified to four groups:[4]
The establishment of provisional governments is frequently tied to the implementation oftransitional justice.[5] Provisional governments may be responsible for implementing transitional justice measures as part of the path to establishing a permanent government structure.
The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule. Irregularly convened assemblies during theEnglish Revolution, such asConfederate Ireland (1641–49), were described as "provisional". TheContinental Congress, a convention of delegates from13 British colonies on the east coast of North America became the provisional government of theUnited States in 1776, during theAmerican Revolutionary War. The government shed its provisional status in 1781, following ratification of theArticles of Confederation, and continued in existence as theCongress of the Confederation until it was supplanted by theUnited States Congress in 1789.
The practice of using "provisional government" as part of a formal name can be traced toTalleyrand's government in France in 1814. In 1843,American pioneers in theOregon Country, in thePacific Northwest region of North America established theProvisional Government of Oregon—as the U.S. federal government had not yet extended its jurisdiction over the region—which existed until March 1849. The numerous provisional governments during theRevolutions of 1848 gave the word its modern meaning: A liberal government established to prepare for elections.
Numerous provisional governments have been established since the 1850s.
As of 2024, eight African countries currently have provisional governments:Libya,Sudan,South Sudan,Burkina Faso,Guinea,Mali,Niger andGabon.
Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (1958–1962) (guerrilla movement)
TheDerg (1974–1987), formed during theEthiopian Civil War following theoverthrow of emperorHaile Selassie. Ultimately absorbed into thePeople's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979–1980), a short-lived yet internationally unrecognized sovereign state formed in the waning years of theRhodesian Bush War, in contrast with the reestablishedSouthern Rhodesia. Ultimately dissolved in favor of granting independence to Southern Rhodesia asZimbabwe.
Transitional Military Council (1985–1986), interim government of Sudan following the1985 Sudanese coup d'état. Dissolved following the1986 Sudanese parliamentary election.
Transitional Government of National Unity (Namibia) (1985–1989), interim government during the end of theSouth African Border War
Political Bureau of the Central Committee of FRELIMO (1986), interim ruling body of thePeople's Republic of Mozambique following the death of presidentSamora Machel in the1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash. Dissolved following the election ofJoaquim Chissano as Machel's successor later that year.
Transitional Government of Ethiopia (1991–1995), established upon theEthiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front's overthrow of thePeople's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia at the end of theEthiopian Civil War. Succeeded by theFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Interim Government of Somalia (1991–1997), established after the collapse of theSomali Democratic Republic and the onset of theSomali Civil War.
Provisional Government of Eritrea (1993), established afterindependence fromEthiopia
Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (1994–1996), interim ruling body ofthe Gambia following the1994 Gambian coup d'état. Dissolved afterYahya Jammeh, the head of the ruling council, waselected and inaugurated aspresident.Transitional National Government of Somalia (2000–2004), established at the Somalia National Peace Conference in opposition to theSomalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council, formed by rival political factions. Succeeded by theTransitional Federal Government of Somalia.
Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2003–2006), established in 2003 following the conclusion of theSecond Congo War.
National Transitional Legislative Assembly of Liberia (2003–2006),Liberia's legislative body during the country's transition from civil war to democratic rule.Transitional Federal Government of Somalia (2004–2012), established as the successor to theTransitional National Government of Somalia as part of an effort to end theIslamic Courts Union's rule over the nation. Dissolved following the ratification of a new constitution which declared Somalia anIslamic state.
Darfur Regional Government (2007–present), established in theDarfur region ofSudan[6] following the2006 Abuja Agreement during theWar in Darfur.[7][8]
High Transitional Authority (2009–2014), established followingMarc Ravalomanana's overthrow and the end of theThird Republic of Madagascar during the2009 Malagasy political crisis. Dissolved following the2013 Malagasy general election, which established theFourth Republic of Madagascar.
Kabyle Provisional Government (2010–present), formed as a provisional government-in-exile, in opposition to the incumbent government of Algeria, with the intent of establishing an independent nation inKabylia.
Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (2011–2012), interim government ofEgypt formed following the resignation of presidentHosni Mubarak during the2011 Egyptian revolution. Dissolved following theelection and inauguration ofMohamed Morsi as president.
National Transitional Council of Libya (2011–2012), formed during the2011 civil war inLibya against theGaddafi-led government Interim government ofEgypt (2013–2014), established following theJune 2013 Egyptian protests and subsequentcoupGovernment of National Accord (2015–2021), interim ruling body ofLibya formed upon the signing of theSkhirat agreement. Ultimately merged with the rivalSecond Al-Thani Cabinet to form theGovernment of National Unity following theLibyan Political Dialogue Forum.
Interim Government of Ambazonia (2017–de facto 2019), formed as a provisional government-in-exile in opposition to the government ofCameroon shortly after the onset of theAnglophone Crisis. Latersplintered into four opposing cabinets in 2019, each claiming to be the sole legitimate representative of an independentAmbazonia. The UN-supportedGovernment of National Unity inLibya (2021–present), a merger of theGovernment of National Accord and the rivalSecond Al-Thani Cabinet formed following theLibyan Political Dialogue Forum in Sirte.Transitional Sovereignty Council (2019–2021, 2021–present), established in August 2019 after8 month-long protests against PresidentBashir and a subsequentmilitary coup.
Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity (2020-present), transitional government formed in 2020
Transitional Military Council (2021–2022), formed in 2021 following thedeath ofChadian PresidentIdriss Déby.
Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration inBurkina Faso (2022–present), formed on 24 January 2022, the group took over after acoup in January. Its leaderPaul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba suffered acoup himself later that year. Afterwards,Ibrahim Traoré took power as the leader of the military junta and interim president of Burkina Faso.National Transitional Council inChad (2022–2024), formed in 2022 to replace theTransitional Military Council
Interim Regional Administration of Tigray (2023–present), a successor to theTransitional Government of Tigray established as a provision of theEthiopia–Tigray peace agreement which ended theTigray war.[9]
National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland (CNSP) (2023–present)
Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions (2023–present)Transitional government of Sudan (2025–present), announced by theTransitional Sovereignty Council in February 2025 following widespread territorial gains during thethird Sudanese civil war.[10][11] Intended as atechnocracy,[12][13] the government's stated goal is to lay groundwork for free and fair elections in the country.[14][15]As of 2024 in the Americas, onlyHaiti is formally administered by a provisional government.
Second Continental Congress (1775–1781), interim ruling body of theUnited Colonies andUnited States immediately before and afterdeclaring independence from theBritish Empire. Following the ratification of theArticles of Confederation, the Continental Congress was absorbed into theCongress of the Confederation, which subsequently became theUnited States Congress upon ratification of theConstitution.
Primera Junta (1810), interim ruling body of theViceroyalty of the Río de la Plata followingBaltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros' resignation during theMay Revolution. Succeeded by theJunta Grande after seven months in power.Junta Grande (1810–1811), successor to thePrimera Junta. Aimed to facilitate the transition to a junta that represented all cities in theViceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, only to meet limited recognition within its own territory. Succeeded by theFirst Triumvirate.Government Junta of Chile (1810), interim government of Chile following the deposition and imprisonment of KingFerdinand VII of Spain byNapoleon.
Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–1824), interim ruling body ofMexico following the dissolution of theFirst Mexican Empire. Succeeded by theFirst Mexican Republic following the ratification of the1824 Constitution.
Provisional governorship of José Rondeau (1828–1830), interim ruling body ofUruguay following thePreliminary Peace Convention, in which theEmpire of Brazil and theUnited Provinces of the Río de la Plata recognized the country's independence. Dissolved following Rondeau's resignation.Texian Consultation (1835–1836), interim ruling body ofMexican Texas during theTexas Revolution. Ultimately collapsed due to political tensions following theMatamoros Expedition.
Provisional Government of Oregon (1841/1843–1849), interim ruling body ofOregon Country formed by settlingpioneers in the midst of theOregon boundary dispute. While the government was established during theChampoeg Meetings in 1841, it did not exercise rule until the adoption of theOrganic Laws of Oregon and the meetings' conclusion two years later, with the organic laws specifying that the government would only administer the territory "until such time as the United States of America extend their jurisdiction over us."[16] While the 1846Oregon Treaty resolved the boundary dispute by formally partitioning the region between the US-administeredOregon Territory and unorganized UK-administered territory (later restructured as theColony of British Columbia), the provisional government remained in place until the appointment ofJoseph Lane asgovernor.
Interim government of California (1846–1850), military government ofCalifornia established during theMexican–American War. Dissolved following the ratification of theCalifornia Statehood Act, whichadmitted California to the Union as the 31st state.
U.S. provisional government of New Mexico (1846–1850), interim ruling body ofNew Mexico following the region's occupation by theUnited States during theMexican–American War. Succeeded by theNew Mexico Territory in 1850 before beingadmitted to the Union as the 47th state in 1912.
Provisional Congress of the Confederate States (1861–1862), interim ruling body of theConfederate States of America following the member states'secession from theUnited States of America. Dissolved following theelection and inauguration ofJefferson Davis asPresident of the Confederate States of America.
Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1861, interim ruling body of theState of Georgia during the leadup to its secession from the United States.
Confederate government of Kentucky (1861–c. 1865), ashadow government formed by pro-Confederate state legislators inKentucky. Though it never replaced the official state government, it was recognized by and admitted to theConfederate States of America. No documentation exists regarding when the provisional government dissolved, but historians assume that it did so upon the conclusion of theAmerican Civil War.[17][18]
Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1861–1863, formed as aconstituent assembly to vote on whether or not to secede from theUnited States during theAmerican Civil War before restructuring itself as a provisional state government following the outbreak of violence between pro-Union and pro-Confederacy factions.
Provisional Government of Saskatchewan (1885), formed by revoltingMétis during theNorth-West Rebellion. Dissolved following Canada's victory in theBattle of Batoche.
United States Military Government in Cuba (1898–1902), established after Spain ceded Cuba to the United States following theSpanish–American War. Dissolved following the ratification of thePlatt Amendment and the establishment of theRepublic of Cuba.United States Military Government of Porto Rico (1898–1900), established after Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States following theSpanish–American War. Dissolved following the ratification of theForaker Act, which established theInsular Government of Porto Rico.Provisional Government of Cuba (1906–1909), a military occupation government established by the United States following the collapse ofTomás Estrada Palma's administration. Dissolved following the election ofJosé Miguel Gómez, after which American officials deemed the country sufficiently restabilized.
Socialist Republic of Chile (1932), formed by thegovernment junta which overthrew presidentJuan Esteban Montero. Dissolved shortly after its establishment due to widespread public opposition.
Pentarchy of 1933, interim ruling body ofCuba following the deposition ofGerardo Machado. Ousted after five days in power by theDirectorio Estudiantil Universitario, which appointed theOne Hundred Days Government in their place.One Hundred Days Government (1933–1934), interim ruling body ofCuba after thePentarchy of 1933 was ousted by theDirectorio Estudiantil Universitario. Overthrown in a military coup byFulgencio Batista, who installedCarlos Mendieta aspresident of Cuba.
Government Junta of Bolivia (1946–1947), established following the ousting ofGualberto Villarroel and theRevolutionary Nationalist Movement in the1946 La Paz riots. Dissolved following theelection and inauguration ofEnrique Hertzog asPresident of Bolivia.
Founding Council (1948–1949), interim government ofCosta Rica led by presidentJosé Figueres Ferrer, established following the overthrow ofTeodoro Picado Michalski in theCosta Rican Civil War. Dissolved after Ferrer stepped down in favor ofOtilio Ulate Blanco.[19]
Republic of New Afrika (1968–present), established as ablack nationalist andblack separatist provisional government in opposition to thefederal government of the United States, with the intent of creating an independent country in present-dayEast Texas,Louisiana,Mississippi,Alabama,Georgia,South Carolina, andNorth Florida.[20][21]: 276 
People's Revolutionary Government (1979–1983), interim ruling body ofGrenada following theNew Jewel Movement's takeover of the government. Overthrown in theUnited States invasion of Grenada, which installed the Interim Advisory Council, headed byPaul Scoon, withNicholas Brathwaite as prime minister.[22][23]
Junta of National Reconstruction (1979–1985), interim ruling body ofNicaragua after the overthrow ofAnastasio Somoza Debayle during theNicaraguan Revolution. Dissolved following theelection and inauguration ofDaniel Ortega as president. Interim Advisory Council (1983–1984), interim ruling body ofGrenada following the deposition of thePeople's Revolutionary Government during theAmerican invasion.[22][23] Dissolved following the1984 Grenadian general election, which resulted in the formation of a new cabinet headed byHerbert Blaize as prime minister.
National Council of Government (1986–1988), interim ruling body ofHaiti, after the departure ofJean-Claude Duvalier.
Venezuelan transitional government (2019–2022), established in January 2019 by theNational Assembly led byJuan Guaidó, in dispute with theincumbent government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela led byNicolás Maduro. The transitional government was supported and recognized by the United States, the European Union, theLima Group, andmany other Western countries, ultimately dissolving in 2022 upon declaring that it had failed to achieve its goals.[24][25][26]
Presidency of Francisco Sagasti (2020–2021), established on November 17, 2020, as a result of various political and economic hardships during thePeruvian political crisis and theCOVID-19 pandemic, including two presidential impeachments and one presidential resignation. Political analysts in Peru characterized the administration as a "transitional government" and an "emergency government,"[27] which was eventually succeeded by theBellido cabinet following the inauguration ofPedro Castillo on July 28, 2021.Transitional Presidential Council (2024–present), established in April 2024 to exercise the powers and duties of thePresident of Haiti either until an elected president is inaugurated or until 7 February 2026. The council was officially sworn in as thehead of state of Haiti following the resignation of acting presidentAriel Henry on 24 April.
Judean provisional government (66–68), formed by rebellingPharisees andSadducees during theFirst Jewish–Roman War with the intent of establishing aHalachic state inJudea. Dissolved following the massacre of its members during theZealot Temple siege.
Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899), established in theSpanish East Indies during theSpanish–American War. Succeeded by theFirst Philippine Republic following the promulgation of theMalolos Constitution.United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands (1898–1902), established after the United States' military victory in theBattle of Manila and formalized by theTreaty of Paris, which officially ceded the territory from Spain. Succeeded by theInsular Government of the Philippine Islands following thePhilippine–American War and the passage of thePhilippine Organic Act.
Tianjin Provisional Government (1900–1902), formed by theEight-Nation Alliance to administer territory recaptured from theBoxer movement during theBoxer Rebellion. Dissolved after ceding control of theTianjin area back to theQing dynasty, though the Eight-Nation Alliance maintained a military presence to ensure open access to Beijing.
Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912), established after the success of theWuchang uprising
Provisional Government of India (1915),government-in-exile based inKabul,Afghanistan
Republic of Van (1915), established as a puppet government of theRussian Empire in occupiedWestern Armenia. Dissolved in theTreaty of Brest-Litovsk following theFebruary Revolution and theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic's withdrawal fromWorld War I.
Alash Orda (1917–1918), established as the interim governing body of the newly formedAlash Autonomy in opposition to rivalBolshevik councils aligned withVladimir Lenin.
South West Caucasian Republic (1919), established inKars
Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1919), established in exile based inShanghai,China and later inChongqing, during theJapanese occupation of Korea
Jewish National Council (1920–1948), established by theAssembly of Representatives inMandatory Palestine as the main executive body of the entity'sJewish community. Succeeded by theprovisional government of Israel afterdeclaring independence in 1948.
Government of the Grand National Assembly (1920–1923), established as an alternative government to the Allied-occupiedOttoman Empire during theTurkish War of Independence
Provisional Government of Mongolia (1921–1924), established by the Central Committee of theMongolian People's Party upon the organization's formation inKyakhta.[28][29] Succeeded by theMongolian People's Republic following the ratification ofthe first constitution.Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–40), established by theEmpire of Japan after its invasion of Eastern China
Provisional Government of Free India (1943–1945), commonly known asAzad Hind, established by Indian nationalists in southeast Asia, had nominal sovereignty over Axis-controlled Indian territories, and had diplomatic relationships with eleven countries including Germany, Italy, Japan, Philippines, and the Soviet Union. It was headed bySubhas Chandra Bose, who was the Head of the State and Prime Minister, who was also Supreme Commander of theIndian National Army. The government had its own cabinet and banks, and was the first government to recruit women for combat roles.
People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946), a provisional government established following thesurrender of Japan at the conclusion ofWorld War II, which resulted in the restoration of Korean independence. Following thedivision of Korea, the PRK was outlawed by the United States in favor of theAmerican military government, while theSoviet Union incorporated it into theProvisional People's Committee of North Korea.
United States Army Military Government in Korea (1945–1948), an interim government formed by theUnited States concurrently with thePeople's Republic of Korea following the peninsula's independence from Japan. Later incorporated intoSouth Korea following thedivision of Korea and the American ban on the People's Republic.
Provisional People's Committee of North Korea (1946–1947), an interim government formed by theSoviet Civil Administration following thedivision of Korea and the absorption of thePeople's Republic of Korea. Succeeded by thePeople's Committee of North Korea.
Interim Government of India (1946–1947), an interim government formed by the newly createdConstituent Assembly of India to administer what would become theDominion of India and theDominion of Pakistan in the transitional period betweenBritish rule and independence.People's Committee of North Korea (1947–1948), the successor government to theProvisional People's Committee of North Korea during the latter period of Soviet occupation. Ultimately incorporated intoNorth Korea.
Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (1948–1949), an emergency government established bySjafruddin Prawiranegara inSumatra following thecapture ofYogyakarta, the then-Indonesian capital, by theNetherlands. Dissolved following theRoem–Van Roijen Agreement.
Provisional government of Israel (1948–1949), successor to theJewish National Council, established after Israel'sdeclaration of independence and in place until after thefirst Knesset elections.
Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948–1949), established as a puppet government by French during theFirst Indochina War. Succeeded by theState of Vietnam.
Provisional Government of the Syrian Arab Republic (1949), established by national consensus to draft a new constitution and reintroduce civilian rule after a series of military governments.State of Vietnam (1949–1955), formed as a successor to theProvisional Central Government of Vietnam during theFirst Indochina War. Succeeded bySouth Vietnam following the1954 Geneva Conference, which ceded the northern half of the country toNorth Vietnam.Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (1958–1961), established in opposition to theSukarno administration.[30] Dissolved following the withdrawal of American support and the failure of its and thePermesta's rebellion against the government.
National Council for the Revolutionary Command (1963), interim ruling body ofSyria following the1963 Syrian coup d'état.
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (1969–1976), established during theVietnam War against the United States and Republic of Vietnam
Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (1970–1972), established after the declaration of freedom of Bengalis exiled toCalcutta.
Sayem ministry (1975–1978), interim government of Bangladesh following theassassination of Khaled Mosharraf. Dissolved afterAbu Sadat Mohammad Sayem's successor,Ziaur Rahman, formed a provisional Council of Ministers in advance of the1979 Bangladeshi general election.[31]Provisional Government of East Timor (1975–1976), established as apuppet state following the success of theIndonesian invasion of East Timor. Ultimately dissolved following the country's annexation asa province of Indonesia.
Interim Government of Iran (1979), a provisional government established after theIranian Revolution. Dissolved and replaced by theCouncil of the Islamic Revolution following the onset of theIran hostage crisis.[32]
Council of the Islamic Revolution (1979–1980), initially formed to manage theIranian Revolution in its closing days before succeeding theInterim Government of Iran in the wake of theIran hostage crisis.[32] Dissolved upon the establishment of the firstIslamic Consultative Assembly.
Democratic Republic of Iran (1981–present), formed by thePeople's Mujahedin of Iran based inParis and later Albania. It serves as the main Iranian government-in-exile opposing the clerical government.
South Lebanon security belt administration (1985–2000), established to administerIsraeli-occupied Lebanon following the dissolution of theState of Free Lebanon during the1982 Lebanon War. Dissolved followingHezbollah's victory in theSouth Lebanon conflict and the subsequent collapse of theSouth Lebanon Army.
Provisional Government of the Philippines (1986–1987), established after thePeople Power Revolution. Dissolved following theratification of the currentConstitution of the Philippines.
Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (1988–present), after it was entrusted with the powers and responsibilities of the Provisional Government of theState of Palestine.[33][34]Shahabuddin Ahmed ministry (1990–1991), interim government ofBangladesh formed following the resignation ofHussain Muhammad Ershad during the1990 uprising. Dissolved following theelection and inauguration ofKhaleda Zia as prime minister.
Republic of Kuwait (1990), established as a puppet state byBa'athist Iraq during theGulf War. Subsequently annexed and divided into theKuwait Governorate and theSaddamiyat al-Mitla' District before Iraq's withdrawal at the end of the war.
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (1992–1993), formed following the1991 Paris Peace Agreements to govern and stabilize Cambodia following theCambodian–Vietnamese War and theThird Indochina War. Dissolved following the restoration of theCambodian monarchy and consequent reestablishment of theKingdom of Cambodia.
Khmer Rouge unrecognized government (1994–1998), an opposition government formed by remnants of theKhmer Rouge following the establishment of theKingdom of Cambodia and the withdrawal of theUnited Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia. Dissolved due to widespread pro-peace sentiment among those left in the Khmer Rouge after the death ofPol Pot.Palestinian National Authority (1994–present), theadministrative organization, established togovern parts of theWest Bank andGaza Strip, following the Oslo Accords.[35]
Provisional Legislative Council (1996/1997–1998), interim legislature ofHong Kong in the leadup to and immediately following thehandover to China. While the council was formed in 1996,[36]: 6 it did not exercise rule until the following January.[37][38]As of 2024 in Asia,Bangladesh,Myanmar, theState of Palestine (under bothFatah andHamas),Syria, andYemen currently have provisional governments.
Afghan Interim Administration (2001–2002), established following the overthrow of thefirst Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan during theWar in Afghanistan. Succeeded by theTransitional Islamic State of Afghanistan.
Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (2002–2004), formed as the successor to theAfghan Interim Administration. Succeeded by theIslamic Republic of Afghanistan following theelection and inauguration of theFirst Karzai cabinet.
Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq (2003–2004) with theIraqi Interim Governing Council, established to act as a caretaker administration in Iraq following the2003 invasion of Iraq pending the hand over of power to the Iraqi people and the creation of a democratically elected civilian government.
Iraqi Interim Government (2004–2005) and theIraqi Transitional Government (2005–2006) were both provisional authorities established after the hand over of power to the Iraqi people following the2003 invasion of Iraq to govern pending the adoption of a permanent constitution.
2006 Thai interim civilian government, established by theCouncil for National Security following the2006 Thai coup d'état. Dissolved following the enacting of the2007 constitution of Thailand.
Syrian Interim Government (2013–2025), established by theSyrian National Coalition during theSyrian Civil War. Ultimately absorbed into theSyrian transitional government following thefall of the Assad regime.[39][40]
Supreme Political Council of Yemen (2015–present), established by theHouthi Movement after the2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état, currently participating in theYemeni Civil War (2014–present) against the governments ofAbdrabbuh Mansur Hadi and thePresidential Leadership Council
Southern Transitional Council of South Yemen (2016–present), established by theSouthern Movement - a separatist group in southern Yemen - during theYemeni Civil War (2014–present)
Syrian Salvation Government (2017–2024), established byHayat Tahrir al-Sham in theIdlib Governorate.[41] Ultimately absorbed into theSyrian transitional government following thefall of the Assad regime.[42]
Interim government of Kyrgyzstan (2020–2021), established in 2020 in the aftermath of the2020 Kyrgyzstani protests
National Unity Government of Myanmar (2021–present), established in exile by theCommittee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw in opposition to the2021 Myanmar coup d'état[43]Provisional Government of Myanmar (2021–present), established by theState Administration Council as a formalization of its rule six months after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état[44]Presidential Leadership Council (2022–present), established by internationally recognized outgoing president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi to seek a "comprehensive political solution" to the Yemeni Civil War[45][46]Israeli war cabinet (2023–2024), established following the outbreak of theGaza war and Israeli prime ministerBenjamin Netanyahu's declaration of a state of emergency. The war cabinet was later dissolved after former ministersBenny Gantz andGadi Eisenkott left the coalition.
Karenni State Interim Executive Council (2023–present), formed by Karenni resistance groups during theMyanmar civil war in opposition to theState Administration Council.
Hamas temporary committee (2024–present), established following theassassination of Ismail Haniyeh to facilitate communication with chairmanYahya Sinwar and maintain governance of Hamas during theGaza war.[47][48] Later transitioned to committee rule followingSinwar's own killing, pending elections in March 2025.[49][50][51]Interim government of Muhammad Yunus (2024–present), formed following the expulsion of prime ministerSheikh Hasina and consequent dissolution of the12th Jatiya Sangsad during theStudent–People's uprising. Theinterim government is expected to remain in office until the appointment of a newPrime Minister of Bangladesh following thenext Bangladeshi general election.[52]First Syrian transitional government (2024–2025), established following thefall of the Assad regime during theSyrian civil war.Syrian Salvation Government leaderAhmed al-Sharaa announced the transitional administration's formation onTelegram,[53][54] whileNational Coalition presidentHadi al-Bahra stated that the government's goals are to draft a new constitution and establish a "a safe, neutral, and quiet environment" for free elections within 18 months.[55] Succeeded by thesecond Syrian transitional government in 2025.[56]Second Syrian transitional government (2025–present), established by Syrian president Ahmed al-Sharaa to implement the five-year transitional period dictated by the2025 Interim Constitution of Syria.[57]
Confederate Ireland (1642–1652), formed by Catholic aristocrats,landed gentry, clergy, and military leaders after theIrish Rebellion of 1641. Overthrown by theCommonwealth of England in theCromwellian conquest of Ireland.
National Convention (1792–1795), interim ruling body of theKingdom of France and theFrench First Republic during theFrench Revolution. Succeeded by theFrench Directory following thefall of Maximilien Robespierre and the drafting of a new constitution.
Provisional Council of the Duchy of Masovia (1794), interim government of theMasovian Voivodeship established during theKościuszko Uprising. Ultimately subordinated to theSupreme National Council.
Provisional Representatives of the People of Holland (1795–1796), interim government of theBatavian Republic following the abolition of theDutch Republic in theBatavian Revolution. Abolished following theStates General of the Batavian Republic's replacement by theNational Assembly.
Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission (1812–1813), established byNapoleon during theFrench invasion of Russia.[58] Merged with theGeneral Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland to create the united Kingdom of Poland.
Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815), interim ruling body of theSouthern Netherlands following the collapse of French rule during theWar of the Sixth Coalition. Dissolved following the annexation of the region by theUnited Kingdom of the Netherlands.
French Provisional Government of 1814, interim ruling body of theFirst French Empire following the surrender of Paris and deposition ofNapoleon during theWar of the Sixth Coalition. Succeeded by thegovernment of the first Bourbon restoration followingLouis XVIII's return to the throne and the reestablishment of theKingdom of France.
First Hellenic Republic (1822–1832), established by anti-Ottoman rebels during theGreek War of Independence. Succeeded by theKingdom of Greece following the assassination ofAugustinos Kapodistrias and subsequent intervention byGreat Britain,France andRussia.
Provisional Government of Belgium (1830–1831), established as a successor to the Revolutionary Committee following the success of theBelgian Revolution. Dissolved following the proclamation of theConstitution of Belgium and the consequent establishment of theKingdom of Belgium.
Wellington caretaker ministry (1834), interim ruling body of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland followingWilliam IV's dismissal ofWilliam Lamb's administration.Arthur Wellesley recommendedRobert Peel as Lamb's successor; because Peel was in theKingdom of Sardinia at the time, Wellesley headed a caretaker administration until Peel's return to Britain.French Provisional Government of 1848, interim ruling body of theFrench Second Republic established after theFrench Revolution of 1848, which ended theJuly Monarchy. Succeeded by theFrench Executive Commission of 1848.
Provisional Government of Milan (1848), formed by Milanese insurgents during theFirst Italian War of Independence. Dissolved following theAustrian Empire's victory in theBattle of Custoza.
Dictator Executive Commission in Warsaw andNational Civil Government (1863), interim ruling bodies ofCongress Poland during theJanuary Uprising, formed as the successor to the undergroundPolish National Government. The coexisting provisional governments were bothde jure ruled byMarian Langiewicz, whose arrest led to their dissolution in favor of a single coalition government.Provisional Government of Spain (1868–1871), established after theSpanish Glorious Revolution pending the election of a new Constitutional Monarch.Government of National Defense (1870–1871), interim ruling body of theFrench Third Republic following the collapse of theSecond French Empire during theFranco-Prussian War. Replaced by theCabinet Dufaure I following the1871 French legislative election.
Provisional Government of the Portuguese Republic (1910–1911), established in the aftermath of theRepublican Revolution that overthrow the Portuguese monarchy.
Provisional Government of Albania (1912–1914), established after theFirst Balkan War
Provisional Government of Western Thrace (1913), established in modern Greece in opposition to annexation byBulgaria during theSecond Balkan War.
Provisional Government of Northern Epirus (1914), established against annexation toAlbania.
Provisional Government of the Irish Republic (1916), a title adopted by the leadership of the short-livedEaster Rising.Provisional Government of National Defence (1916), alternative government established in the city ofThessaloniki in northern Greece
Provisional Council of State (1917), interim government of theKingdom of Poland based on theAct of 5th November. Collapsed following the resignation ofJózef Piłsudski and the subsequentoath crisis, resulting in the Temporary Committee of the Provisional Council of State forming to replace it.
Russian Provisional Government (1917), established as a result of theFebruary Revolution which led to the abdication ofTsarNicholas II.
Czechoslovak National Council (1918), interim ruling body of theFirst Czechoslovak Republic following its independence fromAustria-Hungary.
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, (1918) established in 1918 as theunrecognized first incarnation ofYugoslavia and later merged with theKingdoms of Serbia andMontenegro to form theKingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
Estonian Provisional Government (1918–1919)
Council of the People's Deputies (1918–1919), formed by theGerman Empire's main socialist parties during theGerman Revolution before adopting abig tent policy and facilitating the transition to a republican government. Succeeded by theScheidemann cabinet, the first government of theWeimar Republic, following the1919 German federal election.
Latvian Provisional Government (1918–1920)
Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland (1918), established followingAustria-Hungary's Parliamentary motion in favor of restoring Polish independence. Dissolved following the ascension ofJózef Piłsudski as head of state and the establishment of theSecond Polish Republic.Provisional All-Russian Government (1918), a short-lived anti-communist government formed during theRussian Civil War. Overthrown by thewhite movement in theKolchak Coup and replaced by the1918—1919 Russian government.Russian Government (1918—1919), a military government formed by thewhite movement following the overthrow of theProvisional All-Russian Government in theKolchak Coup. Dissolved during the fall of Omsk, with its members forming theSouth Russian Government andEastern Okraina the following year.
Ukrainian Provisional Government (1918)
Provisional Regional Government of the Urals (1918), a short-lived anti-Bolshevik state within the territory of theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Voluntarily dissolved after two months, ceding power to theProvisional All-Russian Government.Provisional Government of the Northern Region (1918–1920)
Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919), established as arevolutionary committee, under patronage from theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, with the intent of creating aSoviet republic inBessarabia. Dissolved afterAnton Denikin capturedOdesa, where the BSSR operated.
Security Council of the Northern Caucasus and Dagestan (1919–1920), interim government ofDagestan following the collapse and exodus of theMountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus. Dissolved following the Bolshevik takeover and the11th Army's capture of the Northern Caucasus.
Provisional Governing Commission (1920–1922), established as the ruling body of theRepublic of Central Lithuania, a puppet state of theSecond Polish Republic formed during thePolish–Lithuanian War. Dissolved after theLegislative Sejm voted to absorb the state into Poland.[59][60]
Provisional Government of Ireland (1922), established by theAnglo-Irish Treaty between the British government and Irish revolutionaries, in order to pave the way for the establishment of theIrish Free State in the same year.
Tungus Republic (1924–1925), a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state formed withinOkhotsky and the easternYakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Dissolved and reabsorbed into theSoviet Union following peace talks between the two.
Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic (1931), interim ruling body of theSecond Spanish Republic following the deposition of KingAlfonso XIII. Dissolved following the establishment of a regular government by theSpanish Constitution of 1931.Vichy France (1940–1944), established as a puppet government ofNazi Germany following theBattle of France andArmistice of 22 June 1940. Dissolved following theliberation of France and the installation of theProvisional Government of the French Republic.
Provisional Government of Lithuania (1941), established when Lithuanians overthrew theSoviet occupation during theJune Uprising. It functioned briefly untilNazi Germany annexed the country.
Provisional National Government of Hungary (1944–1945) (Ideiglenes Nemzeti Kormány)[61]
Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1945)
French Committee of National Liberation (Comité Français de Libération Nationale, CFLN) (1943–1944), set up inAlgiers, then a part ofmetropolitan France.
Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) (1944–1946), government of the provisional Republic following theliberation of France and consequent dissolution ofthe Vichy government until the establishment of theFourth Republic.
Italian partisan republics (1944), formed by various segments of theItalian resistance movement in opposition to theItalian Social Republic. Each of them were reconquered by theWehrmacht within weeks of their establishment.
Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946), formed by theNational Liberation Movement following the successful expulsion of theGerman occupation. Succeeded by thePeople's Republic of Albania after interim prime ministerEnver Hoxha's expulsion of kingZog I and theDemocratic Front of Albania's dominance of the1945 Albanian parliamentary election.
Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland (1944–1945), established by theState National Council with the intention of creating a Soviet-aligned communist Poland, contrary to the western-alignedPolish government-in-exile (which it did not recognize). Succeeded by theProvisional Government of National Unity.
Flensburg Government (1945), established following the suicides ofAdolf Hitler andJoseph Goebbels during the closing days of theThird Reich.Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947), established as the successor to theProvisional Government of the Republic of Poland. Dissolved following the establishment of thePolish People's Republic.
Interim National Assembly (1945–1946), provisional ruling body of theThird Czechoslovak Republic. Succeeded by theConstituent National Assembly following the1946 election.Provisional governments were also established throughout Europe asoccupied nations were liberated fromNazi occupation by theAllies.
Provisional Democratic Government (1947–1950), formed by theCommunist Party of Greece during theGreek Civil War as the successor to the World War II-eraPolitical Committee of National Liberation. Withdrew from their territories in northern Greece after their defeat duringOperation Pyrsos in 1949 and continued as agovernment-in-exile before dissolving fourteen months later.
Provisional Turkish Cypriot Administration[62] (1967–1971), formed byTurkish Cypriots in the wake of the1967 Greek coup d'état and subsequent worsening ofintercommunal violence. Dissolved four years after its establishment, but succeeded by theTurkish Federated State of Cyprus following theTurkish invasion of Cyprus.National Salvation Junta andsix provisional governments that followed after theCarnation Revolution and until thefirst democratically elected government under the newConstitution was sworn in (25 April 1974–23 July 1976) Government of National Understanding, established inCzechoslovakia after theVelvet Revolution of 1989.
National Salvation Front (1989–1990), established inRomania after the fall and execution ofNicolae Ceaușescu andthe end of theSocialist Republic of Romania in 1989. Later restructured into abig tent political party following the establishment of a post-communist successor government in 1990, winning thegeneral election that year before breaking up into theDemocratic National Salvation Front and theDemocratic Party in 1992.Estonian Interim Government (1990–1992)
State Committee on the State of Emergency (1991), formed by the leaders of the1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt. Dissolved after the coup's failure, withMikhail Gorbachev being reinstated as the Soviet head of state.
Ukraine's transitional government (1991–1996) formed after the1991 Ukrainian independence referendum, which dissolved theUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and formalized Ukraine's independence from theSoviet Union. Officially declared the legal successor of the Ukrainian SSR afterMykola Plaviuk, president of thegovernment in exile, ceded his powers toLeonid Kravchuk, the winner of the1991 Ukrainian presidential election. Ultimately succeeded by the currentgovernment following a parliamentary motion to adopta new constitution, ending the post-Soviet transition.
United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (1999–de facto 2008), formed to stabilize Kosovo in the aftermath of theKosovo War. Never formally dissolved, butde facto replaced by theRepublic of Kosovo afterunilaterally declaring independence in 2008.As of 2024 in Europe, onlyBelarus,South Ossetia, and territories ofRussia andUkraine occupied by each other during theRussian invasion of Ukraine have provisional governments. The former two were established by the opposition in parallel with thegovernment of the Republic of South Ossetia–State of Alania and thegovernment of the Republic of Belarus, while the latter two exist as a occupation governments in opposition to thegovernment of Russia and thegovernment of Ukraine, respectively.
Provisional Institutions of Self-Government (2002–de facto 2008), established by theUnited Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo to facilitate local governance. Like the UN administration, the provisional institutions were never formally dissolved, but werede facto replaced by theRepublic of Kosovo following the2008 Kosovo declaration of independence.
Administration of South Ossetia (2007–present), appointed by the government ofGeorgia asSouth Ossetia's official ruling body in opposition to secessionist movements in the region. After being driven out of the country during theRusso-Georgian War in 2008, it has operated as a government in exile in opposition to the current, Russian-backed government.
Belarusian Coordination Council (2020–present) and theUnited Transitional Cabinet of Belarus (2022–present), established in the aftermath of the2020 Belarusian presidential election and during subsequentprotests. The transitional government is supported and recognized byLithuania.Russian temporary administrative agencies in occupied Ukraine (2022–present), a series of puppet governments installed in theRussian-occupied territories of Ukraine during theRussian invasion of Ukraine.Military commandant's office for the Kursk region (2024–present), provisional administration established to administer parts ofKursk Oblast controlled by Ukraine.
Provisional Government of Hawaii (1893–1894), established in 1893 after theoverthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and renamed to theRepublic of Hawaii in 1894.Naval Government of Guam (1898–1950), established by the United States following itscapture during theSpanish–American War. Dissolved following theGuam Organic Act of 1950, which establishedGuam as anunincorporated organized territory.
1901 caretaker government of Australia, established pending thefirst election to the newly establishedCommonwealth of Australia.
Provisional World Government (1977–present), established by theSecond World Constituent Assembly after the adoption of a world constitution,Constitution for the Federation of Earth.[63][64][65]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)Hemos tenido algo que pasó de ser provisional a convertirse en algo perpetuo. Y no se celebraron las elecciones, de manera que el artículo 233 perdió su razón de ser para justificar el gobierno interino.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)With this declaration a Presidential Leadership Council shall be established to complete the implementation of the tasks of the transitional period. I irreversibly delegate to the Presidential Leadership Council my full powers in accordance with the constitution and the Gulf Initiative and its executive mechanism.
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