A representative from theU.S. State Department congratulates and offers a partial payment to a fully disguised informant whose information led to the neutralization of aterrorist in the PhilippinesTwo-page totally confidential, direct and immediate letter from the Iranian Minister of Finance to the Minister of Foreign Affairs (Hossein Fatemi) about creating a foreign information network for controlling smuggling, 15 December 1952
Aninformant (also called aninformer or, as aslang term, a "snitch", "rat", "canary", "stool pigeon", "stoolie", "tout" or "grass", among other terms)[1] is a person who provides privileged information, or (usually damaging) information intended to be intimate, concealed, or secret, about a person or organization to an agency, often a government orlaw enforcement agency. The term is usually used within the law-enforcement world, where informants are officially known asconfidential human sources (CHS), orcriminal informants (CI). It can also refer pejoratively to someone who supplies information without the consent of the involved parties.[2] The term is commonly used in politics, industry, entertainment, and academia.[3][4]
In the United States, aconfidential informant or "CI" is "any individual who provides useful and credible information to a law enforcement agency regarding felonious criminal activities and from whom the agency expects or intends to obtain additional useful and credible information regarding such activities in the future".[5]
Informants are extremely common in every-day police work, including homicide and narcotics investigations. Any citizen who provides crime-related information to law enforcement by definition is an informant.[6]
Law enforcement and intelligence agencies may face criticism regarding their conduct towards informants. Informants may be shown leniency for their own crimes in exchange for information, or simply turn out to be dishonest in their information, resulting in the time and money spent acquiring them being wasted.
Informants are often regarded astraitors by their former criminal associates. Whatever the nature of a group, it is likely to feel strong hostility toward any known informers, regard them as threats and inflict punishments ranging from social ostracism through physical abuse and/or death. Informers are therefore generally protected, either by being segregated while inprison or, if they are not incarcerated, relocated under a new identity.
FBIAnchorage aid for assessing confidential human sources
Informants, and especially criminal informants, can be motivated by many reasons. Many informants are not themselves aware of all of their reasons for providing information, but nonetheless do so. Many informants provide information while under stress, duress, emotion and other life factors that can affect the accuracy or veracity of information provided.
Law enforcement officers, prosecutors, defense lawyers, judges and others should be aware of possible motivations so that they can properly approach, assess and verify informants' information.
Generally, informants' motivations can be broken down into self-interest, self-preservation and conscience.
Corporations and the detective agencies that sometimes represent them have historically hiredlabor spies to monitor or control labor organizations and their activities.[9] Such individuals may be professionals or recruits from the workforce. They may be willing accomplices, or may be tricked into informing on their co-workers' unionization efforts.[10]
Paid informants have often been used by authorities within politically and socially oriented movements to weaken, destabilize and ultimately break them.[11]
A redacted version of the FBI policy manual concerning the use of informants
Informers alert authorities regarding government officials that are corrupt. Officials may be takingbribes or be participants in amoney loop also called akickback. Informers in some countries receive a percentage of all money recovered by their government.[citation needed]
Theancient Roman historianLactantius described a judiciary case which involved the prosecution of a woman suspected to have advised another woman not to marryMaximinus II: "Neither indeed was there any accuser, until a certainJew, one charged with other offences, was induced, through hope of pardon, to give false evidence against the innocent. The equitable and vigilant magistrate conducted him out of the city under a guard, lest the populace should have stoned him... The Jew was ordered to the torture till he should speak as he had been instructed... The innocent were condemned to die.... Nor was the promise of pardon made good to the feigned adulterer, for he was fixed to a gibbet, and then he disclosed the whole secret contrivance; and with his last breath he protested to all the beholders that the women died innocent."[12]
Criminal informant schemes have been used as cover for politically motivated intelligence offensives.[13]
stikker –Danish term meaning "stabber", mainly used in relation toWorld War II. During and after theNazi occupation of Denmark (1940–1945), the word has been used specifically to indicate the Danish whistleblowers, agents, and spies which informed the German secret police, theGestapo, in order to undermine theDanish resistance movement.
The term "stool pigeon" originates from the antiquated practice of tying apassenger pigeon to a stool. The bird would flap its wings in a futile attempt to escape. The sound of the wings flapping would attract other pigeons to the stool where a large number of birds could be easily killed or captured.[51]
Tim Allen, actor, who was arrested with cocaine and provided the names of other dealers in exchange for a sentence of three to seven years rather than a possible life imprisonment
A system of informants existed in theRussian Empire and was later adopted by theSoviet Union. InRussia, such people were known asosvedomitel ordonoschik, and secretly cooperated with law enforcement agencies, such as thesecret-police forceOkhrana and later the Sovietmilitsiya orKGB. Officially, those informants were referred to as "secret coworker" (Russian:секретный сотрудник,sekretny sotrudnik) and often were referred by the Russian-derivedportmanteauseksot. In some KGB documents has also been used the designation "source of operational information" (Russian:источник оперативной информации,istochnik operativnoi informatsii).[54]
^"informer".Merriam-Webster Dictionary.Merriam-Webster. Retrieved6 June 2016.2: one that informs against another;specifically : one who makes a practice especially for a financial reward of informing against others for violations of penal laws
^"The Weakest Link: The Dire Consequences of a Weak Link in the Informant Handling and Covert Operations Chain-of-Command" by M Levine.Law Enforcement Executive Forum, 2009
^"Pursuing strategic advantage through political means: A multivariate approach" by DA Schuler, K Rehbein, RD Cramer –Academy of Management Journal, 2002
^"Reading English for specialized purposes: Discourse analysis and the use of student informants" by A Cohen, H Glasman, PR Rosenbaum-Cohen,TESOL Quarterly, 197
^"Special Report".oig.justice.gov. Retrieved2021-01-28.According to the Confidential Informant Guidelines, a confidential informant or "CI" is "any individual who provides useful and credible information to a Justice Law Enforcement Agency (JLEA) regarding felonious criminal activities and from whom the JLEA expects or intends to obtain additional useful and credible information regarding such activities in the future."
^abLyman, D., Micheal.Criminal Investigation: The Art and the Science. 6th ed. Columbia College of Missouri. Pearson, 2010. p. 264
^Allen, Bill Van (2011).Criminal investigation : in search of the truth (2nd ed.). Toronto: Pearson Canada. p. 217.ISBN978-0-13-800011-0.
^"Private detective agencies and labour discipline in the United States, 1855–1946" by RP Weiss.The Historical Journal, 2009. Cambridge Univ Press
^"Judicial Control of Informants, Spies, Stool Pigeons, and Agent Provocateurs" by RC Donnelly –Yale Law Journal, 1951
^"Thoughts on a neglected category of social movement participant: The agent provocateur and the informant" by GT Marx –American Journal of Sociology, 1974
^"The Origin of fink 'informer, hired strikebreaker'" by William Sayers.A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews. Winter 2005 Cornell University
^Devlin, A (1995).Criminal Classes: Offenders at School. Waterside Press.ISBN9781906534493.
^"The Intelligence War in Northern Ireland" by K Maguire –International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, Volume 4, Issue 2 1990, pp. 145–165
^"grass".Oxford English Dictionary.A spy or informer, esp. for the police
