Integrated ticketing enables a journey involving transfers within orbetween different modes of transportation using a single payment method that is valid for the entire journey.^[1] These modes includebuses,trains,subways, andferries, among others. The purpose of integrated ticketing is to promotepublic transport use by simplifying transitions between different modes and improving service efficiency.

However, even with integrated ticketing, using another mode or operator on the same trip may require payment of another fare. While it is a prerequisite forfare integration (a higher level of integration where different modes or operators are unified under one fare system and accept transfers between the two) simply using the same ticketing system does not necessarily indicate using the same fares and transfers. For instance,San Francisco Bay Area uses theClipper card as merely a unified ticketing system for the region, where all operators accept the same card but (mostly) charge their own fares for each trip when moving between modes or operators, whileSeattle'sORCA card offers unlimited transfers between modes and operators for two hours per trip.

In many instances, integrated ticketing is facilitated throughelectronic ticketing technologies such asmagnetic stripe cards,smart cards orcontactless smart card. Some smart card systems, such asHong Kong’sOctopus card andTokyo'sSuica, are also used for payments beyond transportation, including goods and services.^[2] While electronic methods are prevalent, certain public transport systems still utilize paper tickets, which permit transfers within a specified area or, in some cases, allow unlimited travel during designated periods, as seen with theTransperth FamilyRider in Australia.

Countries such as Switzerland have established national integrated ticketing systems that extend beyond transportation to include access to leisure destinations, museums, and other services.^[3] Other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and Sweden, have implemented similar systems within major cities and metropolitan areas.

The successful implementation of integrated ticketing requires extensive coordination and cooperation among public transport providers and technology suppliers. Political, technological, and project management challenges have contributed to significant delays in some projects. For example, the system inSydney required a restart,^[4] and inDublin, the project faced substantial delays after its initiation in 2002, with theTFI Leap Card system launching in December 2011.^[5] Similarly, the process of replacing magnetic stripe cards with smart cards in Stockholm took several years, nearing completion after a project initiated in 2002.^[6]

Examples of integrated ticketing around the world:

• Automated fare collection
• List of smart cards
• Sustainable transport
• Fare integration

• Public transport fare collection
• Tickets

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