The earliest residents of what is now Inglewood wereNative Americans who used theAguaje de Centinelanatural springs in today'sEdward Vincent Sr. Park (known for most of its history as Centinela Park). Local historianGladys Waddingham wrote that these springs took the name Centinela from the hills that rose gradually around them, and which allowed ranchers to watch over their herds," (thus the namecentinelasor sentinels).[9]
Among the original settlers of Los Angeles in 1781 was the Spanish soldierJose Manuel Orchado Machado, "a 23-year-oldmuleteer from Los Alamos inSinaloa". These settlers were ordered by the officials of the San Gabriel Mission "to graze their animals on the ocean side of Los Angeles in order not to infringe on mission lands." As a result, the settlers, orpobladores, drove some of their cattle to the "lush pasture lands near Centinela Springs", and the first construction there was done byBruno Ygnacio Ávila, who received a permit in 1822 to build a "corral and hut for his herders."[9]: unpaged [xiv] The area that is now Inglewood was divided into tworancho grants:Rancho Sausal Redondo andRancho Aguaje de la Centinela.[10]
Later, Avila constructed a three-room adobe house on a slight rise overlooking the creek that ran from Centinela Springs all the way to the ocean. According to the LAOkay web site,[11] this adobe was built where the present baseball field is in the park. It no longer exists.
In 1834, Ygnacio Machado, one of the sons of Jose Machado, built theCentinela Adobe,[9]: unpaged [xv] which sits on a rise above the present Interstate 405 (San Diego Freeway) and is used as the headquarters of the Centinela Valley Historical Society.[12] Two years later, Ygnacio[13] was granted the 2,220-acre (9.0 km2)Rancho Aguaje de la Centinela, though this land had already been claimed by Avila.[9]: unpaged [xv]
Inglewood,c. 1894Commercial Street (laterLa Brea Avenue) in Inglewood, c. 1910Radio engineer Ernest G. Underwood sitting at desk of hisKHJ broadcasting station in Inglewood, 1927B-25 final assembly line atNorth American Aviation, Inglewood, 1942Aircraft workers on lunch break in Inglewood aircraft factory ofNorth American Aviation, 1942
Daniel Freeman acquired the rancho and was a founder of the Centinela-Inglewood Land Company in 1887, which developed the city. That year it was reported that:[14]
The Centinela-Inglewood Company has put on a four-horse coach between their office and Inglewood, leaving at 9:30 am and returning at 2 pm to carry passengers desiring to see the property. It is understood that arrangements will soon be completed for frequent fast trains between Los Angeles and Inglewood over theCalifornia Southern.
TheKu Klux Klan had a presence in Inglewood in the 1920s, with the most notable event being the1922 raid,[20] the Klan had a chapter in Inglewood as late as October 1931.[21]
Labor troubles became a serious issue during the early years ofWorld War II as local industries supplied the Allies, against the wishes of Communist local union officials. In 1941, theUnited Auto Workers (UAW) won the election over theInternational Association of Machinists and represented all the employees at theNorth American Aviation factory in Inglewood. UAW negotiators demanded a starting pay of 75 cents an hour, plus a 10-cent raise for the 11,000 current employees. The UAW had made a no-strike pledge, but suddenly a wildcat strike on June 4 closed the plant that produced a fourth of the nation's fighter planes. The UAW was unable to get the workers to return, when Washington intervened. With the approval of national CIO leadership, President Franklin Roosevelt sent in the California national guard to reopen the plant. When Germany suddenly invaded the USSR in late June 1941, though, the Communist activists suddenly became the strongest supporters of war production; they crushed wildcat strikes.[22][23][24]
"No blacks had ever lived in Inglewood",Gladys Waddingham wrote;[9]: 59 however, by 1960, "they lived in great numbers along its eastern borders. This came to the great displeasure of the predominantly white residents already residing in Inglewood. In 1960, the census counted only 29 "Negroes" among Inglewood's 63,390 residents. Not a single black child attended the city's schools. Real-estate agents refused to show homes to blacks. A rumored curfew kept blacks off the streets at night. Inglewood was a prime target because of its previous history of restrictions." "Fair housing and school busing were the main problems of 1964. The schools were not prepared to handle racial incidents, even though any that occurred were very minor. Adults held many heated community meetings, since the blacks objected to busing as much as did the whites."[9]: 61 In 1969, an organization called "Morningside Neighbors" changed its name to "Inglewood Neighbors" "in the hope of promoting more integration."[9]: 63
On July 22, 1970, Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Max F. Deutz ordered Inglewood schools to desegregate in response to a suit filed by 19 parents.[25] At least since 1965, said Deutz, the Inglewood school board had been aware of a growing influx of black families into its eastern areas, but had done nothing about the polarization of its pupils into an eastern black area and a western white one.[26] On August 31, he rejected an appeal by four parents who said the school board was not responsible for the segregation, but that the blacks "selected their places of residence by voluntary choice."[25]
The first black principal among the 18 Inglewood schools was Peter Butler at La Tijera Elementary,[9]: 66 and in 1971, the "Stormy racial meetings in 1971" included a charge by "some real estate men in the overflowing Crozier Auditorium" that the Human Relations Commission was acting like "the Gestapo".[9]: 67 In that year, Loyd Sterling Webb, president of Inglewood Neighbors, became the first black officeholder when voters elected him to the school board.[27]
In 1972, Curtis Tucker Sr., was appointed as the first black city council member.[9]: 69 That year, composerLeRoy Hurte, anAfrican-American, took the baton of the Inglewood Symphony Orchestra and continued to work with it for 20 years.[9]: 75 Edward Vincent Jr. became Inglewood's first black mayor in 1983. In that decade,whites left the city in increasing numbers, and Inglewood became the first city in California to declare the birthday ofMartin Luther King Jr. a holiday.[9]: 76 Since the term of Edward Vincent Jr. (1983–1997), Inglewood has consecutively elected African-American mayors:Roosevelt F. Dorn (1997–2010),Danny Tabor (2010–2011),[28] andJames T. Butts Jr. (2011–present).
The 1990 census showed that Latinos in Inglewood had increased by 134% since 1980, the largest jump in the South Bay. Economic factors apparently played a role in where new arrivals settled, said David Heer, a USC professor of sociology and associate director of the university's Population Research Laboratory. "Housing is generally less expensive here than elsewhere . . . and I would say that they receive a warmer welcome here", said Norm Cravens, assistant city manager in Inglewood, where the white population dropped from nearly 21% in 1980 to 8.5% in 1990.[29]
In the 2000 census, Black Americans made up 47% of the city's residents (53,060 people), and Latinos comprised 46% (51,829), but the Census Bureau estimated that in 2007, the percentage of Black Americans had declined to 41% (48,252) and that Latinos were at 52.5% (61,847). The white population declined from 19 (21,505) to 17.7% (20,853).[30][31]
That year, though, only one of the city's five city council members was Latino: Jose Fernandez. No Latinos were on the five-member board of education.[32]
In 2007, the area served by the Inglewood post office (including Lennox) had 98 churches, temples, mosques, chapels and other houses of worship, according to the AreaConnect.com website.[33]
The first church service was held on April 22, 1888, in the Inglewood House hotel on Commercial Street (today's La Brea Avenue), popularly called Mrs. Belden's Boarding House, when Inglewood had only 300 residents and 112 registered voters. Later, services were in Bucephalus Hall, but eventually the congregation moved to Hyde Park, which left Inglewood with no church. On January 19, 1890, Inglewood's first permanent church – Presbyterian – was established on Market Street. A bit later, the [United] Brethren constructed a building on South Market Street.[9]: 6, 10, and 17
In 1907, a group of Episcopalians began services in a private home, and a few years later, the first Catholic services were held in Bank Hall. In 1910, the Presbyterians moved their two buildings, a sanctuary and a manse, to the corner of Grevillea and Nutwood "because the streetcars [on Market Street] were so noisy and threw so much dust and sand fleas in the windows."[9]: 14 and 17
In 2018, an investigation began into a 2012 trash-hauling contract valued at $100 million; it went to a bidder with connections to current mayor James T. Butts. The bidder, Consolidated Disposal Services, secured the contract soon after hiring Michael Butts, brother of Mayor Butts, as an operations manager.[34] Consolidated continues to provide garbage collection services as of 2023.
Inglewood consists of 10 neighborhoods that are indicated by symbols on street signs. The neighborhoods are:Morningside Park, Downtown Inglewood,Fairview Heights, Arbor Village, Hollypark Knolls, Centinela Heights, Century Heights, Inglewood Knolls, and Lockhaven.[36]
The Crenshaw-Imperial district was a later annexation to Inglewood, California. It has its own branch public library and an important shopping center for the area.[37][38] (Also see Inglewood Knolls)
North Inglewood is a neighborhood north of the formerSanta Fe railroad tracks, where theK Line currently is. In 2009, it was reported to be the site of a "burgeoning arts scene" at East Hyde Park Boulevard andLa Brea Avenue.[39] Fairview Heights is a signed area north of Florence and east of La Brea Avenues.
Situated in the southeastern corner of the city, Inglewood Knolls is a subdivision of tract homes built in 1953–54. It is bordered byCrenshaw Blvd. on the west, 108th St. on the north, Spinning Ave. on the east, andImperial Highway on the south. A shopping center on the northeastern quadrant of the intersection of Crenshaw and Imperial was also constructed in the mid-1950s, originally including a Food Giant grocery store, Thrifty Drug, J.J. Newberrys, and Lishon's Music Store, among others. Century Park Elementary School on Spinning Ave., although fully within Inglewood city limits, is actually part of the L.A. school district.
Inglewood city, California – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
The census reported that 99.2% of the population lived in households, 0.4% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0.5% were institutionalized.[62]
There were 37,853 households, out of which 33.6% included children under the age of 18, 32.3% were married-couple households, 7.2% werecohabiting couple households, 39.4% had a female householder with no partner present, and 21.1% had a male householder with no partner present. 27.5% of households were one person, and 10.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.82.[62] There were 24,891families (65.8% of all households).[63]
The age distribution was 21.5% under the age of 18, 9.5% aged 18 to 24, 29.3% aged 25 to 44, 25.7% aged 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65years of age or older. The median age was 37.1years. For every 100 females, there were 88.8 males.[62]
There were 39,436 housing units at an average density of 4,349.4 units per square mile (1,679.3 units/km2), of which 37,853 (96.0%) were occupied. Of these, 36.2% were owner-occupied, and 63.8% were occupied by renters.[62]
In 2023, the US Census Bureau estimated that the median household income was $71,029, and theper capita income was $32,342. About 11.3% of families and 14.9% of the population were below the poverty line.[64]
The2010 United States census[65] reported that Inglewood had a population of 109,673. The population density was 12,062.1 inhabitants per square mile (4,657.2/km2). Theracial makeup of Inglewood was 50.6% Hispanics or Latinos (of any race),[66]43.9% African American, 2.9% White,[66] 0.7% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 26.3% from other races, and 4.1% from two or more races. The Census reported that 98.6% of the population lived in households, 0.9% lived in noninstitutionalized group quarters, and 0.5% were institutionalized.
Of the 36,389 households, 42.1% had children under living in them, 36.0% were married couples living together, 24.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.1% had a male householder with no wife present, 6.4% wereunmarried partnerships, 0.6% weresame-sex partnerships, 25.7% were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.97. With 25,019families (68.8% of all households), the average family size was 3.59.
The age distribution was 26.7% under 18, 10.8% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who were 65 or older. The median age was 33.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 86.8 males.
The 38,429 housing units had an average density of 4,226.5/sq mi (1,631.9/km2), of which 37.0% were owner-occupied and 63.0% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.5%, while 39.2% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 59.4% lived in rental housing units.
According to the 2010 United States Census, Inglewood had a median household income of $43,394, with 22.4% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[66]
In 2009, theLos Angeles Times's "Mapping L.A." project supplied these neighborhood statistics based on the 2000 census.[68]
The population was 112,482, or 12,330 people per square mile, among the highest densities for theSouth Bay and among the highest densities for the county. The percentage of African Americans was high for the county, and the population was moderately diverse. Median household income was $46,574, low for both the South Bay and for the county. The median age was 29, young for the county; the percentage of residents aged 10 or under was among the county's highest. Three people, on the average, lived in each household – high for the South Bay but about average for the county. There was a higher percentage of families headed by single parents than elsewhere in the county. The percentage of veterans who served during 1975–89 and 1990–99 was among the county's highest.
(*) "The diversity index measures the probability that any two residents, chosen at random, would be of different ethnicities. If all residents are of the same ethnic group it's zero. If half are from one group and half from another it's .50."[73]
The Forum was built in 1967 and designed by architect Charles Luckman, who also designedMadison Square Garden.[75] The Forum was intended to evoke theRoman Forum in Rome.[76] For decades, the Forum was one of LA's biggest concert venues; Elvis Presley, Led Zeppelin and the Jackson 5 were among the superstars to headline the arena.[77] The Forum also achieved its greatest fame as the home of theNBA'sLos Angeles Lakers and theNHL'sLos Angeles Kings. In 1999, both teams moved to theStaples Center and the Forum was sold to the Faithful Central Bible Church, which used it for Sunday services and rented it out for concerts or sporting events.[78] In 2012, the Forum was purchased byThe Madison Square Garden Company, owners of New York's Madison Square Garden, for $23.5 million; MSG announced plans to spend $50 million to refurbish and renovate the arena for use as a "world-class" concert venue.[79] The "Fabulous" Forumpresented by Chase reopened on January 15, 2014, with the first of six historic performances by theEagles.[80] The reinvention of the Forum has created the largest indoor performance venue in the country designed with a focus on music and entertainment.[75] On April 4, 2022, "The Forum" was renamed "Kia Forum" due to a naming rights deal between Steve Ballmer, the owner of The Forum, and car manufacturer Kia.[81]
On February 24, 2015, the InglewoodCity Council approved plans for the construction of anNFL-capacity stadium, later namedSoFi Stadium, with a 5–0 unanimous vote to combine the 60-acre (24 ha) plot of land with the larger Hollywood Park development and rezone the area to include Sports/Entertainment capabilities. 6 acres (2.4 ha) of Hollywood Park were devoted to Lake Park, a naturally-replenishing water feature which is claimed to recycle 26 million gallons of water annually.[82] This cleared the way for developers to begin construction on the venue as planned in December 2015.[83][84][85] On January 13, 2016, one day after the NFL approved of theRams return to Los Angeles, construction began on the Inglewood site.[86] SoFi Stadium opened in 2020.
The City of Inglewood operates a main library in the city'sCivic Center, in addition to a branch in the southeastern corner of the city, near the intersection of Crenshaw and Imperial.[87]
The History of Transportation mural byHelen Lundeberg was created in 1940 for theFederal Art Project. Originally sited in Centinela Park, it was restored and moved toGrevillea Art Park near the Inglewood town center.
TheSoutheast Symphony Association is a non-profit, musical and cultural association in Inglewood, founded in 1948 to create an orchestra that welcomes African-American musicians.[88]
The annual Open Studios event features "drawing, painting, photography and more", organized by a volunteer group of artists with support by the Inglewood Cultural Arts, Inc. (ICA) organization. The first year of the event saw six artists featured, but at the November 2011 event "more than 30" were expected, said Renee Fox, gallery director at the Beacon Arts Building on North La Brea Avenue. The structure has been turned into 14 artists' studios, with 16 more to be added by the end of 2011. A nearby former auto showroom has also been turned over to artists.[89]
On July 26, 2019, theLos Angeles Clippers announced plans to build a new arena and entertainment center in Inglewood.[92] The announcement explained that the new arena would be completed at the same time their current leasing agreement withCrypto.com Arena is set to expire. The privately financed project includes the arena, the team's business and basketball offices, training facility, community and retail spaces. Weeks later, on September 10, 2019, Clippers ownerSteve Ballmer announced plans to invest $100 million into the city of Inglewood as part of the arena deal.[93] The investment includes $80 million for affordable housing, assistance to renters and first-time homebuyers. Another $12.75 million will be invested into school and youth programs. The arena opened in August 2024.
At the1984 Summer Olympics, The Forum hosted the basketball competition and the men's handball final.[94] During the2028 Summer Olympics, the opening and closing ceremonies will be held at SoFi Stadium, which will also host theswimming events.[95] Intuit Dome will host all thebasketball events during the games.[96]
The City of Inglewood has a council–city manager type of government. The mayor is an elected office and is the chief executive officer, but in all other regards is an equal member of the city council.
The current mayor of Inglewood isJames T. Butts Jr. who took office after unseating Daniel K. Tabor who completed the term ofRoosevelt Dorn.
The Inglewood Police Department is the city's police department. Since the Inglewood Fire Department was disbanded in 2000, the city contracts its fire service with theLos Angeles County Fire Department.[98]
Inglewood has the highest percentage of registered Democrats of any city in California, with 75.6 percent of its 48,615 voters registered in May 2009 as Democrats. Seven percent were registered as Republicans, and 14.1 percent declined to state a preference.[103]
In 2005, theBay Area Center for Voting Research, a nonpartisan organization inBerkeley, ranked Inglewood as the sixth-most-liberal city in the United States, afterOakland, California, and just ahead ofNewark, New Jersey. Researchers examined voting patterns of 237 American cities with populations over 100,000 and ranked them on liberal and conservative scales.[104]
In the past three decades, the presidential candidates nominated by theDemocratic Party have all carried Inglewood with over 80% of the vote. The last seven elections results are listed below:
When the Inglewood Union High School District, now known as theCentinela Valley Union High School District, opened in 1905, the Inglewood School District, then only operating primary schools, was within the high school district. The Centinela Valley district received its current name on November 1, 1944. On July 1, 1954, the Inglewood elementary school district withdrew from the Centinela Valley district, becoming a unified school district.[114]
St. John Chrysostom Elementary School is a privateCatholic school.
St. Mary's Academy, "In 1966 St. Mary's Academy left its home of many years onSlauson Avenue [at Crenshaw Boulevard] in Los Angeles for a new building on Grace Avenue across from [Daniel] Freeman Hospital".[9]: 62
In 1888, a school district was organized, trustees were elected and a building was chosen. The school opened on May 21 that year on the second floor of alivery stable on Grevillea Avenue between Regent Street and Orchard (today's Florence Avenue), with 17 boys and 16 girls. The first teacher was Minnie Walker, a graduate of Los Angeles State Normal School. The schoolroom, named Bucephalus Hall, after a horse belonging to town founderDaniel Freeman, was also used for community meetings.[9]: 6
Meanwhile, a permanent school building was erected on Grevillea Avenue a block to the south, between Regent and Queen. It remained Inglewood's only school until 1911. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1920.[9]: 6 and 26
TheCentinela Valley Union High School District was organized in 1904 to bring secondary education to the town. Inglewood High opened in two rooms of the school building with 15 students taught by Nina Martin, principal, and Anna McClelland. Four years later, a new building rose on 9.5 acres (3.8 ha) of land, and the first graduation of one boy and four girls took place in 1908.[9]: 13–14 Until 1912 there was a new principal every year at thegrammar school, but on May 8 of that year George W. Crozier was named principal, and he held the post for 20 years. The school was renamed in his honor in 1932.[9]: 20 In 1913, George M. Green was appointed principal of Inglewood Union High School; he retired from that position in 1939.[9]: 22
In 1914, voters approved bonds for high school improvement. Four more buildings and apower plant were erected, "joined by walks and arcades." The improvement included a "five-room model flat in the Home Economics Building." Nine acres of land were bought at Kelso Avenue and Damask (now Inglewood Avenue) for an experimental agricultural statement, thenceforth known as "The Farm." There were gardens, an orchard and an alfalfa field. In 1915 Inglewood High won a first-place Los Angeles County prize for its beautiful ivy-covered brick buildings.[9]: 24 These buildings were destroyed in 1953 to make room for new ones.[9]: unpaged [58c]
In the mid-1920s, the high school district stretched all the way south to El Segundo, so two women teachers were asked to live in El Segundo and ride the school buses with the students every day to and from that city – for an extra dollar a day in pay. In 1923 girls adopted a school uniform, "a dark blue skirt with a white middy."[9]: 30
In 1925 a new fine arts building for the high school was erected on the southwest corner of Grevillea and Manchester, replacing the Truax Candy Kitchen,[9]: 34 but it was severely damaged by theLong Beach earthquake of 1933. It was "later rebuilt with WPA help but lost its magnificent stairway and all its fireplaces." Temporary classrooms were built on Olive Street, "all too cold in winter and too hot most of the time."[9]: 41
The athletic field on the west side of the campus, later called Badenoch Field, was used for physical education and sporting events. In 1937, agricultural classes were ended at the Farm and Sentinel Field was dedicated there for sports activities.[9]: 30 By 1938 there were more than 3,000 students and 141 teachers at the high school.[9]: 43
The "startling news" of 1948 was the dismissal "of the entire administrative staff at Inglewood High School, beginning with Principal James R. Haines." He was replaced by Forrest Murdoch of Everett, Washington, as superintendent and Fred Heisner as principal.[9]: 49
In 1952, another secondary school campus in Inglewood was opened in the east side neighborhood of Lockhaven asMorningside High School.[9]: 55 Center Park School of Los Angeles became part of the Inglewood School District in 1961 when its area (Crenshaw-Imperial) was annexed to the city.[9]: 59 In the 1970s, its name was changed to Worthington School to honor Frances and William Worthington.[9]: 74
Inglewood City Hall (1 Manchester Boulevard): The interior of City Hall was the fictional IADC (Inter-Agency Defense Command) Headquarters forThe New Adventures of Wonder Woman and also the coroner's office inJack Klugman's 1970s television drama seriesQuincy, M.E.[125]
The city was a filming location forThe Wood, a 1999 movie about three African-American men recalling their childhood in 1980s Inglewood.[126]
The 2015 filmDope is set in the Darby-Dixon neighborhood (nicknamed "The Bottoms") of Inglewood.[127]
A "grand avenue at least 150 feet wide" was being built in late 1887 from the end ofFigueroa Street in Los Angeles "to the new town of Inglewood on the Centinela ranch", to be "planted with a border of tropical trees, making it one of the handsomest five-mile drives" on thecoast."[128][129]
A $3,000 train station, described as a "natty and attractive building", was constructed in 1887 at the temporary end of theBallona railroad line outward bound from Los Angeles. The tracks were to continue west through theCentinela ranch to the ocean.[128][131][132]
The 18.03-mile line (29.02 km) was opened for business on September 7, 1887, with stops (from northeast to southwest) at Ballona Junction, Nadeau Park, Baldwin, Slauson, Wildeson,Hyde Park, Inglewood, Danville, Mesmer, andPort Ballona. A train left Los Angeles at 9:15 a.m. on the one-hour journey and returned from Port Ballona at 4 p.m.[133]
In that year theLos Angeles Herald noted that Inglewood was "at the junction of two railroads, one branch going to Ballona Harbor and the other to the beautiful seaside resort,Redondo Beach. . . . Two trains a day now pass Inglewood station."[134]
The Centinela-Inglewood Company used a four-horse coach to bring prospective buyers from Los Angeles, leaving at 9:30 a.m. and returning at 2 p.m. Being planned were "frequent fast trains between Los Angeles and Inglewood over theCalifornia Southern Railroad.[14]
^"Ex-Klan Chief Dies After Traffic Row; Knife Fight With Truck Driver Following Collision Proves Fatal for Gus Price, 64".Los Angeles Times. May 21, 1949.ProQuest165934474.
^"Airplane Circus at Glendale to Start New Line".Los Angeles Times. October 13, 1931.ProQuest162478024.
^Max M. Kampelman,The Communist Party vs. the CIO: A Study in Power Politics (1957) pp. 25-27.
^Robert H. Zieger,The CIO: 1935-1955 (1995) pp 128-130.
^John Barnard,American Vanguard: The United Auto Workers During the Reuther Years, 1935–1970 (2004) pp 173-176.
^ab"Parents Lose Plea in Inglewood Suit".Los Angeles Times. September 2, 1970. p. D-2.
^"Inglewood Order".Los Angeles Times. July 26, 1970. p. F-5.
^"Negro Elected to Inglewood Public Office".Los Angeles Times. April 7, 1971. p. 18.ProQuest156655639.
^"Actress Esther Williams Hospitalized".ABClocal.go.com. Associated Press. October 25, 2006. Archived fromthe original on June 29, 2011. RetrievedJuly 30, 2010. While some references cited 1922 as her year of birth, Williams told The Associated Press in 2004 that she was born August 8, 1921.
^"F. D. Parent, Retired City Judge, Dies at 81 :Inglewood Man, Who Served on Bench 28 Years, Coached Eisenhower in High School".Los Angeles Times. June 20, 1960. p. B1.ProQuest446603572."Same article".ProQuest167612861.
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