Intel suppliesmicroprocessors for most manufacturers of computer systems, and is one of the developers of thex86 series of instruction sets found in most personal computers (PCs). It also manufactureschipsets,network interface controllers,flash memory,graphics processing units (GPUs),field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and other devices related to communications and computing. Intel has a strong presence in the high-performance general-purpose and gaming PC market with itsIntel Core line of CPUs, whose high-end models are among the fastest consumer CPUs, as well as itsIntel Arc series of GPUs.
Intel was founded on July 18, 1968, by semiconductor pioneersGordon Moore andRobert Noyce, along with investorArthur Rock, and is associated with the executive leadership and vision ofAndrew Grove.[4] The company was a key component of the rise ofSilicon Valley as ahigh-tech center,[5] as well as being an early developer ofstatic (SRAM) anddynamic random-access memory (DRAM) chips, which represented the majority of its business until 1981. Although Intel created the world's first commercial microprocessor chip—theIntel 4004—in 1971, it was not until the success of the PC in the early 1990s that this became its primary business.
During the 1990s, the partnership betweenMicrosoft Windows and Intel, known asWintel, became instrumental in shaping the PC landscape,[6][7] and solidified Intel's position on the market. As a result, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs in the mid to late 1990s, fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. During this period, it became the dominant supplier of PC microprocessors, with a market share of 90%,[8] and was known for aggressive andanti-competitive tactics in defense of its market position, particularly againstAMD, as well as a struggle withMicrosoft for control over the direction of the PC industry.[9][10] Since the 2000s and especially the late 2010s, Intel has faced increasing competition from AMD, which has led to a decline in its dominance and market share in the PC market.[11] Nevertheless, with a 68.4% market share as of 2023, Intel still leads the x86 market by a wide margin.[12]
In deciding on a name, Moore and Noyce quickly rejected "Moore Noyce",[19] a near-homophone for "more noise" – an ill-suited name for anelectronics company, sincenoise in electronics is usually undesirable and typically associated with badinterference. Instead, they founded the company as NM Electronics on July 18, 1968, but by the end of the month had changed the name to Intel, which stood for Integrated Electronics. Since "Intel" was already trademarked by the hotel chain Intelco, they had to buy the rights for the name.[18][20]
While the 1101 was a significant advance, its complex staticcell structure made it too slow and costly formainframe memories. The three-transistor cell implemented in the first commercially availabledynamic random-access memory (DRAM), the1103 released in 1970, solved these issues. The 1103 was the bestselling semiconductor memory chip in the world by 1972, as it replaced core memory in many applications.[26][27] Intel's business grew during the 1970s as it expanded and improved its manufacturing processes and produced a wider range of products, still dominated by various memory devices.
Intel created the first commercially available microprocessor, theIntel 4004, in 1971.[18] The microprocessor represented a notable advance in the technology of integrated circuitry, as it miniaturized the central processing unit of a computer, which then made it possible for small machines to perform calculations that in the past only very large machines could do. Considerable technological innovation was needed before the microprocessor could become the basis of what was first known as a "mini computer" and then a "personal computer".[28] Intel also created one of the firstmicrocomputers in 1973.[24][29]
Intel opened its first international manufacturing facility in 1972, in Malaysia, which would host multiple Intel operations, before opening assembly facilities and semiconductor plants in Singapore and Jerusalem in the early 1980s, and manufacturing and development centers in China, India, and Costa Rica in the 1990s.[30] By the early 1980s, its business was dominated by DRAM chips. However, increased competition from Japanese semiconductor manufacturers had, by 1983, dramatically reduced the profitability of this market. The growing success of theIBM personal computer, based on an Intel microprocessor, was among factors that convinced Gordon Moore (CEO since 1975) to shift the company's focus to microprocessors and to change fundamental aspects of that business model. Moore's decision to sole-source Intel's 386 chip played into the company's continuing success.
By the end of the 1980s, buoyed by its fortuitous position as microprocessor supplier to IBM and IBM's competitors within the rapidly growingpersonal computer market, Intel embarked on 10 years of unprecedented growth as the primary and most profitable hardware supplier to the PC industry, part of the winning 'Wintel' combination. Moore handed over his position as CEO toAndy Grove in 1987. By launching its Intel Insidemarketing campaign in 1991, Intel was able to associatebrand loyalty with consumer selection, so that by the end of the 1990s, its line ofPentium processors had become a household name.
As Intel exited other markets, the company depended so much on the 80386 and its successors that a marketing employee said that "there's only one product, and Andy Grove's the product manager".[31] After 2000, growth in demand for high-end microprocessors slowed. Competitors, most notablyAMD (Intel's largest competitor in its primaryx86 architecture market), garnered significant market share, initially in low-end and mid-range processors but ultimately across the product range. Intel's dominant position in its core market was greatly reduced,[32] mostly due to the controversialNetBurst microarchitecture. In the early 2000s, then-CEO,Craig Barrett attempted to diversify the company's business beyond semiconductors, but few of these activities were ultimately successful.
Intel was embroiled in litigation for several years. U.S. law did not initially recognizeintellectual property rights related to microprocessortopology (circuit layouts), until theSemiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984, a law sought by Intel and theSemiconductor Industry Association (SIA).[33] During the late 1980s and 1990s (after this law was passed), Intel also sued companies that tried to develop competitor chips to the80386 CPU.[34] The lawsuits were noted to significantly burden the competition with legal bills, even if Intel lost the suits.[34]Antitrust allegations had been simmering since the early 1990s and had been the cause of one lawsuit against Intel in 1991. In 2004 and 2005, AMDbrought further claims against Intel related tounfair competition.
Reorganization and success with Intel Core (2005–2015)
In 2005, CEOPaul Otellini reorganized the company to refocus its core processor and chipset business on platforms (enterprise, digital home, digital health, and mobility).
On June 6, 2005,Steve Jobs, then CEO ofApple, announced that Apple would be using Intel's x86 processors for itsMacintosh computers, switching from thePowerPC architecture developed by theAIM alliance.[35] This was seen as a win for Intel;[36] an analyst called the move "risky" and "foolish", as Intel's current offerings at the time were considered to be behind those of AMD and IBM.[37]
In 2006, Intel unveiled itsCore microarchitecture to widespread critical acclaim; the product range was perceived as an exceptional leap in processor performance that at a stroke regained much of its leadership of the field.[38][39] In 2008, Intel had another "tick" when it introduced the Penryn microarchitecture, fabricated using the 45 nm process node. Later that year, Intel released a processor with theNehalem architecture to positive reception.[40]
On June 27, 2006, the sale of Intel'sXScale assets was announced. Intel agreed to sell the XScale processor business toMarvell Technology Group for an estimated $600 million and the assumption of unspecified liabilities. The move was intended to permit Intel to focus its resources on its core x86 and server businesses, and theacquisition completed on November 9, 2006.[41]
In 2008, Intel spun off key assets of a solar startup business effort to form an independent company, SpectraWatt Inc. In 2011, SpectraWatt filed for bankruptcy.[42]
In February 2011, Intel began to build a new microprocessor manufacturing facility inChandler, Arizona, completed in 2013 at a cost of $5 billion.[43] The building is now the 10 nm-certified Fab 42 and is connected to the other Fabs (12, 22, 32) on Ocotillo Campus via an enclosed bridge known as the Link.[44][45][46][47] The company produces three-quarters of its products in the United States, although three-quarters of its revenue come from overseas.[48]
TheAlliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013 and Intel is part of the coalition of public and private organizations that also includesFacebook,Google, andMicrosoft. Led bySir Tim Berners-Lee, the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable to broaden access in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Google will help to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.[49]
In April 2011, Intel began a pilot project withZTE Corporation to produce smartphones using theIntel Atom processor for China's domestic market. In December 2011, Intel announced that it reorganized several of its business units into a new mobile and communications group[50] that would be responsible for the company's smartphone, tablet, and wireless efforts. Intel planned to introduce Medfield – a processor for tablets and smartphones – to the market in 2012, as an effort to compete withArm.[51] As a 32-nanometer processor, Medfield is designed to be energy-efficient, one of Arm's chips' core features.[52]
Intel's partnership with Google was announced at the Intel Developers Forum (IDF) 2011 in San Francisco. In January 2012, Google announced Android 2.3, supporting Intel's Atom microprocessor.[53][54][55] In 2013, Intel's Kirk Skaugen said that Intel's exclusive focus on Microsoft platforms was a thing of the past and that they would now support all "tier-one operating systems" such as Linux, Android, iOS, and Chrome.[56]
In 2014, Intel cut thousands of employees in response to "evolving market trends",[57] and offered to subsidize manufacturers for the extra costs involved in using Intel chips in their tablets. In April 2016, Intel cancelled theSoFIA platform and the Broxton Atom SoC for smartphones,[58][59][60][61] effectively leaving the smartphone market.[62][63]
Finding itself with excess fab capacity after the failure of theUltrabook to gain market traction and with PC sales declining, in 2013 Intel reached afoundry agreement to produce chips forAltera using a 14 nm process. General Manager of Intel's custom foundry division Sunit Rikhi indicated that Intel would pursue further such deals in the future.[64] This was after poor sales ofWindows 8 hardware caused a major retrenchment for most of the major semiconductor manufacturers, except for Qualcomm, which continued to see healthy purchases from its largest customer, Apple.[65]
As of July 2013, five companies were using Intel's fabs via theIntel Custom Foundry division:Achronix,Tabula, Netronome,Microsemi, andPanasonic – most arefield-programmable gate array (FPGA) makers, but Netronome designs network processors. Only Achronix began shipping chips made by Intel using the 22 nm Tri-Gate process.[66][67] Several other customers also exist but were not announced at the time.[68]
The foundry business was closed in 2018 due to Intel's issues with its manufacturing.[69][70]
Intel continued itstick-tock model of a microarchitecture change followed by a die shrink until the 6th-generation Core family based on theSkylake microarchitecture. This model was deprecated in 2016, with the release of the 7th-generation Core family (codenamedKaby Lake), ushering in theprocess–architecture–optimization model. As Intel struggled to shrink their process node from14 nm to10 nm, processor development slowed down and the company continued to use the Skylake microarchitecture until 2020, albeit with optimizations.[71]
While Intel originally planned to introduce 10 nm products in 2016, it later became apparent that there were manufacturing issues with the node.[72] The first microprocessor under that node,Cannon Lake (marketed as 8th-generation Core), was released in small quantities in 2018.[73][74] The company first delayed the mass production of their 10 nm products to 2017.[75][76] They later delayed mass production to 2018,[77] and then to 2019. Despite rumors of the process being cancelled,[78] Intel finally introduced mass-produced 10 nm 10th-generation Intel Core mobile processors (codenamed "Ice Lake") in September 2019.[79]
Intel later acknowledged that their strategy to shrink to 10 nm was too aggressive.[71][80] While other foundries used up to four steps in 10 nm or 7 nm processes, the company's 10 nm process required up to five or six multi-pattern steps.[81] In addition, Intel's 10 nm process is denser than its counterpart processes from other foundries.[82][83] Since Intel's microarchitecture and process node development were coupled, processor development stagnated.[71]
Transient execution CPU vulnerabilities arevulnerabilities in which instructions, most often optimized usingspeculative execution, are executed temporarily by amicroprocessor, without committing their results due to a misprediction or error, resulting in leaking secret data to an unauthorized party. The archetype isSpectre, and transient execution attacks like Spectre belong to the cache-attack category, one of several categories ofside-channel attacks. Since January 2018 many different cache-attack vulnerabilities have been identified.
Due to Intel's issues with its 10 nm process node and the company's slow processor development,[71] the company now found itself in a market with intense competition.[88] The company's main competitor, AMD, introduced theZen microarchitecture and a newchiplet-based design to critical acclaim. Since its introduction, AMD, once unable to compete with Intel in the high-end CPU market, has undergone a resurgence,[89] and Intel's dominance and market share have considerably decreased.[90] In addition, Apple began to transition away from the x86 architecture and Intel processors to their ownApple silicon for their Macintosh computers in 2020. The transition is expected to affect Intel minimally; however, it might prompt other PC manufacturers to reevaluate their reliance on Intel and the x86 architecture.[91][92]
On March 23, 2021, CEO Pat Gelsinger laid out new plans for the company.[93] These include a new strategy, called IDM 2.0, that includes investments in manufacturing facilities, use of both internal and external foundries, and a new foundry business called Intel Foundry Services (IFS), a standalone business unit.[94][95] Unlike Intel Custom Foundry, IFS will offer a combination of packaging and process technology, and Intel's IP portfolio including x86 cores. Other plans for the company include a partnership withIBM and a new event for developers and engineers, called "Intel ON".[70] Gelsinger also confirmed that Intel's 7 nm process is on track, and that the first products using their 7 nm process (also known as Intel 4) arePonte Vecchio andMeteor Lake.[70]
In January 2022, Intel reportedly selectedNew Albany, Ohio, nearColumbus, Ohio, as the site for a major new manufacturing facility.[96] The facility will cost at least $20 billion.[97] The company expects the facility to begin producing chips by 2025.[98] The same year Intel also chooseMagdeburg, Germany, as a site for two new chip mega factories for €17 billion (toppingTesla'smanufacturing plant investment inBrandenburg). The start of the construction was initially planned for 2023, but this has been postponed to late 2024, while the production start is scheduled for 2027.[99] Including subcontractors, this would create 10,000 new jobs.[100]
In August 2022, Intel signed a $30billion partnership withBrookfield Asset Management to fund its then-recent factory expansions. As part of the deal, Intel would have a controlling stake by funding 51% of the cost of building new chip-making facilities in Chandler. Brookfield owns the remaining 49% stake, allowing the companies to split the revenue from those facilities.[101][102]
On January 31, 2023, as part of $3 billion in cost reductions, Intel announced pay cuts affecting employees above midlevel, ranging from 5% upwards. It also suspended bonuses and merit pay increases, reducing retirement plan matching. These cost reductions followed layoffs announced in the fall of 2022.[103]
In October 2023, Intel confirmed it would be the first commercial user ofhigh-NA EUV lithography tool, as part of its plan to regain process leadership fromTSMC.[104]
In December 2023, Intel unveiled Gaudi3, anartificial intelligence (AI) chip forgenerative AI software which launched in 2024 and competes with rival chips fromNvidia and AMD.[105] On June 4, 2024, Intel announced AI chips for data centers, the Xeon 6 processor, aiming for better performance and power efficiency compared to its predecessor. Intel's Gaudi 2 and Gaudi 3AI accelerators were revealed to be more cost-effective than competitors' offerings. Additionally, Intel disclosed architecture details for itsLunar Lake processors for AI PCs,[106] which were released on September 24, 2024.
In August 2024, after posting $1.6 billion in losses for Q2, Intel announced that it intends to cut 15,000 jobs to save $10 billion in 2025.[107] In order to reach this goal, the company will offer early retirement and voluntary departure options.[108]
On November 1, 2024, it was announced that Intel will drop out of theDow Jones Industrial Average on November 8 prior to the stock market open, with Nvidia taking its place.[109][110]
In July 2025, Intel confirmed that it would let go of nearly 24,000 employees—about 15% of its workforce—by the end of 2025 as part of a wider restructuring plan. Intel also announced plans to scrap "tens of billions" of planned investments in new chip facilities in Europe.[111][112][113][114]
In September 2025, Nvidia invested $5 billion in Intel as part of a partnership to jointly develop data-center and personal-computing CPUs. The move will allow Nvidia to offer its powerful servers—the GB300 based on Blackwell GPUs—to customers using Intel's X86 architecture.[115]
In October 2025, it was reported that Intel was in talks to potentially add rival AMD to its foundry customers.[116]
In December 2024, Intel's CEOPat Gelsinger was ousted amid ongoing struggles to revitalize the company, which has seen a significant decline in stock value during his tenure. Gelsinger's resignation, effective December 1, followed a board meeting where directors expressed dissatisfaction with the slow progress of his ambitious turnaround strategy. Despite efforts to enhance Intel's manufacturing capabilities and compete with rivals like AMD and Nvidia, the company faced mounting challenges, including a $16.6 billion loss and a 60% drop in share prices since Gelsinger's appointment in 2021. After his departure, Intel appointed David Zinsner and Michelle Johnston Holthaus interim co-CEOs while searching for a permanent successor. Gelsinger's exit underscored the turmoil at Intel as it grappled with its identity crisis and sought to regain its semiconductor industry position.[117][118][119]
On March 13, 2025, Intel announced the appointment ofLip-Bu Tan as their new CEO, effective March 18, after four months of having interim co-CEOs.[120] Under Tan, Intel has engaged in a significant restructuring aimed at shrinking the company and refocusing efforts on core businesses. In June, the company announced it would be closing down its automotive chipmaking business and laying off up to 20% of staff at its Hillsboro foundry.[121][122] In July, it was reported that Intel would be cutting 5,000 jobs across California, Oregon, Arizona, and Texas. It also spun off its artificial intelligence robotics and biometric company,RealSense as a separate entity.[123] Intel's headcount in Israel also fell below 9,000 for the first time since 2012.[124] The company's plan has ultimately called for 24,000 layoffs, axing plans to build a mega-fab, and assembly and testing facilities in Germany and Poland, and consolidating its assembly and test operations in Costa Rica into its Vietnam sites.[125]
On August 7, 2025,President Trump called for Tan's removal as CEO due to his China connections.[126] Tan was CEO ofCadence Design Systems when it unlawfully exported chips to China between 2015 and 2021,[126] and this drew criticism fromTom Cotton, a senator from Arkansas.[127] The attention caused Intel shares to drop more than 3% during intra-day trading.[126] Cadence pled guilty to the charges in 2025 and paid a fine of $140 million.[128] In a letter to Intel employees, Tan said that he has "always operated within the highest legal and ethical standards".[129][130] On August 11, 2025, Tan met with President Trump and Secretary of CommerceHoward Lutnick and Secretary of the TreasuryScott Bessent at the White House.[131] Following the meeting, President Trump wrote in aTruth Social post that "the meeting was interesting" and Tan's "success and rise is an amazing story."[131]
In August 2025, the United States government purchased 433.3 million Intel shares at $20.47 per share, equivalent to a 9.9% stake.[132][133] The investment was structured as a passive ownership with no board representation or governance rights, and included a five-year warrant to purchase up to an additional 5% stake if Intel's ownership of its foundry business falls below 51%.[134] The US government paid $20.47 per share, which was a discount to the $23 per shareSoftbank paid the prior week.[135]
In 2024 and 2025, AMD has made significant advances in the server CPU market, narrowing the gap with Intel. While some reports briefly indicated a near-equal market split, further investigation revealed that these initial figures were influenced by manipulated benchmark data and were corrected shortly thereafter. As of the third quarter of 2025, Intel retained a majority share of the server CPU market at 63.3%, with AMD close behind at 36.5%.[136] This upward trend for AMD reflects ongoing gains. While Intel remains the dominant player, it has seen its market share slip from over 90% in 2020.[137]
Intel's first products wereshift register memory and random-accessmemory integrated circuits, and Intel grew to be a leader in the fiercely competitiveDRAM,SRAM, andROM markets throughout the 1970s. Concurrently, Intel engineersMarcian Hoff,Federico Faggin,Stanley Mazor, andMasatoshi Shima invented Intel's firstmicroprocessor. Originally developed for the Japanese companyBusicom to replace a number ofASICs in a calculator already produced by Busicom, theIntel 4004 was introduced to the mass market on November 15, 1971, though the microprocessor did not become the core of Intel's business until the mid-1980s. (Note: Intel is usually given credit withTexas Instruments for the almost-simultaneous invention of the microprocessor.)
In 1983, at the dawn of the personal computer era, Intel's profits came under increased pressure from Japanese memory-chip manufacturers, and then-president Andy Grove focused the company on microprocessors. Grove described this transition in the bookOnly the Paranoid Survive. A key element of his plan was the notion, then considered radical, of becoming the single source for successors to the popular8086 microprocessor.
Until then, the manufacture of complex integrated circuits was not reliable enough for customers to depend on a single supplier, but Grove began producing processors in three geographically distinct factories,[which?] and ceased licensing the chip designs to competitors such asAMD.[138] When the PC industry boomed in the late 1980s and 1990s, Intel was one of the primary beneficiaries.
Thedie from an Intel 8742, an8-bit microcontroller that includes aCPU running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes ofRAM, 2048 bytes ofEPROM, andI/O in the same chip
Despite the ultimate importance of the microprocessor, the4004 and its successors the8008 and the8080 were never major revenue contributors at Intel.
In 1975, the company had started a project to develop a highly advanced 32-bit microprocessor, finally released in 1981 as theIntel iAPX 432. The project was too ambitious and the processor was never able to meet its performance objectives, and it failed in the marketplace. (Intel eventually extended thex86 architecture to 32 bits instead.)[139][140]
As the next processor, the8086 (and its variant the 8088) was completed in 1978, Intel embarked on a major marketing and sales campaign for that chip nicknamed "Operation Crush", and intended to win as many customers for the processor as possible. One design win was the newly createdIBM PC division, though the importance of this was not fully realized at the time.
IBM introduced its personal computer in 1981, and it was rapidly successful. In 1982, Intel created the80286 microprocessor, which, two years later, was used in theIBM PC/AT.Compaq, the first IBM PC "clone" manufacturer, produced a desktop system based on the faster 80286 processor in 1985 and in 1986 quickly followed with the first80386-based system, beating IBM and establishing a competitive market for PC-compatible systems and setting up Intel as a keycomponent supplier.
During this periodAndrew Grove dramatically redirected the company, closing much of itsDRAM business and directing resources to themicroprocessor business. Of perhaps greater importance was his decision to "single-source" the 386 microprocessor. Prior to this, microprocessor manufacturing was in its infancy, and manufacturing problems frequently reduced or stopped production, interrupting supplies to customers. To mitigate this risk, these customers typically insisted that multiple manufacturers (second sources) produce chips they could use to ensure a consistent supply. The 8080 and 8086-series microprocessors were produced by several companies, notably AMD, with which Intel had a technology-sharing contract.
The 386 with the optional 387 co-processor
Grove made the decision not to license the 386 design to other manufacturers, instead, producing it in three geographically distinct factories:Santa Clara, California;Hillsboro, Oregon; andChandler, a suburb ofPhoenix, Arizona. He convinced customers that this would ensure consistent delivery. In doing this, Intel breached its contract with AMD, which sued and was paid millions of dollars in damages but could not manufacture new Intel CPU designs any longer. (Instead, AMD started to develop and manufacture its own competing x86 designs.)
As the success ofCompaq'sDeskpro 386 established the 386 as the dominant CPU choice, Intel achieved a position of near-exclusive dominance as its supplier. Profits from this funded rapid development of both higher-performance chip designs and higher-performance manufacturing capabilities, propelling Intel to a position of unquestioned leadership by the early 1990s.
Intel introduced the486 microprocessor in 1989, and in 1990 established a second design team, designing the processors code-named "P5" and "P6" in parallel and committing to a major new processor every two years, versus the four or more years such designs had previously taken. The P5 project was earlier known as "Operation Bicycle", referring to the cycles of the processor through two parallel execution pipelines. The P5 was introduced in 1993 as the IntelPentium, substituting a registered trademark name for the former part number. (Numbers, such as 486, cannot be legally registered as trademarks in the United States.) The P6 followed in 1995 as thePentium Pro and improved into thePentium II in 1997. New architectures were developed alternately inSanta Clara, California, andHillsboro, Oregon.
The Santa Clara design team embarked in 1993 on a successor to thex86 architecture, codenamed "P7". The first attempt was dropped a year later but quickly revived in a cooperative program withHewlett-Packard engineers, though Intel soon took over primary design responsibility. The resulting implementation of theIA-64 64-bit architecture was theItanium, finally introduced in June 2001. The Itanium's performance running legacy x86 code did not meet expectations, and it failed to compete effectively withx86-64, which was AMD's 64-bit extension of the 32-bit x86 architecture (Intel uses the nameIntel 64, previouslyEM64T). In 2017, Intel announced that theItanium 9700 series (Kittson) would be the last Itanium chips produced.[141][142]
The Hillsboro team designed theWillamette processors (initially code-named P68), which were marketed as the Pentium 4.[citation needed]
During this period, Intel undertook two major supporting advertising campaigns. The first campaign, the 1991 "Intel Inside" marketing and branding campaign, is widely known and has become synonymous with Intel itself. The idea of "ingredient branding" was new at the time, with onlyNutraSweet and a few others making attempts to do so.[143] One of the key architects of the marketing team was the head of the microprocessor division,David House.[144] He coined the slogan "Intel Inside".[145] This campaign established Intel, which had been a component supplier little-known outside the PC industry, as a household name.
The second campaign, Intel's Systems Group, which began in the early 1990s, showcased manufacturing of PCmotherboards, the main board component of a personal computer, and the one into which the processor (CPU) and memory (RAM) chips are plugged.[146] The Systems Group campaign was lesser known than the Intel Inside campaign.
Shortly after, Intel began manufacturing fully configured "white box" systems for the dozens of PC clone companies that rapidly sprang up.[147] At its peak in the mid-1990s, Intel manufactured over 15% of all PCs, making it the third-largest supplier at the time.[citation needed]
During the 1990s,Intel Architecture Labs (IAL) was responsible for many of the hardware innovations for the PC, including thePCI Bus, thePCI Express (PCIe) bus, andUniversal Serial Bus (USB). IAL's software efforts met with a more mixed fate; its video and graphics software was important in the development of software digital video,[citation needed] but later its efforts were largely overshadowed by competition fromMicrosoft. The competition between Intel and Microsoft was revealed in testimony by then IAL Vice-presidentSteven McGeady at theMicrosoft antitrust trial (United States v. Microsoft Corp.).
In June 1994, Intel engineers discovered a flaw in thefloating-point math subsection of theP5Pentium microprocessor. Under certain data-dependent conditions, the low-order bits of the result of a floating-point division would be incorrect. The error could compound in subsequent calculations. Intel corrected the error in a future chip revision, and under public pressure it issued a total recall and replaced the defective Pentium CPUs (which were limited to some 60, 66, 75, 90, and 100 MHzmodels) on customer request.
Thebug was discovered independently in October 1994 by Thomas Nicely, Professor of Mathematics atLynchburg College. He contacted Intel but received no response. On October 30, he posted a message about his finding on the Internet.[148] Word of the bug spread quickly and reached the industry press. The bug was easy to replicate; a user could enter specific numbers into the calculator on the operating system. Consequently, many users did not accept Intel's statements that the error was minor and "not even an erratum". During Thanksgiving, in 1994,The New York Times ran a piece by journalistJohn Markoff spotlighting the error. Intel changed its position and offered to replace every chip, quickly putting in place a large end-usersupport organization. This resulted in a $475 million charge against Intel's 1994revenue.[149] Nicely later learned that Intel had discovered the FDIV bug in its own testing a few months before him (but had decided not to inform customers).[150]
The "Pentium flaw" incident, Intel's response to it, and the surrounding media coverage propelled Intel from being a technology supplier generally unknown to most computer users to a household name. Dovetailing with an uptick in the "Intel Inside" campaign, the episode is considered to have been a positive event for Intel, changing some of its business practices to be more end-user focused and generating substantial public awareness, while avoiding a lasting negative impression.[151]
The Intel Core line originated from the original Core brand, with the release of the32-bitYonahCPU, Intel's firstdual-core mobile (low-power) processor. Derived from thePentium M, the processor family used an enhanced version of the P6 microarchitecture. Its successor, theCore 2 family, was released on July 27, 2006. This was based on the IntelCore microarchitecture, and was a 64-bit design.[152] Instead of focusing on higher clock rates, the Core microarchitecture emphasized power efficiency and a return to lower clock speeds.[153] It also provided more efficient decoding stages, execution units,caches, andbuses, reducing thepower consumption of Core 2-branded CPUs while increasing their processing capacity.
In November 2008, Intel released the 1st-generation Core processors based on theNehalem microarchitecture. Intel also introduced a new naming scheme, with the three variants now named Core i3, i5, and i7 (as well as i9 from 7th generation onwards). Unlike the previous naming scheme, these names no longer correspond to specific technical features. It was succeeded by theWestmere microarchitecture in 2010, with a die shrink to 32 nm and included Intel HD Graphics.
In 2011, Intel released theSandy Bridge-based 2nd-generation Core processor family. This generation featured an 11% performance increase over Nehalem.[154] It was succeeded byIvy Bridge-based 3rd-generation Core, introduced at the 2012 Intel Developer Forum.[155] Ivy Bridge featured a die shrink to22 nm, and supported both DDR3 memory and DDR3L chips.
Intel continued itstick-tock model of a microarchitecture change followed by a die shrink until the 6th-generation Core family based on theSkylake microarchitecture. This model was deprecated in 2016, with the release of the 7th-generation Core family based onKaby Lake, ushering in theprocess–architecture–optimization model.[156] From 2016 until 2021, Intel later released more optimizations on the Skylake microarchitecture withKaby Lake R,Amber Lake,Whiskey Lake,Coffee Lake,Coffee Lake R, andComet Lake.[157][158][159][160] Intel struggled to shrink their process node from14 nm to10 nm, with the first microarchitecture under that node,Cannon Lake (marketed as 8th-generation Core), only being released in small quantities in 2018.[73][74]
In 2019, Intel released the 10th-generation of Core processors, codenamed "Amber Lake", "Comet Lake", and "Ice Lake". Ice Lake, based on theSunny Cove microarchitecture, was produced on the 10 nm process and was limited to low-power mobile processors. Both Amber Lake and Comet Lake were based on a refined 14 nm node, with the latter being used for desktop and high-performance mobile products and the former used for low-power mobile products.
In September 2020, 11th-generation Core mobile processors, codenamedTiger Lake, were launched.[161] Tiger Lake is based on the Willow Cove microarchitecture and a refined 10 nm node.[162] Intel later released 11th-generation Core desktop processors (codenamed "Rocket Lake"), fabricated using Intel's 14 nm process and based on theCypress Cove microarchitecture,[163] on March 30, 2021.[164] It replaced Comet Lake desktop processors. All 11th-generation Core processors feature new integrated graphics based on theIntel Xe microarchitecture.[165]
Both desktop and mobile products were unified under a single process node with the release of 12th-generation Intel Core processors (codenamed "Alder Lake") in late 2021.[166][167] This generation will be fabricated using Intel's 10 nm process, called Intel 7, for both desktop and mobile processors, and is based on ahybrid architecture utilizing high-performanceGolden Cove cores and high-efficiencyGracemont (Atom) cores.[166]
Transient execution CPU vulnerabilities arevulnerabilities in which instructions, most often optimized usingspeculative execution, are executed temporarily by amicroprocessor, without committing their results due to a misprediction or error, resulting in leaking secret data to an unauthorized party. The archetype isSpectre, and transient execution attacks like Spectre belong to the cache-attack category, one of several categories ofside-channel attacks. Since January 2018 many different cache-attack vulnerabilities have been identified.
On June 6, 2005,Steve Jobs, then CEO ofApple, announced that Apple would be transitioning theMacintosh from its long favoredPowerPC architecture to the Intel x86 architecture because the future PowerPC road map was unable to satisfy Apple's needs.[35][168] This was seen as a win for Intel,[36] although an analyst called the move "risky" and "foolish", as Intel's current offerings at the time were considered to be behind those of AMD and IBM.[37] The first Mac computers containing Intel CPUs were announced on January 10, 2006, and Apple had its entire line of consumer Macs running on Intel processors by early August 2006. The Apple Xserve server was updated to IntelXeon processors from November 2006 and was offered in a configuration similar to Apple's Mac Pro.[169]
Despite Apple's use of Intel products, relations between the two companies were strained at times.[170] Rumors of Apple switching from Intel processors to their own designs began circulating as early as 2011.[171] On June 22, 2020, during Apple's annualWWDC,Tim Cook, Apple's CEO, announced that it would betransitioning the company's entire Mac line from Intel CPUs tocustom Apple-designed processors based on theArm architecture over the course of the next two years. In the short term, this transition was estimated to have minimal effects on Intel, as Apple only accounted for 2% to 4% of its revenue. However, at the time it was believed that Apple's shift to its own chips might prompt other PC manufacturers to reassess their reliance on Intel and the x86 architecture.[91][92] By November 2020, Apple unveiled theM1, its processor custom-designed for the Mac.[172][173][174][175]
In 2008, Intel began shipping mainstreamsolid-state drives (SSDs) with up to 160 GB storage capacities.[176] As with their CPUs, Intel develops SSD chips using ever-smaller nanometer processes. These SSDs make use of industry standards such asNAND flash,[177]mSATA,[178]PCIe, andNVMe. In 2017, Intel introduced SSDs based on3D XPoint technology under the Optane brand name.[179]
In 2021,SK Hynix acquired most of Intel's NAND memory business[180] for $7 billion, with a remaining transaction worth $2 billion expected in 2025.[181] Intel also discontinued its consumer Optane products in 2021.[182] In July 2022, Intel disclosed in its Q2 earnings report that it would cease future product development within its Optane business, which in turn effectively discontinued the development of 3D XPoint as a whole.[183]
Intel is one of the biggest stakeholders in theself-driving car industry, having joined the race in mid 2017[189] after joining forces withMobileye.[190] The company is also one of the first in the sector to research consumer acceptance, after an AAA report quoted a 78% nonacceptance rate of the technology in the U.S.[191]
Safety levels of autonomous driving technology, the thought of abandoning control to a machine, and psychological comfort of passengers in such situations were the major discussion topics initially. The commuters also stated that they did not want to see everything the car was doing. This was primarily a referral to the auto-steering wheel with no one sitting in the driving seat. Intel also learned that voice control regulator is vital, and the interface between the humans and machine eases the discomfort condition, and brings some sense of control back.[192] It is important to mention that Intel included only 10 people in this study, which makes the study less credible.[191] In a video posted on YouTube,[193] Intel accepted this fact and called for further testing.
Intel formed a new business unit called the Programmable Solutions Group (PSG) on completion of itsAltera acquisition.[194] Intel has since soldStratix, Arria, and CycloneFPGAs. In 2019, Intel releasedAgilex FPGAs: chips aimed at data centers,5G applications, and other uses.[195]
In October 2023, Intel announced it would be spinning off PSG into a separate company at the start of 2024, while maintaining majority ownership.[196]
By the end of the 1990s,microprocessor performance had outstripped software demand for that CPU power.[citation needed] Aside from high-end server systems and software, whose demand dropped with the end of the "dot-com bubble",[197] consumer systems ran effectively on increasingly low-cost systems after 2000.
Intel's strategy was to develop processors with better performance in a short time, from the appearance of one to the other, as seen with the appearance of the Pentium II in May 1997, the Pentium III in February 1999, and the Pentium 4 in the fall of 2000, making the strategy ineffective since the consumer did not see the innovation as essential,[198] and leaving an opportunity for rapid gains by competitors, notablyAMD. This, in turn, lowered the profitability[citation needed] of the processor line and ended an era of unprecedented dominance of the PC hardware by Intel.[citation needed]
Intel's dominance in thex86 microprocessor market led to numerous charges ofantitrust violations over the years, includingFTC investigations in both the late 1980s and in 1999, and civil actions such as the 1997 suit byDigital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and a patent suit byIntergraph. Intel's market dominance (at one time[when?] it controlled over 85% of the market for 32-bit x86 microprocessors) combined with Intel's own hardball legal tactics (such as its infamous 338 patent suit versus PC manufacturers)[199] made it an attractive target for litigation, culminating in Intel agreeing to pay AMD $1.25 billion and grant them a perpetual patent cross-license in 2009 as well as several anti-trust judgements in Europe, Korea, and Japan.[200]
A case ofindustrial espionage arose in 1995 that involved both Intel and AMD.Bill Gaede, anArgentine formerly employed both at AMD and at Intel'sArizona plant, was arrested for attempting in 1993 to sell thei486 andP5 Pentium designs to AMD and to certain foreign powers.[201] Gaede videotaped data from his computer screen at Intel and mailed it to AMD, which immediately alerted Intel and authorities, resulting in Gaede's arrest. Gaede was convicted and sentenced to 33 months in prison in June 1996.[202][203]
In 2023,Dell accounted for about 19% of Intel's total revenues,Lenovo accounted for 11% of total revenues, andHP Inc. accounted for 10% of total revenues.[206] As of May 2024, theU.S. Department of Defense is another large customer for Intel.[207][208][209][210] In September 2024, Intel reportedly qualified for as much as $3.5 billion in federal grants to make semiconductors for the Defense Department.[211]
According toIDC, while Intel enjoyed the biggest market share in both the overall worldwide PC microprocessor market (73.3%) and the mobile PC microprocessor (80.4%) in the second quarter of 2011, the numbers decreased by 1.5% and 1.9% compared to the first quarter of 2011.[212][213]
Intel's market share decreased significantly in theenthusiast market as of 2019,[214] and they have faced delays for their 10 nm products. According to former Intel CEO Bob Swan, the delay was caused by the company's overly aggressive strategy for moving to its next node.[71]
The only major competitor in thex86 processor market is AMD, with which Intel has had full cross-licensing agreements since 1976: each partner can use the other's patented technological innovations without charge after a certain time.[218] However, the cross-licensing agreement is canceled in the event of an AMD bankruptcy or takeover.[219]
Some smaller competitors, such as VIA Technologies, producelow-power x86 processors for small factor computers and portable equipment. However, the advent of such mobile computing devices, in particular,smartphones, has led toa decline in PC sales.[220] Since over 95% of the world's smartphones currently use processors cores designed byArm, using theArm instruction set, Arm has become a major competitor for Intel's processor market. Arm is also planning to make attempts at setting foot into the PC and server market, withAmpere andIBM each individually designing CPUs for servers andsupercomputers.[221] The only other major competitor in processor instruction sets isRISC-V, which is anopen source CPU instruction set. The major Chinese phone and telecommunications manufacturerHuawei has released chips based on the RISC-V instruction set due toUS sanctions against China.[222]
Intel has been involved in several disputes regarding the violation ofantitrust laws, which are noted below.
Intel has self-reported that they have wafer fabrication plants in the United States,Ireland, and Israel. They have also self-reported that they have assembly and testing sites mostly in China, Costa Rica, Malaysia, and Vietnam, and one site in the United States.[223][224]
Paul Otellini, Craig Barrett andSean Maloney in 2006
Robert Noyce was Intel's CEO at its founding in 1968, followed by co-founderGordon Moore in 1975.Andy Grove became the company's president in 1979 and added the CEO title in 1987 when Moore became chairman. In 1998, Grove succeeded Moore as chairman, andCraig Barrett, already company president, took over. On May 18, 2005, Barrett handed the reins of the company over toPaul Otellini, who had been the company president and COO and who was responsible for Intel's design win in the originalIBM PC. The board of directors elected Otellini as president and CEO, and Barrett replaced Grove asChairman of the Board. Grove stepped down as chairman but is retained as a special adviser. In May 2009, Barrett stepped down as chairman of the board and was succeeded by Jane Shaw. In May 2012, Intel vice chairman Andy Bryant, who had held the posts of CFO (1994) and Chief Administrative Officer (2007) at Intel, succeeded Shaw as executive chairman.[227]
In November 2012, president and CEO Paul Otellini announced that he would step down in May 2013 at the age of 62, three years before the company's mandatory retirement age. During a six-month transition period, Intel's board of directors commenced a search process for the next CEO, in which it considered both internal managers and external candidates such asSanjay Jha and Patrick Gelsinger.[228] Financial results revealed that, under Otellini, Intel's revenue increased by 55.8% (US$34.2 to 53.3 billion), while its net income increased by 46.7% (US$7.5 billion to 11 billion).[229]
On May 2, 2013, Executive Vice President and COOBrian Krzanich was elected as Intel's sixth CEO,[230] a selection that became effective on May 16, 2013, at the company's annual meeting. Reportedly, the board concluded that an insider could proceed with the role and exert an impact more quickly, without the need to learn Intel's processes, and Krzanich was selected on such a basis.[231] Intel's software headRenée James was selected as president of the company, a role that is second to the CEO position.[232]
As of May 2013, Intel's board of directors consists of Andy Bryant, John Donahoe, Frank Yeary, AmbassadorCharlene Barshefsky,Susan Decker,Reed Hundt, Paul Otellini, James Plummer, David Pottruck, and David Yoffie and Creative directorwill.i.am. The board was described by formerFinancial Times journalist Tom Foremski as "an exemplary example of corporate governance of the highest order" and received a rating of ten from GovernanceMetrics International, a form of recognition that has only been awarded to twenty-one other corporate boards worldwide.[233]
On June 21, 2018, Intel announced the resignation of Brian Krzanich as CEO, with the exposure of a relationship he had with an employee.Bob Swan was named interim CEO, as the Board began a search for a permanent CEO.
On January 31, 2019, Swan transitioned from his role as CFO and interim CEO and was named by the Board as the seventh CEO to lead the company.[234]
On January 13, 2021, Intel announced that Swan would be replaced as CEO byPat Gelsinger, effective February 15. Gelsinger is a former Intel chief technology officer who had previously been head ofVMWare.[235]
In March 2021, Intel removed the mandatory retirement age for its corporate officers.[236]
In October 2023, Intel announced it would be spinning off its Programmable Solutions Group business unit into a separate company at the start of 2024, while maintaining majority ownership and intending to seek an IPO within three years to raise funds.[196][237]
On December 1, 2024, Pat Gelsinger retired from the position of Intel CEO and stepped down from the company's board of directors.[238][239] David Zinsner and Michelle Johnston Holthaus were named as interim co-CEO's.[240] On March 13, 2025, it was announced that he would be formally replaced by AmericanLip-Bu Tan starting March 18, 2025.[241]
In August 2025, Intel announced an agreement to give the US government a 9.9% equity stake in exchange forCHIPS Act funding previously allocated during the Biden administration. The federal government will not have any controlling interest in the company.[242]
Intel's microprocessor facility inCosta Rica was responsible in 2006 for 20% of Costa Rican exports and 4.9% of the country's GDP.[245]
Prior to March 2021, Intel had a mandatory retirement policy for its CEOs when they reach age 65.[246] Andy Grove retired at 62, while both Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore retired at 58. Grove retired as chairman and as a member of the board of directors in 2005 at age 68.
Intel invests heavily in research in China and about 100 researchers – or 10% of the total number of researchers from Intel – are located in Beijing.[253]
In 2011, the Israeli government offered Intel $290 million to expand in the country. As a condition, Intel would employ 1,500 more workers inKiryat Gat and between 600 and 1000 workers in the north.[254]
In January 2014, it was reported that Intel would cut about 5,000 jobs from its workforce of 107,000. The announcement was made a day after it reported earnings that missed analyst targets.[255]
In March 2014, it was reported that Intel would embark upon a $6 billion plan to expand its activities in Israel. The plan calls for continued investment in existing and new Intel plants until 2030. As of 2014[update], Intel employs 10,000 workers at four development centers and two production plants in Israel.[256]
Due to declining PC sales, in 2016 Intel cut 12,000 jobs.[257] In 2021, Intel reversed course under new CEO Pat Gelsinger and started hiring thousands of engineers.[258]
Intel has a Diversity Initiative, including employee diversity groups,[259] as well as asupplier diversity program.[260] Like many companies with employee diversity groups, they include groups based on race and nationality as well as sexual identity and religion. In 1994, Intel sanctioned one of the earliest corporate Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender employee groups,[261] and supports a Muslim employees group,[262] a Jewish employees group,[263] and a Bible-based Christian group.[264][265]
Intel has received a 100% rating on numerousCorporate Equality Indices released by theHuman Rights Campaign including the first one released in 2002. In addition, the company is frequently named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers byWorking Mother magazine.
In January 2015, Intel announced the investment of $300 million over the next five years to enhance gender and racial diversity in their own company as well as the technology industry as a whole.[266][267][268][269][270]
In February 2016, Intel released its Global Diversity & Inclusion 2015 Annual Report.[271] The male-female mix of US employees was reported as 75.2% men and 24.8% women. For US employees in technical roles, the mix was reported as 79.8% male and 20.1% female.[271]NPR reports that Intel is facing a retention problem (particularly forAfrican Americans), not just a pipeline problem.[272]
In 2011, ECONorthwest conducted aneconomic impact analysis of Intel's economic contribution to the state of Oregon. The report found that in 2009 "the total economic impacts attributed to Intel's operations, capital spending, contributions and taxes amounted to almost $14.6 billion in activity, including $4.3 billion in personal income and 59,990 jobs".[273] Through multiplier effects, every 10 Intel jobs supported, on average, was found to create 31 jobs in other sectors of the economy.[274]
Intel has been addressing supply base reduction as an issue since the mid-1980's, adopting an "n + 1"rule of thumb, whereby the maximum number of suppliers required to maintain production levels for each component is determined, and no more than one additional supplier is engaged with for each component.[275]
Intel has been operating in the State ofIsrael sinceDov Frohman founded the Israeli branch of the company in 1974 in a small office inHaifa. Intel Israel currently has development centers in Haifa,Jerusalem andPetah Tikva, and has a manufacturing plant in theKiryat Gat industrial park that develops and manufactures microprocessors and communications products. Intel employed about 10,000 employees in Israel in 2013. Maxine Fesberg has been the CEO of Intel Israel since 2007 and the Vice President of Intel Global. In December 2016, Fesberg announced her resignation, her position ofchief executive officer (CEO) has been filled by Yaniv Gerti since January 2017.
In June 2024, the company announced that it was stopping development on a Kiryat Gat-based factory in Israel. The site was expected to cost $25 billion, with $3.2 billion provided by the Israeli government in the form of a grant.[276]
In 2010, Intel purchasedMcAfee, a manufacturer of computer security technology, for $7.68 billion.[277] As a condition for regulatory approval of the transaction, Intel agreed to provide rival security firms with all necessary information that would allow their products to use Intel's chips and personal computers.[278] After the acquisition, Intel had about 90,000 employees, including about 12,000 software engineers.[279] In September 2016, Intel sold a majority stake in its computer-security unit toTPG Capital, reversing the five-year-old McAfee acquisition.[280]
In August 2010, Intel andInfineon Technologies announced that Intel would acquire Infineon's Wireless Solutions business.[281] Intel planned to use Infineon's technology in laptops, smart phones, netbooks, tablets and embedded computers in consumer products, eventually integrating its wireless modem into Intel's silicon chips.[282]
In March 2011, Intel bought most of the assets of Cairo-based SySDSoft.[283]
In July 2011, Intel announced that it had agreed to acquire Fulcrum Microsystems Inc., a company specializing in network switches.[284] The company used to be included on the EE Times list of 60 Emerging Startups.[284]
In October 2011, Intel reached a deal to acquire Telmap, an Israeli-based navigation software company. The purchase price was not disclosed, but Israeli media reported values around $300 million to $350 million.[285]
In July 2012, Intel agreed to buy 10% of the shares ofASML Holding NV for $2.1 billion and another $1 billion for 5% of the shares that need shareholder approval to fund relevant research and development efforts, as part of a EUR3.3 billion ($4.1 billion) deal to accelerate the development of 450-millimeter wafer technology and extreme ultra-violet lithography by as much as two years.[286]
In July 2013, Intel confirmed the acquisition ofOmek Interactive, an Israeli company that makes technology for gesture-based interfaces, without disclosing the monetary value of the deal. An official statement from Intel read: "The acquisition of Omek Interactive will help increase Intel's capabilities in the delivery of more immersive perceptual computing experiences." One report estimated the value of the acquisition between US$30 million and $50 million.[287]
The acquisition of a Spanishnatural language recognition startup, Indisys was announced in September 2013. The terms of the deal were not disclosed but an email from an Intel representative stated: "Intel has acquired Indisys, a privately held company based in Seville, Spain. The majority of Indisys employees joined Intel. We signed the agreement to acquire the company on May 31 and the deal has been completed." Indysis explains that its artificial intelligence (AI) technology "is a human image, which converses fluently and with common sense in multiple languages and also works in different platforms".[288]
In January 2015, Intel purchased a 30% stake in Vuzix, a smart glasses manufacturer. The deal was worth $24.8 million.[290]
In February 2015, Intel announced its agreement to purchase German network chipmaker Lantiq, to aid in its expansion of its range of chips in devices with Internet connection capability.[291]
In June 2015, Intel announced its agreement to purchase FPGA design companyAltera for $16.7 billion, in its largest acquisition to date.[292] The acquisition completed in December 2015.[293]
In August 2016, Intel purchased deep-learning startupNervana Systems for over $400 million.[295]
In December 2016, Intel acquired computer vision startupMovidius for an undisclosed price.[296]
In March 2017, Intel announced that they had agreed to purchaseMobileye, an Israeli developer of "autonomous driving" systems for US$15.3 billion.[297]
In June 2017, Intel Corporation announced an investment of over₹1,100 crore (US$130 million) for its upcoming Research and Development (R&D) centre inBangalore, India.[298]
In January 2019, Intel announced an investment of over $11 billion on a new Israeli chip plant, as told by the Israeli Finance Minister.[299]
In November 2021, Intel recruited some of the employees of theCentaur Technology division fromVIA Technologies, a deal worth $125 million, and effectively acquiring the talent and know-how of their x86 division.[300][301] VIA retained the x86 licence and associated patents, and its Zhaoxin CPU joint-venture continues.[302]
In December 2021, Intel said it will invest $7.1 billion to build a new chip-packaging and testing factory in Malaysia. The new investment will expand the operations of its Malaysian subsidiary across Penang and Kulim, creating more than 4,000 new Intel jobs and more than 5,000 local construction jobs.[303] In the same month, Intel announced its plan to take Mobileye automotive unit via anIPO of newly issued stock in 2022, maintaining its majority ownership of the company.[304]
In February 2022, Intel agreed to acquire Israeli chip manufacturerTower Semiconductor for $5.4 billion.[305][306] In August 2023, Intel terminated the acquisition as it failed to obtain approval fromChinese regulators within the 18-month transaction deadline.[307][308]
In May 2022, Intel announced that they have acquired Finnish graphics technology firm Siru innovations. The firm founded by ex-AMD Qualcomm mobile GPU engineers, is focused on developing software and silicon building blocks for GPU's made by other companies and is set to join Intel's fledgling Accelerated Computing Systems and Graphics Group.[309]
In May 2022, it was announced that Ericsson and Intel have pooled to launch a tech hub in California to focus on the research and development of cloudRAN technology. The hub focuses on improving Ericsson Cloud RAN and Intel technology, including improving energy efficiency and network performance, reducing time to market, and monetizing new business opportunities such as enterprise applications.[310]
In April 2024, Intel reached a definitive agreement to sell 51% of Altera toSilver Lake. With this sale and Silver Lake now owning a majority stake, Intel also announced the cancellation of the potential IPO being conducted for Altera.[311]
In 2011, Intel Capital announced a new fund to support startups working on technologies in line with the company's concept for next-generation notebooks.[312] The company is setting aside a $300 million fund to be spent over the next three to four years in areas related to ultrabooks.[312] Intel announced the ultrabook concept at Computex in 2011. The ultrabook is defined as a thin (less than 0.8 inches [~2 cm] thick[313]) notebook that utilizes Intel processors[313] and also incorporates tablet features such as a touch screen and long battery life.[312][313]
At the Intel Developers Forum in 2011, four Taiwan ODMs showed prototype ultrabooks that used Intel's Ivy Bridge chips.[314] Intel plans to improve power consumption of its chips for ultrabooks, like new Ivy Bridge processors in 2013, which will only have 10W default thermal design power.[315]
Intel's goal for Ultrabook's price is below $1000;[313] however, according to two presidents from Acer and Compaq, this goal will not be achieved if Intel does not lower the price of its chips.[316]
However, after the release of the wireless products called Intel Pro/Wireless 2100, 2200BG/2225BG/2915ABG and 3945ABG in 2005, Intel was criticized for not granting free redistribution rights for thefirmware that must be included in the operating system for the wireless devices to operate.[322] As a result of this, Intel became a target of campaigns to allow free operating systems to include binary firmware on terms acceptable to theopen source community.Linspire-Linux creatorMichael Robertson outlined the difficult position that Intel was in releasing toopen source, as Intel did not want to upset their large customerMicrosoft.[323]Theo de Raadt ofOpenBSD also claimed that Intel is being "an Open Source fraud" after an Intel employee presented a distorted view of the situation at an open source conference.[324] In spite of the significant negative attention Intel received as a result of the wireless dealings, the binary firmware still[when?] has not gained a license compatible with free software principles.[325][326][327][328][329]
Throughout its history, Intel has had three distinctive logos.
The first Intel logo, introduced in April 1969 and created by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, featured the company's name stylized in all lowercase with theHelvetica font in a cool blue. It has the letter "e" dropped below the other letters, connecting the T and L, making it seem as if the E had "fallen" from the line. The logo is known as the "dropped-e" logo.[332][333]
The second logo, officially introduced on January 3, 2006, was created byFutureBrand. The logo combines elements of both the previous logo and the Intel Inside campaign while also modernizing it. It brings simplicity and unification to the look of many of Intel's products. It abandons the famous "dropped-e" the logo used to have in favor of a "vortex," made up of two stripes of varying thickness. Additionally, it featured a stylized version of the new Neo Sans Intel font, a variation ofNeo Sans. The refreshed logo also signals where the company was headed at that time. The logo often featured Intel's brand-new "Leap Ahead" tagline alongside it.[332][334] Images of the new brand identity had begun circulating online earlier in November 2005, originally by a French site known as x86-Secret. It was subsequently taken down by Intel's legal team but reuploaded later by Taiwanese siteDigiTimes.[335] In 2014, the typeface was changed to Intel Clear, created by Red Peak Branding andDalton Maag.[333]
The third logo, introduced on September 2, 2020, was created by Andrew Mirikian Design using Intel One. It was inspired by the previous logos and is meant to show that the Intel brand is both traditional and reliable. It removes the swirl and redesigns the style of the letters to form a refined symmetry, balance, and proportion. It squares off the corners of the I and L to convey reliability and endurance. The N and E now retain a classic feel seen in the original April 1969 logo. The dot on the I is the new visual identity and represents the potential and power of their processor.[336][337] It is stated as the "only symbol Intel needs."[333]
The current "Intel Inside" badge used since 2020, also used as the umbrella branding to promote Intel's low-end processors since 2023
Intel has become one of the world's most recognizable computer brands following its long-runningIntel Insidecampaign.[338] The idea for "Intel Inside" came out of a meeting between Intel and one of the major computer resellers,MicroAge.[339]
In the late 1980s, Intel's market share was being seriously eroded by upstart competitors such asAMD,Zilog, and others who had started to sell their less expensive microprocessors to computer manufacturers. This was because, by using cheaper processors, manufacturers could make cheaper computers and gain more market share in an increasingly price-sensitive market. In 1989, Intel's Dennis Carter visited MicroAge's headquarters in Tempe, Arizona, to meet with MicroAge's VP of Marketing, Ron Mion. MicroAge had become one of the largest distributors of Compaq, IBM, HP, and others and thus was a primary – although indirect – driver of demand for microprocessors. Intel wanted MicroAge to petition its computer suppliers to favor Intel chips. However, Mion felt that the marketplace should decide which processors they wanted. Intel's counterargument was that it would be too difficult to educate PC buyers on why Intel microprocessors were worth paying more for.[339]
Mion felt that the public did not really need to fully understand why Intel chips were better, they just needed to feel they were better. So Mion proposed a market test. Intel would pay for a MicroAge billboard somewhere saying, "If you're buying a personal computer, make sure it has Intel inside." In turn, MicroAge would put "Intel Inside" stickers on the Intel-based computers in their stores in that area. To make the test easier to monitor, Mion decided to do the test in Boulder, Colorado, where it had a single store. Virtually overnight, the sales of personal computers in that store dramatically shifted to Intel-based PCs. Intel very quickly adopted "Intel Inside" as its primary branding and rolled it out worldwide.[339] As is often the case with computer lore, other tidbits have been combined to explain how things evolved. "Intel Inside" has not escaped that tendency and there are other "explanations" that had been floating around.
Intel's branding campaign started with "The Computer Inside" tagline in 1990 in the U.S. and Europe. The Japan chapter of Intel proposed an "Intel in it" tagline and kicked off the Japanese campaign by hosting EKI-KON (meaning "Station Concert" in Japanese) at the Tokyo railway station dome on Christmas Day, December 25, 1990. Several months later, "The Computer Inside" incorporated the Japan idea to become "Intel Inside" which eventually elevated to the worldwide branding campaign in 1991, by Intel marketing manager Dennis Carter.[340] A case study, "Inside Intel Inside", was put together by Harvard Business School.[341] The five-note jingle was introduced in 1994 and by its tenth anniversary was being heard in 130 countries around the world. The initial branding agency for the "Intel Inside" campaign was DahlinSmithWhite Advertising ofSalt Lake City.[342] The Intelswirl logo was the work of DahlinSmithWhite art director Steve Grigg under the direction of Intel president and CEO Andy Grove.[343][better source needed]
TheIntel Inside advertising campaign sought public brand loyalty and awareness of Intel processors in consumer computers.[344] Intel paid some of the advertiser's costs for an ad that used theIntel Inside logo andxylo-marimba jingle.[345]
In 2008, Intel planned to shift the emphasis of its Intel Inside campaign from traditional media such as television and print to newer media such as the Internet.[346] Intel required that a minimum of 35% of the money it provided to the companies in its co-op program be used for online marketing.[346] The Intel 2010 annual financial report indicated that $1.8 billion (6% of the gross margin and nearly 16% of the total net income) was allocated to all advertising with Intel Inside being part of that.[347]
In 2014, the Intel Inside branding was changed to reflect the new Intel Clear font.
In April 2025, chief marketing officer Brett Hannath announced a new marketing campaign—"That's the power of Intel Inside"—to highlight the usage of Intel products across different markets and industries.[348]
The D♭–D♭–G♭–D♭–A♭xylophone/marimbajingle, known as the "Intel Spiral" or "Intel Bong",[349][350] used in Intel advertising was produced byMusikvergnuegen and written byWalter Werzowa, once a member of the Austrian 1980s sampling bandEdelweiss.[351] The Intel jingle was made in 1994 to coincide with the launch of the Pentium. It was modified in 1999 to coincide with the launch of thePentium III, although it overlapped with the 1994 version which was not phased out until 2014.[352] An alternate 1999 version can be heard in Pentium III M advertisements. Advertisements for products featuring Intel processors with prominent MMX branding featured a version of the jingle with a shortened first note and an embellishment (shining sound) after the final note in conjunction with the MMX label fading in. In some advertisements, the full jingle is played with the embellishment.
The jingle was remade a second time in 2004 to coincide with the new logo change.[citation needed] Again, it overlapped with the 1999 version and was not mainstreamed until the launch of the Core processors in 2006, with the melody unchanged.
Another remake of the jingle debuted with Intel's new visual identity.[336] The company has made use of numerous variants since its rebranding in 2020 (while retaining the mainstream 2006 version).
The 2020 Intel badge representing the Core i7 brand combined with the vPro platform marketing term
In 2006, Intel expanded its promotion of open specification platforms beyondCentrino, to include theViiv media center PC and the business desktopIntel vPro.
In mid-January 2006, Intel announced that they were dropping the long runningPentium name from their processors. The Pentium name was first used to refer to the P5 core Intel processors and was done to comply with court rulings that prevent the trademarking of a string of numbers, so competitors could not just call their processor the same name, as had been done with the prior 386 and 486 processors (both of which had copies manufactured by IBM and AMD). They phased out the Pentium names from mobile processors first, when the newYonah chips, brandedCore Solo and Core Duo, were released. The desktop processors changed when the Core 2 line of processors were released. By 2009, Intel was using agood–better–best strategy with Celeron being good, Pentium better, and the Intel Core family representing the best the company has to offer.[354]
According to spokesman Bill Calder, Intel has maintained only the Celeron brand, the Atom brand for netbooks and the vPro lineup for businesses. Since late 2009, Intel's mainstream processors have been called Celeron, Pentium, Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, and Core i9 in order of performance from lowest to highest. The 1st-generation Core products carry a 3 digit name, such as i5-750, and the 2nd-generation products carry a 4 digit name, such as the i5-2500, and from 10th generation onwards, Intel processors will have a 5 digit name, such as i9-10900K for desktop. In all cases, a 'K' at the end of it shows that it is an unlocked processor, enabling additional overclocking abilities (for instance, 2500K). vPro products will carry the Intel Core i7 vPro processor or the Intel Core i5 vPro processor name.[355] In October 2011, Intel started to sell its Core i7-2700K "Sandy Bridge" chip to customers worldwide.[356]
Since 2010, "Centrino" is only being applied to Intel's WiMAX and Wi-Fi technologies.[355]
In 2022, Intel announced that they are dropping the Pentium and Celeron naming schemes for their desktop and laptop entry level processors. The "Intel Processor" branding will be replacing the old Pentium and Celeron naming schemes starting in 2023.[357][358]
The since-2023 batches of theIntel Core 7 and the higher-endIntel Core Ultra 7 markings. They are direct successors to what has been known as the once-flagshipIntel Core i7.
In 2023, Intel announced that they will be dropping the 'i' in their future processor markings. For example, products such as Core i7, will now be called Core 7. Ultra will be added to the endings of processors that are in the higher end, such as Core Ultra 7.[359][360]
Neo Sans Intel is a customized version ofNeo Sans based on the Neo Sans and Neo Tech, designed by Sebastian Lester in 2004.[361] It was introduced alongside Intel's rebranding in 2006. Previously, Intel usedHelvetica as its standard typeface in corporate marketing.
Intel Clear is a global font announced in 2014 designed for to be used across all communications.[362][363] The font family was designed byRed Peek Branding andDalton Maag.[364] Initially available in Latin, Greek and Cyrillic scripts, it replaced Neo Sans Intel as the company's corporate typeface.[365][366] Intel Clear Hebrew, Intel Clear Arabic were added by Dalton Maag Ltd.[367] Neo Sans Intel remained in logo and to mark processor type and socket on the packaging of Intel's processors.
In 2020, as part of a new visual identity, a new typeface, Intel One, was designed. It replaced Intel Clear as the font used by the company in most of its branding, however, it is used alongside Intel Clear typeface.[368] In logo, it replaced Neo Sans Intel typeface. However, it is still used to mark processor type and socket on the packaging of Intel's processors.
Intel Brand Book is a book produced by Red Peak Branding as part of Intel's new brand identity campaign, celebrating the company's achievements while setting the new standard for what Intel looks, feels and sounds like.[369]
In November 2014, Intel designed aPaddington Bear statue—themed "Little Bear Blue"—one of fifty statues created by various celebrities and companies which were located around London.[370] Created prior to the release of the filmPaddington, the Intel-designed statue was located outsideFramestore inChancery Lane, London, a British visual-effects company which uses Intel technology for films includingPaddington.[371] The statues were then auctioned to raise funds for theNational Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC).[370][372]
In October 2006,Transmeta filed a lawsuit against Intel for patent infringement on computer architecture and power efficiency technologies.[378] The lawsuit was settled in October 2007, with Intel agreeing to pay US$150 million initially and US$20 million per year for the next five years. Both companies agreed to drop lawsuits against each other, while Intel was granted a perpetual non-exclusive license to use current and future patented Transmeta technologies in its chips for 10 years.[379]
In September 2005, Intel filed a response to an AMD lawsuit,[380] disputing AMD's claims, and claiming that Intel's business practices are fair and lawful. In a rebuttal, Intel deconstructed AMD's offensive strategy and argued that AMD struggled largely as a result of its own bad business decisions, including underinvestment in essential manufacturing capacity and excessive reliance on contracting out chip foundries.[381] Legal analysts predicted the lawsuit would drag on for a number of years, since Intel's initial response indicated its unwillingness to settle with AMD.[382][383] In 2008, a court date was finally set.[384][385]
On November 4, 2009, New York's attorney general filed an antitrust lawsuit against Intel Corp, claiming the company used "illegal threats and collusion" to dominate the market for computer microprocessors.
On November 12, 2009, AMD agreed to drop the antitrust lawsuit against Intel in exchange for $1.25 billion.[385] A joint press release published by the two chip makers stated "While the relationship between the two companies has been difficult in the past, this agreement ends the legal disputes and enables the companies to focus all of our efforts on product innovation and development."[386][387]
In September 2007, South Korean regulators accused Intel of breaking antitrust law. The investigation began in February 2006, when officials raided Intel's South Korean offices. The company risked a penalty of up to 3% of its annual sales if found guilty.[394] In June 2008, the Fair Trade Commission ordered Intel to pay a fine of US$25.5 million for taking advantage of its dominant position to offer incentives to major Korean PC manufacturers on the condition of not buying products from AMD.[395]
Allegations by regulators in the United States (2008–2010)
New York started an investigation of Intel in January 2008 on whether the company violated antitrust laws in pricing and sales of its microprocessors.[396] In June 2008, theFederal Trade Commission also began an antitrust investigation of the case.[397] In December 2009, the FTC announced it would initiate an administrative proceeding against Intel in September 2010.[398][399][400][401]
In November 2009, following a two-year investigation,New York Attorney GeneralAndrew Cuomo sued Intel, accusing them of bribery and coercion, claiming that Intel bribed computer makers to buy more of their chips than those of their rivals and threatened to withdraw these payments if the computer makers were perceived as working too closely with its competitors. Intel has denied these claims.[402]
On July 22, 2010,Dell agreed to a settlement with theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to pay $100 million in penalties resulting from charges that Dell did not accurately disclose accounting information to investors. In particular, the SEC charged that from 2002 to 2006, Dell had an agreement with Intel to receive rebates in exchange for not using chips manufactured by AMD. These substantial rebates were not disclosed to investors, but were used to help meet investor expectations regarding the company's financial performance; "These exclusivity payments grew from 10% of Dell's operating income in FY 2003 to 38% in FY 2006, and peaked at 76% in the first quarter of FY 2007."[403] Dell eventually did adopt AMD as a secondary supplier in 2006, and Intel subsequently stopped their rebates, causing Dell's financial performance to fall.[404][405][406]
In July 2007, theEuropean Commission accused Intel ofanti-competitive practices, mostly againstAMD.[407] The allegations, going back to 2003, include giving preferential prices to computer makers buying most or all of theirchips from Intel, paying computer makers to delay or cancel the launch of products using AMD chips, and providing chips at below standard cost to governments and educational institutions.[408] Intel responded that the allegations were unfounded and instead qualified its market behavior as consumer-friendly.[408] General counselBruce Sewell responded that the commission had misunderstood some factual assumptions regarding pricing and manufacturing costs.[409]
In February 2008, Intel announced that its office in Munich had been raided byEuropean Union regulators. Intel reported that it was cooperating with investigators.[410] Intel faced a fine of up to 10% of its annual revenue if found guilty of stifling competition.[411] AMD subsequently launched a website promoting these allegations.[412][413] In June 2008, the EU filed new charges against Intel.[414] In May 2009, the EU found that Intel had engaged in anti-competitive practices and subsequently fined Intel €1.06 billion (US$1.44 billion), a record amount. Intel was found to have paid companies, includingAcer,Dell,HP,Lenovo andNEC,[415] to exclusively use Intel chips in their products, and therefore harmed other, less successful companies including AMD.[415][416][417] The European Commission said that Intel had deliberately acted to keep competitors out of the computer chip market and in doing so had made a "serious and sustained violation of the EU's antitrust rules".[415] In addition to the fine, Intel was ordered by the commission to immediately cease all illegal practices.[415] Intel has said that they will appeal against the commission's verdict. In June 2014, the General Court, which sits below the European Court of Justice, rejected the appeal.[415]
In 2022 the €1.06 billion fine was dropped, but was successively re-imposed in September 2023 as a €376.36 million fine.[418]
Intel has been accused by some residents ofRio Rancho, New Mexico, of allowingvolatile organic compounds (VOCs) to be released in excess of their pollution permit. One resident claimed that a release of 1.4 tons ofcarbon tetrachloride was measured from one acid scrubber during the fourth quarter of 2003 but an emission factor allowed Intel to report no carbon tetrachloride emissions for all of 2003.[419]
Another resident alleges that Intel was responsible for the release of other VOCs from their Rio Rancho site and that anecropsy of lung tissue from two deceased dogs in the area indicated trace amounts oftoluene,hexane,ethylbenzene, andxylene isomers,[420] all of which aresolvents used in industrial settings but also commonly found ingasoline, retailpaint thinners and retail solvents. During a sub-committee meeting of the New Mexico Environment Improvement Board, a resident claimed that Intel's own reports documented more than 1,580 pounds (720 kg) of VOCs were released in June and July 2006.[421]
Intel's environmental performance is published annually in their corporate responsibility report.[422]
In 2009, Intel announced that it planned to undertake an effort to removeconflict resources—materials sourced from mines whose profits are used to fund armed militant groups, particularly within the Democratic Republic of the Congo—from its supply chain. Intel sought conflict-free sources of the precious metals common to electronics from within the country, using a system of first- and third-party audits, as well as input from theEnough Project and other organizations. During a keynote address atConsumer Electronics Show 2014, Intel CEO at the time, Brian Krzanich, announced that the company's microprocessors would henceforth be conflict free. In 2016, Intel stated that it had expected its entire supply chain to be conflict-free by the end of the year.[423][424][425]
In its 2012 rankings on the progress of consumer electronics companies relating toconflict minerals, the Enough Project rated Intel the best of 24 companies, calling it a "Pioneer of progress".[426] In 2014, chief executive Brian Krzanich urged the rest of the industry to follow Intel's lead by also shunning conflict minerals.[427]
Intel has faced complaints ofage discrimination in firing and layoffs. Intel was sued in 1993 by nine former employees, over allegations that they were laid off because they were over the age of 40.[428]
A group called FACE Intel (Former and Current Employees of Intel) claims that Intel weeds out older employees. FACE Intel claims that more than 90% of people who have been laid off or fired from Intel are over the age of 40.Upside magazine requested data from Intel breaking out its hiring and firing by age, but the company declined to provide any.[429] Intel has denied that age plays any role in Intel's employment practices.[430] FACE Intel was founded by Ken Hamidi, who was fired from Intel in 1995 at the age of 47.[429] Hamidi was blocked in a 1999 court decision from using Intel's email system to distribute criticism of the company to employees,[431] which overturned in 2003 inIntel Corp. v. Hamidi.
In August 2016, Indian officials of theBruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) parked garbage trucks on Intel's campus and threatened to dump them for evading payment of property taxes between 2007 and 2008, to the tune of₹340 million (US$4.0 million). Intel had reportedly been paying taxes as a non-air-conditioned office, when the campus in fact had central air conditioning. Other factors, such as land acquisition and construction improvements, added to the tax burden. Previously, Intel had appealed the demand in theKarnataka high court in July, during which the court ordered Intel to pay BBMP half the owed amount of₹170 million (US$2.0 million) plus arrears by August 28 of that year.[432][433]
In November 2024, a group of Intel customers who had purchased the company'sRaptor Lake CPUs filed a class-action lawsuit against Intel, alleging that the company was aware of instability issues affecting 13th- and 14th-generation Raptor Lake CPUs that the company failed to disclose to customers.[434]
66 MHz Intel Pentium (sSpec=SX837) with the FDIV bugThePentium FDIV bug is ahardware bug affecting thefloating-point unit (FPU) of theearly Intel Pentium processors. Because of the bug, the processor would return incorrect binaryfloating point results when dividing certain pairs ofhigh-precision numbers. The bug was discovered in 1994 by Thomas R. Nicely, a professor of mathematics atLynchburg College. Missing values in alookup table used by the FPU's floating-point division algorithm led to calculations acquiring small errors. In certain circumstances the errors can occur frequently and lead to significant deviations.
Transient execution CPU vulnerabilities arevulnerabilities in which instructions, most often optimized usingspeculative execution, are executed temporarily by amicroprocessor, without committing their results due to a misprediction or error, resulting in leaking secret data to an unauthorized party. The archetype isSpectre, and transient execution attacks like Spectre belong to the cache-attack category, one of several categories ofside-channel attacks. Since January 2018 many different cache-attack vulnerabilities have been identified.
An example error message of a program crashing that occur on systems with the affected CPUs, which led to an initial assumption of it being an issue related to graphic cards or driversIn February 2024, reports had begun surfacing of users of K-versions of the 13th- and 14th-generation Core i7 and i9 desktop CPUs commonly experiencingcrashing issues in certain workload scenarios, such as video games that use DirectX 12, andHandBrake. The issue was initially attributed to NvidiaGeForce graphicsdrivers; however, in a driver update published on April 13, 2024, Nvidia acknowledged the instability problem as being associated with the Intel 13th- and 14th-generation CPUs, and that owners of them should contact Intel customer support for further assistance. Some users and game developers worked around the problem by applying lower power limits, undervolting or underclocking the CPU.[citation needed]
^"A Rock-Solid Startup".Intel.Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. RetrievedJuly 6, 2023.Rock was already a founding investor in Intel, along with Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore
^The Unfinished Nation, Volume 2, Brinkley, p. 786.
^Silberhorn, Gottfried; Colin Douglas Howell."Intel Intellec Series".old-computers.com. Archived fromthe original on July 27, 2010. RetrievedJuly 31, 2007.
^The Senate Report on the bill (S.Rep. No. 425, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. (1984)) stated: "In the semiconductor industry, innovation is indispensable; research breakthroughs are essential to the life and health of the industry. However, research and innovation in the design of semiconductor chips are threatened by the inadequacies of existing legal protection against piracy and unauthorized copying. This problem, which is so critical to this essential sector of the American economy, is addressed by the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984. ...[The bill] would prohibit "chip piracy"—the unauthorized copying and distribution of semiconductor chip products copied from the original creators of such works." Quoted inBrooktree Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.Archived May 16, 2016, at the Portuguese Web Archive, 977 F.2d 1555, 17 (Fed. Cir. 1992). See alsoBrooktree, 21–22 (copyright and patent law ineffective).
^Hargreaves, Steve (January 17, 2014)."Intel to cut over 5,000 jobs".cnn.com. CNNMoney.Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2014.
^"ipw – Intel PRO/Wireless 2100 IEEE 802.11b wireless network device, Sh FILES".BSD Cross Reference, OpenBSD share/man/man4/. February 15, 2014. RetrievedDecember 28, 2014.These firmware files are not free because Intel refuses to grant distribution rights without contractual obligations. As a result, even though OpenBSD includes the driver, the firmware files cannot be included and users have to find these files on their own.
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