Bidyara | |
---|---|
Southern Maric | |
Native to | Queensland, Australia |
Region | BetweenTambo andAugathella;Warrego andLanglo Rivers |
Ethnicity | Bidjara,Kongabula,Maranganji,Gunya,Wadja,Gayiri,Wadjalang,Wadjabangai,Iningai,Mandandanji,Gunggari,Koamu (Kooma),Ganulu,Nguri,Yagalingu |
Extinct | by 1987[1] Some people might know a few words (2008)[2] |
Revival | revival movements for Bidjara and Gunggari[3] |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
Dialects |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:bym – Bidyaragyy – Gunyagyf – Gungabulazmc – Marganywdu – Wadjiguzmk – Mandandanyigwu – Guwamukgl – Kunggariwdy – Wadjabangayixyb – Yandjibaraygi – Yiningayi |
Glottolog | sout2765 |
AIATSIS[2] | E37 Bidjara,D38 Kogai,D42 Margany,E39 Wadjigu,E44 Gayiri,D45 Wadjalang / Dharawala;[5] Iningay;[6] Yandjibara;[7] Ganulu;[8] Nguri;[9] Yagalingu /Wadjaninga[10] |
Bidjara, also speltBidyara orPitjara, is anAustralian Aboriginal language. In 1980, it was spoken by 20 elders inQueensland between the towns ofTambo andAugathella, or theWarrego andLanglo Rivers. There are manydialects of the language, includingGayiri andGunggari. Some of them are being revitalised and are being taught in local schools in the region.[3] The various dialects are not all confirmed or agreed by linguists.
The Bidjara language included numerous dialects, of which Bidjara proper was the last to go extinct. One of these was Gunya (Kunja), spoken over 31,200 km2 (12,188 sq mi), from theWarrego River nearCunnamulla north to Augathella and Burenda Station; west to between Cooladdi and Cheepie; east to Morven and Angellala Creek; at Charle-ville.Fred McKellar was the last known speaker.Yagalingu is poorly attested but may have been a dialect of Bidjara.[11]
Natalie Kwok prepared a report on Gunggari for theNational Native Title Tribunal in Australia.[citation needed] In it she says:
The Wadjigu (also known as Wadja, Wadya, Wadjainngo, Mandalgu, and Wadjigun) language[12] region includes the local government areas of theAboriginal Shire of Woorabinda andCentral Highlands Region, including theBlackdown Tablelands. theComet River, and theExpedition Range, and the towns ofWoorabinda,Springsure andRolleston.[13]
Australian Bidjara artistChristian Bumbarra Thompson employs his Bidjara language in his video work in an attempt to redistribute his language into the public realm. His workGamu Mambu, which means "Blood Song", is a video work of a DutchBaroque opera singer singing in Bidjara. It was included in the 17thSydney Biennale,The Beauty of Distance: Songs of Survival in a Precarious Age.[14]
DuringNAIDOC Week in 2019, Bidjara man Owen Stanley shared his insights on the loss of language, and his sadness at not being fluent in his own language, with an audience at Uniting NSW. He said that his grandmother was one of the last 20 elders who died with the language, and attempts were being made to revive the language.[15]
As of 2021[update], there were only three native speakers of the Gunggari language left, includingElder of the Year Aunty Lynette Nixon, and a majorlanguage revival effort has been under way in Queensland schools since St Patrick's School inMitchell started teaching it around 2013. Since then, Mitchell State School has also started teaching Gunggari. Aunty Lynette, along with the Gunggari Native Title Corporation (NTC), have been compiling the first Gunggari dictionary.[3] Gunggari NTC have also developed language workshops, for adults to learn their people's language, holding the first off-country inToowoomba. As of November 2021[update], they were planning to extend the workshops toBrisbane,Woorabinda and Mitchell.[16]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i iː | u uː | |
Low | a aː |
Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labial | Velar | Dental | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
Plosive | b | ɡ | d̪ | ɟ | d | ɖ |
Nasal | m | ŋ | n̪ | ɲ | n | |
Lateral | l | |||||
Rhotic | ɾ | |||||
Approximant | w | j | ɻ |
Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labial | Velar | Dental | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | ||
Plosive | voiceless | p | k | t̪ | c | t | ʈ |
voiced | b | ɡ | d̪ | ɟ | d | ɖ | |
Nasal | m | ŋ | n̪ | ɲ | n | ɳ | |
Lateral | ʎ | l | ɭ | ||||
Rhotic | r | ||||||
Approximant | w | j | ɻ |
Below is a basic vocabulary list fromBlake (1981).[19]
English | Bidyara |
---|---|
man | mardi |
woman | gambi |
mother | yanga |
father | yabu |
head | ḏun-gu |
eye | ḏili |
nose | guwu |
ear | manga |
mouth | ḏaa |
tongue | ḏalany |
tooth | yira |
hand | marda |
breast | ngamun |
stomach | banbu |
urine | ḏuḏard |
faeces | guna |
thigh | ḏara |
foot | ḏina |
bone | yarrun |
blood | guma |
dog | ngurra |
snake | munda |
kangaroo | bawurra |
possum | ḏangurd |
fish | guyu |
spider | ḏun-ga |
mosquito | buḏany |
emu | gulbari |
eaglehawk | guḏala |
crow | waragan |
sun | ḏurdu |
moon | gagarda |
stone | banggu |
water | gamu |
camp | yamba |
fire | burdi |
smoke | ḏuga |
food | maṉḏa |
meat | yurdi |
stand | ḏana |
sit | binda |
see | naga |
go | wadya |
get | mara |
hit, kill | guni |
I | ngaya |
you | yinda |
one | wanggara |
two | bulardu |
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