 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Indianapolis 500" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
 | |
 | |
| IndyCar Series | |
|---|---|
| Venue | Indianapolis Motor Speedway |
| Location | Speedway, Indiana, U.S. |
| Corporatesponsor | PennGrade Motor Oil (2016–2018) Gainbridge Insurance Agency (2019–present) |
| First race | 1911 |
| First IndyCar race | 1996 |
| Distance | 500 miles (805 km) |
| Laps | 200 |
| Previous names | 500-Mile International Sweepstakes (1911–1915, 1920–1941, 1946–1980) 300-Mile International Sweepstakes (1916) Liberty Sweepstakes (1919) |
| Most wins (driver) | A. J. Foyt (4) Al Unser (4) Rick Mears (4) Hélio Castroneves (4) |
| Most wins (team) | Penske (20) |
| Most wins (manufacturer) | Chassis:Dallara (22) Engine:Offenhauser (27) Tires:Firestone (81) |
| Circuit information | |
| Surface | Asphalt |
| Length | 2.5 mi (4.0 km) |
| Turns | 4 |
| Lap record | 37.895 sec (237.498 mph; 382.182 km/h) (Arie Luyendyk, Reynard/Ford-Cosworth XB,1996) |
TheIndianapolis 500, formally known as theIndianapolis 500-Mile Race,[1][2] and commonly shortened toIndy 500, is an annual automobile race held at theIndianapolis Motor Speedway inSpeedway, Indiana, United States, anenclavesuburb ofIndianapolis. The event is traditionally held overMemorial Day weekend, usually the last weekend of May. It is contested as part of theIndyCar Series, the top level ofAmerican open-wheel car racing, aformula colloquially known as "Indy car racing". The track itself is nicknamed the "Brickyard", as the racing surface was first paved inbrick in the fall of 1909. One yard of brick remains exposed at the start/finish line. The event, billed asThe Greatest Spectacle in Racing,[3] is considered part of theTriple Crown of Motorsport along with the24 Hours of Le Mans and theMonaco Grand Prix, with which it typically shares a date.[4]
The inaugural race was held in1911 and was won byRay Harroun. The event celebrated its 100th anniversary in2011, and the 100th running was held in2016. The event was put on hiatus twice, from 1917 to 1918 due toWorld War I and from 1942 to 1945 due toWorld War II. In two different periods, the race was part ofFIA World Championships; between1925 and1928, theWorld Manufacturers' Championship and between1950 and1960, theWorld Drivers' Championship.
Josef Newgarden, the winner in2023–2024, is the reigning champion. The most successful drivers areA. J. Foyt,Al Unser Sr.,Rick Mears andHélio Castroneves, each of whom haswon the race four times. The active driver with the most victories is Castroneves.Rick Mears holds the record for most careerpole positions with six. The most successful car owner isRoger Penske, owner of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway andTeam Penske, which has 20 total wins and 18 poles. Penske also has five wins at theIndyCar Grand Prix, held on thecombined road course.
The event is steeped intradition, in pre-race ceremonies, post-race celebrations, and race procedure. The most noteworthy and most popular traditions are the 33-car field lining up three-wide for the start, the annual singing of the chorus of "Back Home Again in Indiana", and the victory lane bottle of milk. Also unique is that qualifying requires the driver to complete four, rather than one, timed laps, and the time trials are conducted on a separate weekend. The official attendance is not disclosed by Speedway management, but the permanentseating capacity is upwards of 250,000, and infield patrons raise the total race-day attendance to a range of approximately 300,000–350,000.[5]
TheIndianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 as a gravel-and-tar track and hosted a smattering of small events, including ones formotorcycles.[6] The first long-distance event, in "fearful conditions", was the 100-lapPrest-O-Lite Trophy in 1909, won byBob Burman in aBuick.[7] The breakup of the track surface led to two fatal accidents in the first two long-distance events (a 250 mi (400 km) and 300 mi (480 km), which was shortened to 235 mi (378 km) after two severe wrecks).[8]
The fact that these spectacles had attracted 15,000 paying customers (and crowds of up to 40,000)[9] persuaded principal ownerCarl G. Fisher to spend $155,000[10] on repaving the track with 3.2 million bricks;[11] he also added a 33-inch (0.84 m) concrete wall around the track's circumference.[10] During the 1910Decoration Day weekend, the first events on the newly paved circuit drew 60,000 spectators;Ray Harroun won the 200-mile (320 km) Wheeler-Schebler Trophy in aMarmon.[10]
The crowds grew progressively smaller for the rest of the season, however, so the track owners chose to focus on a single race, and considered a 24-hour contest, in the fashion ofLe Mans, or a one-thousand-mile (1,600 km) event.[10] They decided on 500 miles (800 km), the estimated distance a race car could run before dark descended on the track,[12] and a spectacularpurse of $25,000,equivalent to 82.93 pounds (37.62 kg) of puregold.[10] The combination allowed the track to rapidly acquire a privileged status for automobile races.
Thefirst "500" was held at the Speedway in 1911 onDecoration Day, May 30,[13] (as it was known from its inception in 1868 to 1967, when federal law made "Memorial Day" the official name), run to a 600-cubic-inch (9,800 cc) maximum engine size formula.[10] It saw a field of 40 starters,[10] with Harroun piloting a Marmon Model 32-basedWasp racer—outfitted with his invention, therear-view mirror.[14] Harroun (with relief fromCyrus Patschke)[15] was declared the winner, althoughRalph Mulford protested the official result. Eighty thousand spectators were in attendance, and an annual tradition had been established. Many considered Harroun to be a hazard during the race, as he was the only driver in the race driving without ariding mechanic, who checked the oil pressure and let the driver know when traffic was coming.[16]
In 1912, the purse was raised to $50,000,[15] the field was limited to 33 (where it remains), and a riding mechanic was made mandatory.[17] This second event was won byJoe Dawson in aNational,[18] afterRalph DePalma'sMercedes broke.[15] Although the first race was won by an American driver at the wheel of an American car, European makers such as theItalianFiat orFrenchPeugeot companies soon developed their vehicles to try to win the event, which they did from 1912 to 1919. The 1913 event saw a change to a 450-cubic-inch (7,400 cc) maximum engine size.[15]
AfterWorld War I, the native drivers and manufacturers regained their dominance of the race, and engineerHarry Miller set himself up as the most competitive of the post-war builders.[19] His technical developments allowed him to be indirectly connected to a history of success that would last into the mid-1970s.[citation needed]
For musical entertainment before the start of the race, thePurdue All-American Marching Band has been the host band of the race since 1919. In 1946, Americanoperatic tenor and car enthusiastJames Melton started the tradition of singing "Back Home Again in Indiana" with thePurdue Band before the race when asked to do so on the spur of the moment by Speedway presidentTony Hulman. This tradition has continued through the years, notably by actor and singerJim Nabors from 1972 until 2014.[20] Nabors announced in 2014, citing health-related reasons, that the 2014 Indy 500 would be the last at which he would sing the song. In 2015, thea cappella groupStraight No Chaser sang the song before the race, and in the two races held after Nabors' retirement (and before he became the regular singer), the singing of the song was done on a rotating basis, with the Spring 2014 winner ofThe VoiceJosh Kaufman performing in 2016.[21] However, the Speedway has returned to a standard singer withJim Cornelison doing it since 2017.[22]
Following the European trends, engine sizes were limited to 183 cu in (3,000 cc) during 1920–1922, 122 cu in (2,000 cc) for 1923–1925, and 91 cu in (1,490 cc) in 1926–1929.[15] The 1920 race was won byGaston Chevrolet in aFrontenac, prepared by his brothers, powered by the first eight-cylinder engine to win the 500.[15] For 1923, riding mechanics were no longer required.[23] Asupercharged car, ID, first won the race in 1924.[23] In 1925,Pete DePaolo was the first to win at an average over 100 mph (160 km/h), with a speed of 101.13 mph (162.75 km/h).[15]
In the early 1920s, Miller built his 3.0-liter (183 in3) engine, inspired by thePeugeotGrand Prix engine which had been serviced in his shop byFred Offenhauser in 1914, installing it inJimmy Murphy'sDuesenberg and allowing him to win the 1922 edition of the race.[19] Miller then created his own automobiles, which shared the 'Miller' designation, which, in turn, were powered by supercharged versions of his 2.0- and 1.5-liter (122 and 91 in3) engine single-seaters, winning four more races for the engine up to 1929 (two of them, 1926 and 1928, in Miller chassis).[24] The engines powered another seven winners until 1938 (two of them, 1930 and 1932, in Miller chassis), then ran at first with stock-type motors before later being adjusted to the international 3.0-liter formula.
After purchasing the Speedway in 1927,Eddie Rickenbacker prohibited supercharging and increased the displacement limit to 366 cu in (6,000 cc), while also re-introducing the riding mechanic.[23]
In 1935, Miller's former employees, Fred Offenhauser andLeo Goossen, had already achieved their first win with the soon-to-become famous 4-cylinderOffenhauser or "Offy" engine. This motor was forever connected with the Brickyard's history with a to-date record total of 27 wins, in both naturally aspirated and supercharged form, and winning a likewise record-holding 18 consecutive years between 1947 and 1964.[25]
Meanwhile, European manufacturers, gone from the Indianapolis 500 for nearly two decades, made a brief return just beforeWorld War II, with the competitiveMaserati 8CTF allowingWilbur Shaw to become the first driver to win consecutively at Indianapolis, in 1939 and 1940.[26][27] With the 500 having been a part of theWorld Drivers' Championship between 1950 and 1960,[28][29]Ferrari made a discreet appearance at the 1952 event withAlberto Ascari,[30] but European entries were few and far between during those days. Among the Formula One drivers who did drive at the speedway was five-time world championArgentinianJuan Manuel Fangio, though he failed to qualify for the 1958 race.
It was not until the Indianapolis 500 was removed from the World Championship calendar that European entries made their return. In 1963, technical innovatorColin Chapman brought hisTeam Lotus to Indianapolis for the first time, attracted by the large monetary prizes, far bigger than the usual at a European event. Racing a mid-engined car,ScotsmanJim Clark was second in his first attempt in 1963,[31] dominated in 1964 until suffering suspension failure on lap 47, and completely dominated the race in 1965, a victory which also interrupted the success of the Offy, and giving the 4.2-literFord V8 its first success at the race.[32] The following year, 1966, saw another British win, this timeGraham Hill in aLola-Ford.[33]
The Offenhauser engine was also paired with a European maker,McLaren, obtaining three wins for the chassis, one with thePenske team in 1972 with driverMark Donohue,[34] and two for the McLaren works team in 1974[35] and 1976 withJohnny Rutherford.[36] This was also the last time the Offy would win a race, its competitiveness steadily decreasing until its final appearance in 1983. American drivers continued to fill the majority of entries at the Brickyard in the following years, but European technology had taken over. Starting in 1978, most chassis and engines were European, with the only American-based chassis to win during the CART era being the Wildcat andGalmer[37] (which was technically built inBicester, England) in 1982 and 1992, respectively. Ford andChevrolet engines were built in the UK byCosworth andIlmor, respectively.
As of 2023, the most recent active Formula One driver to have entered the 500 isFernando Alonso, who drove in the2017 race. Alonso was the first Formula One driver to enter the 500 sinceTeo Fabi in1984.
After foreign cars became the norm, foreign drivers began competing in the Indianapolis 500 regularly, choosing the United States as their primary base for their motor racing activities.BrazilianEmerson Fittipaldi,ItalianTeo Fabi, andColombianRoberto Guerrero were able to obtain good outings in the 1980s, as wasDutchmanArie Luyendyk. In 1993,reigningFormula One World ChampionNigel Mansell shocked the racing world by leaving Formula One forCART. While he came in only third inthe 500, he won the1993 CART championship.[38] Foreign-born drivers became a regular fixture of Indianapolis in the years to follow. Despite the increase in foreign drivers commonly being associated with the CART era, three of the first sixIndianapolis 500 winners were non-American drivers.
In 2009, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway began a three-year-long "Centennial Era" to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the opening of the track (1909), and the 100th anniversary of thefirst Indy 500 (1911).[39] As a gesture to the nostalgicCentennial Era celebration (2009–2011), tickets for the2009 race donned the moniker "93rd 500 Mile International Sweepstakes".[40] It is the first time since 1980 that the "Sweepstakes" title has been used. In May 2009, the ordinal (93rd) was used very sparingly, and for the first time since 1981, was not identified on the annual logo. Instead, in most instances in print, television, and radio, the race was referred to as the "2009 Indianapolis 500". Since the race was not held during the United States' participation in the two World Wars (1917–1918, 1942–1945), the advertised Centennial Era occurred during the 93rd to 95th runnings. To avoid confusion between the 100th anniversary, and the actual number of times the race has been run, references to the ordinal during theCentennial Era were curtailed.
In the2014 meeting, the road course became part of the race meeting for the first time. TheGMR Grand Prix road course event, and the three upper tiers ofRoad to Indy, participated in road course events at the Speedway during the first week of activities.
Six years later, in2016, the race celebrated its 100th running with about 350,000 in attendance.[41]
Four local actors were hired to portray the Founding Four of James Allison, Carl Fisher, Frank Wheeler, and Arthur Newby during multiple Centennial Era events and the 100th race. Harold Hefner (Allison), Tom Harrison (Fisher), Jeff Angel (Wheeler), and Matthew Allen (Newby).[42]
In 2020, the race was delayed for the first time from its usual Memorial Day running to August due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. There was no audience in attendance, so as to comply with pandemic guidelines. The road course race was moved to the NASCAR weekend in July (which led to an IndyCar road course race added to theNASCAR weekend permanently in 2021), and the support races on the road course moved to its own September weekend. As races were cancelled because of local restrictions, the Speedway added two more road course races in October as part of theIntercontinental GT Challenge meeting, where attendance was capped to 10,000 per event.[43]
In 2024, the race was delayed for over four hours due to heavy rain and thunderstorms in the area.[44]
The race was originally advertised as the "International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race"[13] from 1911 to 1916. However, from its inception, the race has been widely known as the Indianapolis 500 or, more simply "the 500", as for many years, it was the only noteworthy auto race of such distance. In 1919, the race was referred to as the "Liberty Sweepstakes" followingWWI.[45] From 1920 to 1980, the race officially reverted to the "International Sweepstakes" moniker, as printed on the tickets and other paraphernalia, with slight variations over the years.
FollowingWWII, the race was commonly recognized as "The 500", "The 500-Mile Race", "Indianapolis 500-Mile Race", "Indianapolis 500", or the simple form "Indy 500". Usually theordinal (e.g. "50th") preceded it. Often the race was also advertised on the radio as the "Annual Memorial Day race", or similar variations. By the late 20th century, the term "Indy 500" had slowly emerged as the most common and most popularly used moniker. As such, since 2016, the official race logo has used the contemporary and colloquial term "Indy 500".
For the1981 race, the name "65th Indianapolis 500-Mile Race" was officially adopted, with all references as the "International Sweepstakes" dropped. Since 1981, the race has been formally advertised in this fashion, complete with a unique annual logo with the ordinal almost always included. Around that same time, in the wake of the1979 entry controversy, and the formation ofCART, the race changed to an invitational event, rather than anOpen, rendering the "sweepstakes" description inappropriate.
For nearly a century, the race eschewed any sort ofnaming rights ortitle sponsor, a move, though uncommon in the modern sports world, that was well received by fans. This tradition finally ended in2016 when a presenting sponsor, PennGrade, was added for the first time. In the 21st century, the facility has also slowly added sponsorship ads on the retaining walls and infield grass. The ESPN-produced ABC telecast of the event did not recognize this sponsorship and instead hadFirestone Tires as its presenting sponsorship.[46]
TheBorg-Warner Trophy, introduced in 1936,[47] proclaims the event as the "Indianapolis 500-Mile Race", with no reference at all to the name "International Sweepstakes".
The Indianapolis 500 is held annually at theIndianapolis Motor Speedway, a 2.5-mile (4 km)oval circuit. The track is a rounded rectangle, with four distinct turns of identical dimensions, connected by four straightaways (two long straightaways and two "short chutes").Traditionally, the field consists of 33 starters, aligned in a starting grid of eleven rows of three cars apiece. Drivers race 200 laps, counter-clockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles (800 km). Since its inception in1911, the race has always been scheduled on or aroundMemorial Day. Since1974, the race has been specifically scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. The Sunday of Memorial Day weekend is widely considered one of the most important days on the motorsports calendar, as it is the day of the Indianapolis 500, theCoca-Cola 600, and (usually) theMonaco Grand Prix. Practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race, while miscellaneous preliminary testing is held as early as April.
The race is the most prestigious event of theIndyCar calendar, and one of the oldest andmost important automobile races. It has been reported to be the largest single-day sporting event in the world. Likewise, theIndianapolis Motor Speedway itself is regarded as the world'slargest sporting facility in terms of capacity.[48] The total purse exceeded$13 million in2011, with over $2.5 million awarded to the winner, making it one of the richest cash prize funds in sports.
Similar toNASCAR'sDaytona 500, the Indianapolis 500 is typically held early in theIndyCar Series season. That is unique to most sports where major events are usually at the end of the respective season. Currently, the Indy 500 is the sixth event of the 17-race IndyCar schedule. From the 1970s to the 1990s, Indianapolis was often the second or third race of the season, and as late as the 1950s, it was sometimes the first championship event of the year. Due to the high prestige of the Indianapolis 500—rivaling or even surpassing the season championship—it is not uncommon for some teams and drivers to focus heavily on preparing for that race during the early part of the season, and not focus fully on the championship battle until after Indy.
Due to safety issues such asaquaplaning, the race is not held in wet conditions. In the event of arain delay, the race will be postponed until rain showers cease, and the track is sufficiently dried. If rain falls during the race itself, officials will halt the race (red flag) and await safe conditions. The officials can end the race and declare the results official if more than half of the scheduled distance (i.e., 101 laps) has been completed. If less than half the distance has been completed, the race must be resumed and achieve at least the 101-lap distance in order to be official. A primary limiting factor is available daylight, as the track does not have lighting. If the race is halted and cannot be resumed before sunset, the resumption will be scheduled for the next possible day.
The Indianapolis 500, as well as other IndyCar Series races, does not utilize thegreen–white–checker finish in case of a late-race yellow. The race can be (and has at times) finished under caution. However, officials may call for a late-race red flag (in lieu of a lengthy yellow) to provide an opportunity for a green-flag finish, an option that was used in2014,2019,2022, and2023. The circuit lacks lights, therefore lateness can become a factor in the cases of lengthy delays.
The event is contested by"Indy cars", aformula ofprofessional-level, single-seat, opencockpit,open-wheel, purpose-built race cars. As of2020, all entrants utilize 2.2LV6, twin-turbocharged engines, tuned to produce a range of 550–750 horsepower (410–560 kW).Chevrolet andHonda are the current engine manufacturers involved in the sport.Dallara is at present the sole chassis supplier to the series.Firestone, which has a deep history in the sport, dating back to the first 500, is currently the exclusive tire provider.[49]
The traditional 33-car starting field at Indianapolis is larger than the fields at the other IndyCar races. The field at Indy typically consists of all of the full-time IndyCar Series entries (roughly 20–22 cars), along with roughly 10–15 part-time or "Indy-only" entries. The "Indy-only" entries, also known as "One-offs", may be an extra car added to an existing full-time team, or a part-time team altogether that does not enter any of the other races, or enters only a few selected races. The "Indy-only" drivers may come from a wide range of pedigrees but are usually experienced Indy car competitors who either lack a full-time ride, are former full-time drivers who have elected to drop down to part-time status, or occasional one-off drivers from other racing disciplines. It is not uncommon for some drivers (particularly former Indy 500 winners) to quit full-time driving during the season, but race solely at Indy for numerous years afterward before entering full retirement.
Technical specifications for the Indianapolis 500 are currently written byIndyCar. Rules are generally the same as every other IndyCar race. In the past, particularly during the era in which USAC sanctioned the Indy 500 (but CART sanctioned the other Indy car races), rules at Indy slightly differed at times. The result, for example, would be a particular chassis or engine configuration being legal at Indy, but not so at the CART-sanctioned events. This was rather commonplace in the 1980s and early 1990s, when "stock-block" engines (namely the V-6 Buick) were allotted an increased level of turbocharger boost by USAC at Indy, compared to the purpose-built V-8 quad-cam engines. While the "stock block" engines were technically legal in CART competition, they were not given the increased boost advantage, which effectively rendered them uncompetitive, and precluded their use by teams. The most famous manifestation of the USAC rules disparity was theIlmor-builtMercedes-Benz 500I engine fielded byRoger Penske in1994.[50]
Teams may enter up to two machines under a given car number—the "primary" car and a "backup" car. The backup car is identified by the letter "T". For example, the two cars for the #2 team would be numbered #2 and #2T. Both cars may be practiced during the month, but due to engine lease rules, they must share the same engine. It is not uncommon for teams to prefer their backup car, if it is deemed faster, or for other strategic reasons. Additionally, as the month wears on, a "T car" may be split off into a separate entry, and reassigned a new number, or be sold to another team.
All cars must pass a rigorous technical inspection before receiving a sticker signifying that the car is eligible to practice. Various criteria include minimum weight, dimensions, and approved parts, particularly safety equipment. Before and after qualification attempts, cars must pass another inspection. The pre-qualifying inspection is focused on safety aspects and is done on the pit lane qualifying queue. It is relatively brief, due to the time constraints of the qualifying procedure. The post-qualifying inspection is much more stringent and lengthy, taking place in the garage area. It is to detect deviations from the performance guidelines set forth by the league, and cars can and have been fined or outright disqualified if they fail inspection.
During the race, work on the car is permitted, but it is usually limited to routine pit stop work (changing tires and refueling) and minor adjustments (wing angles, etc.) Pit stop activity is rigorously rehearsed by the crews and in modern times, routine pits stops are regularly completed in under ten seconds. Other more involved work, such as replacing damaged bodywork (wings, nose cones, etc.), can also be completed quickly by the crews. More lengthy repairs are allowed, and since 1998 teams are permitted to return to the garage area to make repairs. However, there are limitations to the extent of repair work allowed and the practicality of such work. Teams are not allowed to change engines, and since 1933[51] a rule has been in place where teams are not allowed to addoil. In addition, the officials designate a certain lap after which off-track cars being serviced/repaired are no longer permitted to return to the race.
Throughout the years, the race has used several different qualifying procedures. The current four-lap (ten-mile) qualifying distance was first introduced in 1920 and has been used every year since 1939.[52]
Presently, qualifying occurs on over two days. On Day 1, positions 13–30 (or 13–33 if there are only 33 entries) have their position set with all other positions set on Day 2. Following Fast Friday practice, all cars are entered into a blind draw for the qualifying order.
For each attempt, cars are allowed two warm-up laps. At that time, a member of the team is stationed at the north end of the main stretch. He or she must wave a green flag, signaling an attempt, or else the car will be waved off. The attempt can be waved off during any of the four laps by the team, driver, or race officials. (The series will wave off the run if it is obvious the run will not be fast enough to qualify and it is getting late in the day.) If an attempt is waved off after the run starts, the attempt counts and the previous time is still forfeited unless race officials waved off the attempt because of weather. Weather can and often does affect qualifying and can result in last-minute format changes.
From 1911 to 1955, the race was organized under the auspices of theAAAContest Board. Following the1955 Le Mans disaster, AAA dissolved the Contest Board to concentrate on its membership program aimed at the general motoring public. Speedway ownerTony Hulman foundedUSAC in 1956, which took over sanctioning of the race and the sport ofChampionship racing.[53]
From 1950 to 1960, the Indianapolis 500 also counted toward theFIA'sWorld Championship of Drivers (now synonymous withFormula One), although few drivers participated in the other races of that series. Italian driverAlberto Ascari was the only European-based driver to race in the 500 during its World Championship years. His appearance in1952 in aFerrari was also the only time a Ferrari has ever appeared in the race.Juan Manuel Fangio practiced at the track in1958 but declined an offer to race.
Control issues of monetary prizes and squabbles over technical regulations caused conflict in the 1970s. Soon after the death of Tony Hulman in 1977, and the loss of several key USAC officials in a 1978 plane crash, several key team owners banded together and formedCART in late 1978 to sanction the sport ofIndy car racing.[citation needed]
The Indianapolis 500 itself, however, remained under the sanctioning control of USAC. It became the lone top-level race the body still sanctioned, as it ultimately dropped all other Indy car races (as well as theirstock car division) to concentrate onsprints andmidgets. For the next three years, the race was not officially recognized on the CART calendar, but the CART teams and drivers comprised the field. By 1983, an agreement was made for the USAC-sanctioned Indy 500 to be recognized on theCART calendar and the race awarded points towards the CART championship.
Despite the CART/USAC divide, from 1983 to 1995 the race was run in relative harmony. CART and USAC occasionally quarreled over relatively minor technical regulations but utilized the same machines and the CART-based teams and driver comprised the bulk of the Indy 500 entries each year.
In 1994, Speedway ownerTony George announced plans for a new series, to be called theIndy Racing League, with Indy 500 as its centerpiece.[54] George announced that he intended to reverse the tide of dramatic cost increases, the decreasing number ofovals in the CART series, and to allow for more opportunity for drivers from USAC sprint-car ranks. Detractors accused George of using the 500 as leverage to allow the Speedway to gain complete control of the sport ofopen-wheel racing in the United States.
In response to CART's 1996 schedule that put several races in direct conflict with the first Indy Racing League events, George announced that 25 of the 33 starting positions at the1996 Indy 500 would be reserved for the top 25 cars in IRL points standings. This effectively left eight starting positions open to the CART-regulars that chose not to participate in the IRL races and would be the first time that not all 33 spots were open for qualification in the history of the race. CART refused to compromise on the schedule conflicts, skip the IRL races required to accumulate the qualifying points,boycott the race,[55] and stage a competing event, theU.S. 500, on the same day atMichigan. VeteranBuddy Lazier won a competitive but crash-filled1996 Indy 500. Two CART teams, Walker Racing and Galles Racing, competed in the Indianapolis 500 to fulfill sponsor obligations and were welcomed without incident. The U.S. 500, meanwhile was marred by a crash on the pace laps that forced ten teams to use backup cars.
.jpg)
For 1997, new rules for less expensive cars and "production-based" engines were put into place. The move made it such that the IRL utilized different and incompatible equipment from CART; no CART-based teams would enter the Indy 500 for the next three years. CART would run a 300-mile raceGateway International Raceway on the Saturday of Memorial Day weekend from 1997 to 1999 to avoid a conflict.
In 2000,Target Chip Ganassi Racing, still a CART-mainstay, decided to compete at Indianapolis with driversJimmy Vasser andJuan Pablo Montoya. On race day, Montoya dominated the event, leading 167 of the 200 laps to victory.[56] In 2001,Penske Racing returned and won the race with driverHélio Castroneves.[57] Penske and Castroneves repeated with a win in 2002.
By 2003,Ganassi,Penske andAndretti Green defected to the IRL permanently. CART went bankrupt later in the year, and its rights and infrastructure were purchased by remaining car owners, and it became theChamp Car World Series. The two series continued to operate separately through 2007. In early 2008, the two series were unified to create a single open-wheel championship after a 12-year split being run under Indy Racing League/IMS control—known as theIndyCar Series.[58]
The 2012 race was the return of Turbocharged engines for the first time since 1996 with the use of the Dallara DW12 chassis and 2.2 L V-6 single-turbo and twin-turbocharged engines.[citation needed]
In the 1960s and early 1970s, the Indy 500 and theWorld 600 (now known as the Coca-Cola 600) atCharlotte Motor Speedway were held on different days of the week. A handful ofNASCAR regulars participated in both events in the same year, includingBobby Allison,Donnie Allison,Cale Yarborough, andLee Roy Yarbrough. From 1974 to 1992, the two events were scheduled for the same day and same starting time, making participation in both impossible. A few stock car drivers during that time, namelyNeil Bonnett in 1979, nevertheless still attempted to qualify at Indy, even if that meant skipping Charlotte altogether.
From 1994 to 2014,[59] severalNASCAR drivers were able to compete in both the Indy 500 and theCoca-Cola 600 atCharlotte on the same day. Since 1993, the Coca-Cola 600 has been scheduled in the evening the same day as the Indy 500. The effort has been known as"Double Duty".
After the Indy 500, drivers would catch a helicopter directly from the Speedway toIndianapolis International Airport. From there they would fly toConcord Regional Airport, and ride a helicopter to the NASCAR race.John Andretti,Tony Stewart, andRobby Gordon attempted the feat, withKyle Larson being the latest in 2024. In 2001,Tony Stewart became the first driver to complete the full race distance (1,100 miles) in both races on the same day.[60]
For 2005, the start of Indianapolis was pushed back to 1 p.m.EDT to improve television ratings. This significantly closed the window for a driver to be able to race both events on the same day. (The race's original starting time had been set at 11 a.m. EST to 12 noon EDT—because in 1911, race promoters estimated it would take six hours to complete the event, and they did not want the race to finish too close to dinnertime. Nowadays, the race is routinely completed in under three-and-a-half hours.)
Two drivers,Mario Andretti andA. J. Foyt, have won the Indianapolis 500 and theDaytona 500. Foyt also won the24 Hours of Daytona and12 Hours of Sebring, America's premier endurance races, as well as the24 Hours of Le Mans. Foyt won Le Mans in 1967, about one month after winning his third Indy 500. Andretti won the1978 Formula One World Championship and is a three-time Sebring winner (he also won the 6-hour version of Daytona). Indianapolis 500 winnerJohnny Rutherford once won one of theDaytona 500 qualifying races. In 2010,Chip Ganassi became the first car owner to win the Daytona and Indianapolis 500s in the same year, withJamie McMurray winning the Daytona 500 andDario Franchitti winning the Indianapolis 500.
In 2010,Bruton Smith (owner ofSpeedway Motorsports, Inc.), offered $20 million to any driver, IndyCar or NASCAR, who can win both the Indianapolis 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 on the same day starting in 2011, a feat that had never been accomplished. For 2011, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway moved the start time of the Indy 500 back to 12:15 PM EDT (prior to 2005, the engines started at 10:52 AM EST; under the modern schedule, engines start around 12:05 PM for a start around 12:15 PM), which re-opened the window for travel.Brad Keselowski suggested that he would consider answering the challenge in 2014.[61] It was announced on March 4, 2014, thatKurt Busch would attempt to qualify for the2014 Indianapolis 500, driving a fifth car for theAndretti Autosport team.[62] Busch completed all 500 miles at Indy to finish sixth but dropped out of the 600 with a blown engine just past the 400-mile mark. In 2024,Kyle Larson attempted, but could not complete the double, racing withArrow McLaren in the 500 and intending to drive with Hendrick Motorsports in the 600. Kyle Larson finished 18th in the Indianapolis 500 and arrived part way through the Coke Zero 600 due to a four hour rain delay at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The 600 was red flagged for a thunderstorm shortly after Larson arrived at the track and was not restarted, with Larson not being able to participate.[63]
For 2019, NBC Sports and the Speedway changed the start time. The engines started at 12:38 PM for a start time of 12:45 PM.
Many people promote and share information about the Indianapolis 500 and its memorabilia collecting.[64] The National Indy 500 Collectors Club is an independent active organization that has been dedicated to supporting such activities. The organization was established January 1, 1985, in Indianapolis by its founder John Blazier and includes an experienced membership available for discussion and advice on Indy 500 memorabilia trading and Indy 500 questions in general.
The longest-running Indy racing memorabilia show is the National Auto Racing Memorabilia Show.[citation needed]
The Indianapolis 500 has been the subject of several films and has been referenced many times in television, movies, and other media.
Louis Meyer requested a glass ofbuttermilk after winning his second Indy 500 race in 1933. After winning his third title in 1936, he requested another glass but instead received a bottle. He was captured by a photographer in the act of swigging from the bottle while holding up three fingers to signify the third win. A local dairy company executive recognized the marketing opportunity in the image and, being unaware Meyer was drinking buttermilk, offered a bottle of milk to the winners of future races. Milk has been presented each year since then, apart from 1947 to 1955. Modern drivers are offered a choice of whole, 2%, and skim.[65]
At the1993 Indianapolis 500, winnerEmerson Fittipaldi, who owned and operated an orange grove, notoriously drankorange juice instead of milk during the televised winner's interview. He eventually relented and also drank from the milk bottle later in the post-race ceremonies after the broadcast was over, but the public relations damage had already been done.[66] The snub led to Fittipaldi being booed during driver introductions at the next race on the schedule, held at theMilwaukee Mile in Wisconsin, a state known forits dairy industry. Some continued to boo Fittipaldi as late as2008, in which he drove the pace car.
In2016, as a promotion, the track gave out commemorative bottles of milk to 100,000 attendees to toast the winner with milk after the race.[67]
Female participation of any sort at Indianapolis was discouraged and essentially banned throughout the first several decades of competition. As such, female reporters were not even allowed in the pit area until 1971.[68] There have been nine female drivers to qualify, starting withJanet Guthrie in1977.
Sarah Fisher has competed nine times, the most of any woman.Danica Patrick holds the best finish (3rd) for a woman and is the only woman to have led laps during the race.Katherine Legge is the most recent woman to have competed in the race (2024), and holds the fastest one-lap (231.627 mph) and four-lap (231.070 mph) qualification speeds for a woman in the history of the race.
Radio coverage of the race dates back to 1922. The race has been broadcast live on the radio in its entirety by theIndianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network since 1953.
The Hulmans did not allow live television coverage of the 500 until 1986, largely to maximize gate attendance. The race was briefly televised live in 1949 and 1950 onWFBM-TV (today's WRTV), after which the practice was discontinued. From 1964 to 1970, the race was broadcast live onclosed-circuit television in theaters around the country. From 1965 through 1970, a highlighted version of the race was shown onABC'sWide World of Sports. From 1971 through 1985, an edited same-day,tape delay broadcast of the race was shown in prime time. The race broadcast was edited down to either two or three hours in duration (including commercials).
From 1986 through 2018, ABC televised the race live in its entirety. However Indianapolis affiliateWRTV was required by the Speedway toblackout the national broadcast, and instead carry it on tape delay to encourage local race attendance. In 1992 the tape-delay broadcast was pushed forward to Sunday evenings.
In2007 (the first year in which the race was carried under theESPN on ABC branding), the race was first aired inhigh-definition.[69] In 2016, the IMS declared a sell-out of race tickets for the 100th running of the event, meaning that WRTV would be allowed to air the race live for the first time since 1950.[70][71]
Under the live coverage arrangement, the Indianapolis affiliate of the network airing the race airs that day's programming in a transposed arrangement, with network primetime programming airing during the race and transmitted to the affiliate in advance (for instance in 2019, WTHR aired the season finale of the NBC primetime seriesGood Girls at 2 p.m. local time), while the race airs on tape delay in prime time.
Coverage of time trials on ABC dates back to 1961. ABC covered time trials in various live and in tape-delayed formats from 1961 to 2008 and from 2014 to 2018.ESPN (and later along withESPN2) carried various portions of time trials from 1987 to 2008. Versus covered time trials from 2009 to 2013. Practice sessions have been streamed live online dating back to at least 2001.[72]
In 2019, coverage of the Indianapolis 500 moved toNBC, as part of a new three-year contract that unifies the IndyCar Series' television rights withNBC Sports (the parent division of its current cable partner NBCSN), and replaces the package of five races broadcast by ABC with an eight-race package onNBC. The Indianapolis 500 is one of the eight races; this contract ended ABC's 54-year tenure as broadcaster of the race.[73][74]WTHR is now the local broadcaster of the race under this contract; the existing blackout policy remains, though speedway officials have left the door open to allowing WTHR to air the race live in the event of a sellout.[75] In contrast with the usual sell-out policy, in 2020, the race aired live on WTHR, as the Speedway ran the first three meetings (NASCAR in July, the Indianapolis 500 in August, and Road to Indy in September) behind closed doors as a result ofCOVID-19 cases in the state (the third INDYCAR meeting, the October road course races, admitted 10,000 spectators each day).[76] The race was also shown live in 2021 on WTHR due to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway's restricted capacity amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[77]WPBI-LD2 inLafayette also blacks out live coverage of the race as although Lafayette is its own television market, Indianapolis stations are easily accessible (and outside of Lafayette's CBS affiliate, were the only stations available to Lafayette viewers until the mid-2010s). The first day of qualifying is no longer broadcast on television and only available through streaming.
In 2022, the race was able to be viewed live within Central Indiana and Lafayette; however, it was only available on thePeacock streaming service and was not available live on WTHR or WPBI-DT2. The race aired on tape delay as normal.[78]
In 2024, the race was televised live within Central Indiana on WTHR due to inclement weather causing significant delays. This lifting occurred as a convenience to those fans who changed their plans and were no longer planning to return to the track. The blackout lifting was announced around 2:30pm ET by IMS PresidentDoug Boles.[79]
Fox Sports will take over rights to IndyCar, including the Indianapolis 500, beginning in 2025.[80] The Speedway will continue to enforce the live broadcast blackout on Indianapolis Fox affiliateWXIN, along with WPBI-LD1 in Lafayette.[81]
39°47′41″N86°14′04″W / 39.79472°N 86.23444°W /39.79472; -86.23444
| Preceded by Grand Prix of Indianapolis | IndyCar Series Indianapolis 500 | Succeeded by Detroit Grand Prix |
