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Bidjara language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromIningai language)
Australian Aboriginal language

Not to be confused with the Bidjara dialect of theBulloo River (Ngura) language or with theBadjiri language.
Bidyara
Southern Maric
Native toQueensland, Australia
RegionBetweenTambo andAugathella;Warrego andLanglo Rivers
EthnicityBidjara,Kongabula,Maranganji,Gunya,Wadja,Gayiri,Wadjalang,Wadjabangai,Iningai,Mandandanji,Gunggari,Koamu (Kooma),Ganulu,Nguri,Yagalingu
Extinctby 1987[1]
Some people might know a few words (2008)[2]
Revivalrevival movements for Bidjara and Gunggari[3]
Dialects
  • Bidjara (& Gungabula)
  • Marrganj (Margany/Mardigan) & Gunja (Gunya)
  • Wadjingu (Wadjigu = Wadja)
  • Gayiri (Kairi)
  • Wadjalang (Dharawala)
  • Wadjabangayi
  • Yiningayi
  • Yanjdjibara
  • Kogai (Mandandanyi/Mandandanjdji, Gunggari/Kunggari, Guwamu/Kooma)
  • Ganulu
  • Nguri[4]
  • Yagalingu?
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
bym – Bidyara
gyy – Gunya
gyf – Gungabula
zmc – Margany
wdu – Wadjigu
zmk – Mandandanyi
gwu – Guwamu
kgl – Kunggari
wdy – Wadjabangayi
xyb – Yandjibara
ygi – Yiningayi
Glottologsout2765
AIATSIS[2]E37 Bidjara,D38 Kogai,D42 Margany,E39 Wadjigu,E44 Gayiri,D45 Wadjalang / Dharawala;[5] Iningay;[6] Yandjibara;[7] Ganulu;[8] Nguri;[9] Yagalingu /Wadjaninga[10]

Bidjara, also speltBidyara orPitjara, is anAustralian Aboriginal language. In 1980, it was spoken by 20 elders inQueensland between the towns ofTambo andAugathella, or theWarrego andLanglo Rivers. There are manydialects of the language, includingGayiri andGunggari. Some of them are being revitalised and are being taught in local schools in the region.[3] The various dialects are not all confirmed or agreed by linguists.

Dialects

[edit]
Traditional lands of Aboriginal people around Rockhampton andGladstone, Queensland

The Bidjara language included numerous dialects, of which Bidjara proper was the last to go extinct. One of these was Gunya (Kunja), spoken over 31,200 km2 (12,188 sq mi), from theWarrego River nearCunnamulla north to Augathella and Burenda Station; west to between Cooladdi and Cheepie; east to Morven and Angellala Creek; at Charle-ville.Fred McKellar was the last known speaker.Yagalingu is poorly attested but may have been a dialect of Bidjara.[11]

Natalie Kwok prepared a report on Gunggari for theNational Native Title Tribunal in Australia.[citation needed] In it she says:

Language served as an important identity marker between the Gunggari and Bidjara peoples. Although academically speaking, differences between the two languages have been found to be minor, from an emic point of view such distinctions were meaningful and consequential. Lynette Nixon recounts that when her father used to converse with the Gadd brothers it was understood that, although communication was possible, they each spoke in their own tongue. Ann-Eckermann recounts,
I was present many times when Bert Mailman (Bidjera) and Aunty Mini Dodd and Aunty Annie Currie would sit outside their houses calling out to one another in language – it was explained to me that Bert spoke Bidjera fromAugathella and that the two old ladies were speaking Gunggari – and that, although some of the words were mutually intelligible, Bert really couldn't understand what the ladies were saying – and it was driving him crazy because the women were making fun of him. (pers. comm.)

The Wadjigu (also known as Wadja, Wadya, Wadjainngo, Mandalgu, and Wadjigun) language[12] region includes the local government areas of theAboriginal Shire of Woorabinda andCentral Highlands Region, including theBlackdown Tablelands. theComet River, and theExpedition Range, and the towns ofWoorabinda,Springsure andRolleston.[13]

Language revival

[edit]
Further information:Language revival

Bidjara

[edit]

Australian Bidjara artistChristian Bumbarra Thompson employs his Bidjara language in his video work in an attempt to redistribute his language into the public realm. His workGamu Mambu, which means "Blood Song", is a video work of a DutchBaroque opera singer singing in Bidjara. It was included in the 17thSydney Biennale,The Beauty of Distance: Songs of Survival in a Precarious Age.[14]

DuringNAIDOC Week in 2019, Bidjara man Owen Stanley shared his insights on the loss of language, and his sadness at not being fluent in his own language, with an audience at Uniting NSW. He said that his grandmother was one of the last 20 elders who died with the language, and attempts were being made to revive the language.[15]

Gunggari

[edit]

As of 2021[update], there were only three native speakers of the Gunggari language left, includingElder of the Year Aunty Lynette Nixon, and a majorlanguage revival effort has been under way in Queensland schools since St Patrick's School inMitchell started teaching it around 2013. Since then, Mitchell State School has also started teaching Gunggari. Aunty Lynette, along with the Gunggari Native Title Corporation (NTC), have been compiling the first Gunggari dictionary.[3] Gunggari NTC have also developed language workshops, for adults to learn their people's language, holding the first off-country inToowoomba. As of November 2021[update], they were planning to extend the workshops toBrisbane,Woorabinda and Mitchell.[16]

Phonology

[edit]

Vowels

[edit]
FrontCentralBack
Highi iːu uː
Lowa aː

Consonants

[edit]
Consonants in the Bidyara dialect[17]
PeripheralLaminalApical
LabialVelarDentalPalatalAlveolarRetroflex
Plosivebɡɟdɖ
Nasalmŋɲn
Laterall
Rhoticɾ
Approximantwjɻ
Consonants in the Margany and Gunya dialects[18]
PeripheralLaminalApical
LabialVelarDentalPalatalAlveolarRetroflex
Plosivevoicelesspkctʈ
voicedbɡɟdɖ
Nasalmŋɲnɳ
Lateralʎlɭ
Rhoticr
Approximantwjɻ

Vocabulary

[edit]

Below is a basic vocabulary list fromBlake (1981).[19]

EnglishBidyara
manmardi
womangambi
motheryanga
fatheryabu
headḏun-gu
eyeḏili
noseguwu
earmanga
mouthḏaa
tongueḏalany
toothyira
handmarda
breastngamun
stomachbanbu
urineḏuḏard
faecesguna
thighḏara
footḏina
boneyarrun
bloodguma
dogngurra
snakemunda
kangaroobawurra
possumḏangurd
fishguyu
spiderḏun-ga
mosquitobuḏany
emugulbari
eaglehawkguḏala
crowwaragan
sunḏurdu
moongagarda
stonebanggu
watergamu
campyamba
fireburdi
smokeḏuga
foodmaṉḏa
meatyurdi
standḏana
sitbinda
seenaga
gowadya
getmara
hit, killguni
Ingaya
youyinda
onewanggara
twobulardu

References

[edit]
  1. ^Bidyara atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
    Gunya atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
    Gungabula atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
    Margany atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
    Wadjigu atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
    Mandandanyi atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
    (Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
  2. ^abE37 Bidjara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies  (see the info box for additional links)
  3. ^abcHosier, Phoebe (26 May 2021)."An outback Queensland school leads the way to keep endangered Indigenous language alive".ABC News.Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved13 February 2022.
  4. ^Breen (1973, 1981), cited in RMW Dixon (2002),Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development, p xxxiii. Some additional names were apparently not distinct dialects.
  5. ^L39 Wadjabangai at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  6. ^L41 Iningay at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  7. ^L44 Yandjibara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  8. ^E64 Ganulu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  9. ^D46 Nguri at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  10. ^E43 Yagalingu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  11. ^E43 Yagalingu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  12. ^E39 Wadjiga at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  13. ^ This Wikipedia article incorporatesCC BY 4.0licensed text from:"Wadja".Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map.State Library of Queensland. Retrieved5 February 2020.
  14. ^Priest, Gail."Issue 97 - video art: performance, politics, vision: video art in the 17th biennale of sydney".RealTime Arts. Retrieved16 April 2020.
  15. ^"Voice, treaty, truth: Celebrating our connection to culture this NAIDOC Week".Uniting. 8 July 2019. Retrieved16 April 2020.
  16. ^Moodie, Anthea (27 November 2021)."Indigenous language workshops connecting Gunggari people to culture".ABC News.Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved13 February 2022.
  17. ^Breen, J. G. (1973).Bidyara and Gungabula Grammar and Vocabulary. Melbourne: Monash University.
  18. ^Dixon, Blake, Robert M. W., Barry J. (1981).Handbook of Australian Languages, Volume 2. p. 283.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^Blake, Barry J. (1981).Australian Aboriginal languages: a general introduction. London: Angus & Robertson Publishers.ISBN 0-207-14044-8.

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