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| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 147,014 (2023)[1] (ancestry or ethnic origin) 91,521 (2023)[2] (born in Indonesia) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
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| OtherAsian Americans |
Indonesian Americans are migrants from themultiethnic country ofIndonesia to theUnited States, and their U.S.-born descendants.[4] In both the2000 and2010United States census, they were the 15th largest group ofAsian Americans recorded in the United States as well as one of the fastest growing.[5][6][7]
The earliest Indonesian immigrants to the United States wereDutch Indonesian or"Indos" who settled inSouthern California in the 1950s as refugees following theIndonesian National Revolution against Dutch colonists.[8] Indonesianinternational students came to the United States in significant numbers as early as the mid-1950s, beginning with a 1953 International Cooperation Administration (nowU.S. Agency for International Development) program to allowUniversity of Indonesia medical faculty to pursue higher studies at theUniversity of California, Berkeley.[4] Permanent settlement in the U.S. began to grow in 1965, due to theImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which opened the door to Asian immigration, and the violent and chaoticTransition to the New Order in Indonesia, which spurredemigration from that country.[9] Due to the1997 Asian financial crisis,[8] between 1980 and 1990, the number of Indonesians in the United States tripled, reaching 30,085.[10] A large proportion live inSouthern California: 29,710 respondents to the 2000 census who listed "Indonesian" as one of their ethnicities lived there.[9] Indonesia was one of 25 other countries that participated in aspecial registration program for its emigrants which started in 2002 as a response to theSeptember 11 attacks against the U.S.[8] Following the2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean, there was another surge of immigrants to the East Coast of the U.S. which included many Indonesians.[8]
Between 2000 and 2010, the number of census respondents identifying themselves as Indonesian (either alone or in combination with other responses) grew by 51% from 63,073 to 95,270.[5][6] Come 2015, this number has augmented again to 113,000 persons according to the Pew Research Center.[11]
Active lobbying of politicians byChinese American groups contributed to an unusually high number of successfulChinese Indonesian applicants forpolitical asylum to the United States in 1998 as an impact of theMay 1998 riots in Indonesia. According to theU.S. Department of Justice, 7,359 applicants were granted asylee status and 5,848 were denied in the decade up to 2007. In recent years, however, it has become increasingly difficult for applicants to prove to immigration officials that they would face targeted violence if returned to Indonesia.[12]
In 2004, theU.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled inSael v. Ashcroft that a Chinese Indonesian couple was eligible for political asylum after citing the existence of anti-Chinese violence and of laws that prohibit Chinese schools and institutions.[13][14] The same court in the following year granted Marjorie Lolong eligibility for asylum after finding that she is "a member of [women and Christian] sub-groups that are at a substantially greater risk of persecution than the [ethnic Chinese] group as a whole."[15] However, the court reversed its findings through anen banc decision and stated that it understood theBoard of Immigration Appeals' (BIA) "decision to preclude a general grant of asylum to Indonesian Chinese Christians." Thedissenting opinion criticized the BIA's rejection of testimony regarding the Indonesian government's inability to control persecution despite its intentions.[16]
According to estimates from theAmerican Community Survey for 2015–2019, the total population of Indonesian immigrants in the U.S. was 96,200. Of that number, the top 15 counties of residence were (total estimated for 2019–2023 from the same source was 98,600, updates for that period are in parentheses):[17]
1)Los Angeles County, California – 13,800 (11,800)
2)San Bernardino County, California – 4,800 (4,700)
3)Orange County, California – 4,600 (4,300)
4)Queens County, New York – 2,700 (3,700)
5)Alameda County, California – 2,700 (2,300 - now #8)
6)Santa Clara County, California – 2,500 (2,600 - now #5)
7)Harris County, Texas – 2,500 (1,900 - now #9)
8)Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania – 2,000 (1,800 - now #10)
9)King County, Washington – 1,900 (2,400 - now #7)
10)San Diego County, California – 1,800 (2,500 - now #6)
11)*Riverside County, California – 1,600 (1,300 - now #14)
12)Contra Costa County, California – 1,400 (1,300 - now #15)
13)Snohomish County, Washington – 1,300 (1,300)
14)San Francisco County, California – 1,300 (1,100 - now #18)
15)Maricopa County, Arizona – 1,300 (1,400 - now #12)
(Clark County, Nevada is now #16 with 1,300; #17 - #19, all with 1,100 areSan Mateo County, California, the previously coveredSan Francisco County, California andSacramento County, California;Fairfax County, Virginia is now #20 with 1,000)
Indonesian Americans are members of various ethnic subcategories such asMinangkabau,[18]Minahasans,Javanese,Batak,Balinese orTionghoa.[8] The first Indonesians to move toSouthern California wereIndos (Indonesians of mixedNative Indonesian and European, mainlyDutch, descent).[19] However, the majority of Indonesians who came in the 1960s wereof Chinese descent.[20] Unofficial estimates suggest that as many as 60% of the Indonesians in Southern California areof Chinese descent.[21] Interracial marriage is not uncommon, especially among the young, though the elderly often prefer that their children marry other Indonesian or Chinese.[22]
Many second-generation Indonesian Americans still feel a connection to their Indonesian identity through their ancestry despite often not having a complete grasp on the Indonesian language.[23]
Indonesian Americans belong to many faiths includingProtestantism,Catholicism,Sunni Islam,Buddhism andHinduism, although the first three are the most common.[8]
While Islam gains its popularity among Indonesian Americans due to Indonesia being one of the largest Islamic countries in the world,Christianity is the mostly rapidly growing religious tradition among these communities.[24] The first Indonesian church in the U.S. was aSeventh-day Adventist Church established inGlendale, California in 1972 with a predominantly Indo congregation (now located in Azusa, CA); however, as morepribumi migrants joined the church, racial tensions arose, and the Indos withdrew to other churches. The second Indonesian church to be founded in the U.S. was aBaptist church, started by an ethnic Chinese pastor and with a predominantly ethnic Chinese congregation.[25] By 1988, there were 14 Indonesian Protestant congregations; ten years later, that number had grown to 41, with two Indonesian Catholic congregations as well.[26] Catholicism is most present within Indonesian American communities in states like California, Georgia, New Jersey, or Pennsylvania where mass is offered weekly or monthly in the Indonesian language.[8] Many of the Chinese-Indonesian immigrants of the late 1990s were Christian, and chose to flee their mainland due to fear of persecution.[24]
Indonesian Muslims constituted around 15% of the Indonesian American population in the 1990s.[27] The first Indonesian Mosque in the U.S. was the Al-Hikmah Mosque founded inAstoria, New York, which is currently headed byShamsi Ali.[28][29] In 2017, the Indonesian Muslim community inLos Angeles purchased a former church at 1200 Kenmore Avenue and converted it into At-Thohir Mosque.[30][31] There is also an Indonesian mosque in Silver Spring, Maryland named theIMAAM Center.[32] This mosque is very active today through its regular services and community outreach, as it is an important hub for Indonesian Muslim life in America.[27] Many upper class Indonesians have chosen to assimilate more into American culture due to economic and cultural comforts. From the perspective of those within this community, this can be seen as a divergence from the Indonesian Muslim identity.[27]
Roughly one of every eight Indonesian Americans worked as a cook, waiter, or waitress.[33] Restaurants owned by Indonesian Americans are sites for cultural unity over shared meals and traditions.[8]
According toPew Research in 2019, households headed by an Indonesian immigrant had a median income of $80,000, compared to $64,000 and $66,000 for all immigrant and U.S.-born households, respectively.[34]
Indonesians have founded a number of publications inCalifornia. The earliest was theIndonesian Journal, founded in 1988, and published primarily in theIndonesian language.[10] Others include theLoma Linda-basedActual Indonesia News (founded 1996, also in Indonesian), and theGlendora-basedIndonesia Media (founded 1998).[10]Los Angeles-based monthlyThe Indonesia Letter has the largest circulation.[35]
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