Jones is characterized by his iconic accoutrements (bullwhip,fedora,satchel,[13] andleather jacket), wry, witty and sarcastic sense of humor, deep knowledge of ancient civilizations and languages, andfear of snakes.
Since his first appearance inRaiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones has become one of cinema's most famous characters. In 2003, theAmerican Film Institute ranked him thesecond-greatest film hero of all time.[14] He was also named the greatest movie character byEmpire magazine.[15]Entertainment Weekly ranked Jones 2nd on their list of The All-Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture.[16]Premiere magazine also placed Jones at number 7 on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time.[17]
A native ofPrinceton, New Jersey, Indiana Jones was introduced as a tenured professor of archaeology in the 1981 filmRaiders of the Lost Ark, set in 1936. The Joneses are a family of paternal Scottish descent.[18] The character is an adventurer reminiscent of the 1930s film serial treasure hunters andpulp action heroes. His research is funded by Marshall College (a fictional school named after producer Frank Marshall), where he is a professor of archaeology. He studied under the Egyptologist and archaeologistAbner Ravenwood at theOriental Institute at theUniversity of Chicago.[19]
In the first adventure,Raiders of the Lost Ark, set in 1936, Indiana Jones is pitted againstNazis commissioned by Hitler to recover artifacts of great power from the Old Testament (seeNazi archaeology). In consequence, Jones travels the world to prevent them from recovering theArk of the Covenant (see alsoBiblical archaeology). He is aided byMarion Ravenwood andSallah. The Nazis are led by Jones' archrival, a Nazi-sympathizing French archaeologist named René Belloq, and Arnold Toht, a sinisterGestapo agent.
In the 1984 prequel,Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, set in 1935, Jones travels to India and attempts to free enslaved children and the three Sankara stones from the bloodthirstyThuggee cult. He is aided byWan "Short Round" Li, a boy played byKe Huy Quan, and is accompanied by singer Willie Scott (Kate Capshaw). The prequel is not as centered on archaeology asRaiders of the Lost Ark and is considerably darker.
The third film, 1989'sIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade, set in 1938, returned to the formula of the original, reintroducing characters such as Sallah andMarcus Brody, a scene from Professor Jones' classroom (he now teaches atBarnett College), the globe-trotting element of multiple locations, and the return of the infamousNazi mystics, this time trying to find theHoly Grail. The film's introduction, set in 1912, provided some backstory to the character, specifically the origin of hisfear of snakes, his use of abullwhip, the scar on his chin, and his hat; the film's epilogue also reveals that "Indiana" is not Jones' first name, but a nickname he took from the family dog. The film was abuddy movie of sorts, teaming Indiana with his father,Henry Jones, Sr., often to comical effect. Although Lucas intended to make five Indiana Jones films,Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was the last for over 18 years, as he could not think of a goodplot element to drive the next installment.[20]
From 1992 to 1996, Lucas wrote and executive-producedThe Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, a television series aimed mainly at teenagers and children, which showed many of the important events and historical figures of the early 20th century through the prism of Jones' life.
The show initially featured the formula of an elderly (93 to 94 years of age) Indiana Jones played byGeorge Hall introducing a story from his youth by way of an anecdote: the main part of the episode then featured an adventure with either a young adult Indy (16 to 21 years of age) played bySean Patrick Flanery or a child Indy (8 to 10 years) played byCorey Carrier. One episode, "Young Indiana Jones and the Mystery of the Blues", is bookended by Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones, rather than Hall. Later episodes and telemovies did not have this bookend format.
The bulk of the series centers around the young adult Indiana Jones and his activities duringWorld War I as a 16- to 17-year-old soldier in the Belgian Army and then as an intelligence officer and spy seconded to French intelligence. The child Indiana episodes follow the boy's travels around the globe as he accompanies his parents on his father's worldwide lecture tour from 1908 to 1910.
The show provided some backstory for the films, as well as new information regarding the character. Indiana Jones was born July 1, 1899, and his middle name is Walton (Lucas's middle name). It is also mentioned that he had a sister called Suzie who died as an infant of fever, and that he eventually has a daughter and grandchildren who appear in some episode introductions and epilogues. His relationship with his father, first introduced inIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was further fleshed out with stories about his travels with his father as a young boy. Jones damages or loses his right eye sometime between the events of1969 and the early 1990s, when the "Old Indy" segments take place, as the elderly Indiana Jones wears an eyepatch.
In 1999, Lucas removed the episode introductions and epilogues by George Hall for the VHS and DVD releases and re-edited the episodes into chronologically ordered feature-length stories. The series title was also changed toThe Adventures of Young Indiana Jones.
The 2008 film,Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, is the fourth film in the series. Set in 1957, nineteen years after the third film, it pits an older, wiser Indiana Jones against SovietKGB agents bent on harnessing the power of anextraterrestrial device discovered in South America. Jones is aided in his adventure by his former lover,Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen), and her son—a younggreaser namedHenry "Mutt" Williams (Shia LaBeouf), later revealed to be Jones' unknown child. There were rumors that Harrison Ford would not return for any future installments and LaBeouf would take over the franchise.[21] This film also reveals that Jones was recruited by theOffice of Strategic Services duringWorld War II, attaining the rank ofcolonel in theUnited States Army, and that in 1947 he was forced to investigate theRoswell UFO incident, and the investigation saw that he was involved in affairs related toHangar 51. He is tasked with conducting covert operations withMI6 agent George McHale against the Soviet Union.
Indiana Jones as he appears at Disney theme parks.
Indiana Jones is featured at severalWalt Disney theme park attractions. TheIndiana Jones Adventure attractions atDisneyland andTokyo DisneySea ("Temple of the Forbidden Eye" and "Temple of the Crystal Skull," respectively) place Indy at the forefront of two similar archaeological discoveries. These two temples each contain a wrathful deity who threatens the guests who ride through World War II troop transports. The attractions, some of the most expensive of their kind at the time,[22] opened in 1995[23] and 2001,[24] respectively, with sole design credit attributed toWalt Disney Imagineering.[citation needed] Ford was approached to reprise his role as Indiana Jones, but ultimately negotiations to secure Ford's participation broke down in December 1994, for unknown reasons.[25][26] Instead, Dave Temple provided the voice of Jones.[27] Ford's physicallikeness, however, has nonetheless been used in subsequentAudio-animatronic figures for the attractions.[28][29]
TheIndiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular! is a live show that has been presented in theDisney's Hollywood Studios theme park of theWalt Disney World Resort with few changes since the park's 1989 opening, as Disney-MGM Studios. The 25-minute show presents various stunts framed in the context of a feature film production and recruits members of the audience to participate in the show. Stunt artists in the show re-create and ultimately reveal some of the secrets of the stunts of theRaiders of the Lost Ark films, including the well-known "running-from-the-boulder" scene. Stunt performer Anislav Varbanov was fatally injured in August 2009, while rehearsing the show.[30] Also formerly at Disney's Hollywood Studios, an audio-animatronic Indiana Jones appeared in another attraction; duringThe Great Movie Ride'sRaiders of the Lost Ark segment.[31]
Indiana Jones has appeared in numerouscomic books, from two different publishers.Marvel Comics initially held the comic book licensing rights, leading to adaptations of the filmsRaiders of the Lost Ark,Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, andIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade. Following theRaiders of the Lost Ark adaptation, Marvel publishedThe Further Adventures of Indiana Jones from 1983 to 1986. This ongoing monthly series ran for thirty-four issues and featured the character's first original adventures in comic book form.
After Marvel's licensing of the character ended,Dark Horse Comics acquired publishing rights and adapted theIndiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis video game. From 1992 to 1996, following theFate of Atlantis adaptation, Dark Horse published sevenlimited series, as well comics based onThe Young Indiana Jones Chronicles television series. In 2004, Indiana Jones appeared in the non-canon story, "Into the Great Unknown", first published inStar Wars Tales #19. The story sees Indiana Jones and Short Round discover a crashedMillennium Falcon in the Pacific Northwest, along withHan Solo's skeleton and the realization that a rumored nearby Sasquatch is Chewbacca. With the franchise's revival in 2008, Dark Horse published an adaptation ofIndiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. Dark Horse followed this withIndiana Jones Adventures, a short-lived series of digest-sized comics aimed at children. An additional limited series, titledIndiana Jones and the Tomb of the Gods, was also published from 2008 to 2009.
The first four Indiana Jones film scripts were novelized and published in the time frame of the films' initial releases.[32]Raiders of the Lost Ark was novelized by Campbell Black based on the script by Lawrence Kasdan that was based on the story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman and published in April 1981 by Ballantine Books;Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was novelized by James Kahn and based on the script by Willard Huyck & Gloria Katz that was based on the story by George Lucas and published May 1984 by Ballantine Books;Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was novelized by Rob MacGregor based on the script by Jeffrey Boam that was based on a story by George Lucas and Menno Meyjes and published June 1989 by Ballantine Books.
Nearly 20 years laterIndiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull was novelized by James Rollins based on the script by David Koepp based on the story by George Lucas and Jeff Nathanson and published in May 2008 by Ballantine Books. In addition, in 2008 to accompany the release ofKingdom of the Crystal Skull, Scholastic Books published juvenile novelizations of the four scripts written, successively in the order above, by Ryder Windham, Suzanne Weyn, Ryder Windham, and James Luceno. All these books have been reprinted, withRaiders of the Lost Ark being retitledIndiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark. While these are the principal titles and authors, there are numerous other volumes derived from the four film properties.
From February 1991 through February 1999, 12 original Indiana Jones-themed adult novels were licensed by Lucasfilm, Ltd. and written by three genre authors of the period. Ten years afterward, a 13th original novel was added, also written by a popular genre author. The first 12 were published by Bantam Books; the last by Ballantine Books in 2009. (SeeIndiana Jones (franchise) for broad descriptions of these original adult novels.) The novels are:[33]
The character has appeared in several officially licensed games, beginning with adaptations ofRaiders of the Lost Ark,Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, two adaptations ofIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade (one with purely action mechanics, one with an adventure- and puzzle-based structure) andIndiana Jones' Greatest Adventures, which included the storylines from all three of the original films.
Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine was the first Indy-based game presented in three dimensions, as opposed to 8-bit graphics and side-scrolling games before.
"Indiana" Jones's full name is Dr. Henry Walton Jones, Jr.,[41] and his nickname is often shortened to "Indy".
In his role as a college professor of archaeology Jones is scholarly, wears a tweed suit, and lectures on ancient civilizations. At the opportunity to recover important artifacts, Dr. Jones transforms into "Indiana," a "non-superhero superhero" image he has concocted for himself.[42] ProducerFrank Marshall said, "Indy [is] a fallible character. He makes mistakes and gets hurt. ... That's the other thing people like: He's a real character, not a character with superpowers."[43] Spielberg said there "was the willingness to allow our leading man to get hurt and to express his pain and to get his mad out and to take pratfalls and sometimes be the butt of his own jokes. I mean, Indiana Jones is not a perfect hero, and his imperfections, I think, make the audience feel that, with a little more exercise and a little more courage, they could be just like him."[44] According to Spielberg biographer Douglas Brode, Indiana created his heroic figure so as toescape the dullness of teaching at a school. Both of Indiana's personas reject one another in philosophy, creating aduality.[42] Harrison Ford said the fun of playing the character was that Indiana is both aromantic and acynic,[45] while scholars have analyzed Indiana as having traits of a lone wolf; a man on aquest; a nobletreasure hunter; ahardboiled detective; a humansuperhero; and an American patriot.[46]
Like many characters in his films, Jones has some autobiographical elements of Spielberg. Indiana lacks a properfather figure because of his strained relationship with his father,Henry Jones Sr. His own contained anger is misdirected towards Professor Abner Ravenwood, his mentor at theUniversity of Chicago, leading to a strained relationship withMarion Ravenwood.[42] The teenage Indiana bases his own look on a figure from the prologue ofIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade, after being given his hat.[47]Marcus Brody acts as Indiana's positive role model at the college.[47] Indiana's own insecurities are made worse by the absence of his mother.[48] InIndiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, he becomes the father figure toShort Round, to survive; he is rescued fromKali's evil by Short Round's dedication.[48]InRaiders of the Lost Ark, he is wise enough to close his eyes in the presence of God in theArk of the Covenant. By contrast, his rivalRene Belloq is killed for having the audacity to try to communicate directly with God.[42]
In the prologue ofIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Jones is seen as a teenager, establishing his look when given a fedora hat. Indiana's intentions are revealed asprosocial, as he believes artifacts "belong in a museum." In the film's climax, Indiana undergoes "literal" tests of faith to retrieve the Grail and save his father's life. He also remembers Jesus as a historical figure—a humble carpenter—rather than an exalted figure when he recognizes the simple nature and tarnished appearance of the real Grail amongst a large assortment of much more ornately decorated ones. Henry Senior rescues his son from falling to his death when reaching for the fallen Grail, telling him to "let it go," overcoming his mercenary nature.[47]The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles explains how Indiana becomes solitary and less idealistic following his service inWorld War I.[49] InIndiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Jones is older and wiser, whereas his sidekicks Mutt and Mac are youthfully arrogant, and greedy, respectively.[50]
Indiana Jones is modeled after the strong-jawed heroes of thematinéeserials andpulp magazines thatGeorge Lucas andSteven Spielberg enjoyed in their childhoods (such as theRepublic Pictures serials, and theDoc Savage series).Sir H. Rider Haggard's safari guide and big game hunterAllan Quatermain, who appeared inKing Solomon's Mines (1885) and its seventeen sequels and prequels, is a notable template for Jones.[51] The two friends first discussed the project in Hawaii around the time of the release of the firstStar Wars film.[52] Spielberg told Lucas how he wanted his next project to be something fun, like aJames Bond film (this would later be referenced when they castSean Connery asHenry Jones, Sr.). According to sources, Lucas responded to the effect that he had something "even better",[52] or that he'd "got that beat."[53]
Another important influence on the development of the character Indiana Jones is the Disney characterScrooge McDuck.Carl Barks created Scrooge in 1947 as a one-off relation forDonald Duck in the latter's self-titled comic book.[55] Barks realized that the character had more potential, so a separateUncle Scrooge comic book series full of exciting and strange adventures in the company of his duck nephews was developed. ThisUncle Scrooge comic series strongly influenced George Lucas.[56] This appreciation of Scrooge as an adventurer influenced the development of Jones, with the prologue ofRaiders of the Lost Ark containing homage to Barks' Scrooge adventure "The Seven Cities of Cibola", published inUncle Scrooge #7 from September 1954.[57] This homage in the film takes the form of playfully mimicking the removal-of-the-statuette-from-its-pedestal and the falling-stone sequences of the comic book.[58][59]
The character was originally named Indiana Smith, after anAlaskan Malamute called Indiana that Lucas owned in the 1970s[60] and on which he based theStar Wars characterChewbacca.[61] Spielberg disliked the name Smith, and Lucas casually suggested Jones as an alternative.[52] TheLast Crusade script references the name's origin, with Jones' father revealing his son's birth name to be Henry and explaining that "we named thedog Indiana", to his son's chagrin.[62] Some have also posited thatC.L. Moore's science fiction characterNorthwest Smith may have also influenced Lucas and Spielberg in their naming choice.[63]
Lucas has said on various occasions that Sean Connery's portrayal of British secret agentJames Bond was one of the primary inspirations for Jones, a reason Connery was chosen for the role of Indiana's father inIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade.[64][65] Spielberg earned the rank ofEagle Scout and Ford theLife Scout badge in their youth, which gave them the inspiration to portray Indiana Jones as a Life Scout at age 13 inThe Last Crusade.[66]
Many people are said to be the real-life inspiration of the Indiana Jones character—although none of the following have been confirmed as inspirations by Lucas or Spielberg. There are some suggestions listed here in alphabetical order by last name:
Edgar James Banks (May 23, 1866 – May 5, 1945) – American diplomat, antiquarian and novelist. Banks is credited with the sale of an ancient cuneiform tablet famously known asPlimpton 322 proving the Babylonians beat the Greeks to the invention oftrigonometry—the study of triangles—by more than 1,000 years.[68]
Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated American scout and British Army spy who heavily influenced Haggard's fictional Allan Quatermain character and also became the inspiration for theScouting movement.[74][75]
BritisharchaeologistPercy Fawcett, who spent much of his life exploring the jungles of northern Brazil, and who was last seen in 1925 returning to theAmazon Basin to look for theLost City of Z. A fictionalized version of Fawcett appears to Jones in the bookIndiana Jones and the Seven Veils.[8]
Ark ofNabratein synagogue, found in 1981, inviting comparisons of discoverers Eric and Carol Meyers to Indy and Marion.[78][79]Duke University biblical scholar, archeologist, and Bernice and Morton Lerner Emeritus Professor in Judaic StudiesEric M. Meyers, who with his wife and Mary Grace Wilson Professor Emerita of Religious StudiesCarol Lyons Meyers uncovered the oldest known remnant of an ark found to date. It was unearthed atNabratein synagogue in Israel around the timeRaiders was released,[80] prompting media interest and a photo of the Meyers dressed as Indy and Marion inPeople magazine.[81]
American archaeologist and adventurerWendell Phillips led well-publicized expeditions in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula in the 1940s and 1950s.[83]
American chess expert and adventurerAlbert Pincus, a Manhattan Chess Club member who innovated the 2 Knights Defense, and went on expeditions into South America.[84]
Vendyl Jones (1930–2010) led digs in Israel searching for the holy ark. He discovered items identified as the Temple incense and a clay vessel for holy anointing oil.[87] In his 2005 bookA Door of Hope: My Search for the Treasures of the Copper Scroll, he discusses the similarities.[88]
Upon requests by Spielberg and Lucas, costume designerDeborah Nadoolman gave the character a distinctive silhouette through the styling of the hat; after examining many hats, Nadoolman chose a tall-crowned, wide-brimmedfedora. As a documentary ofRaiders pointed out, the hat served a practical purpose. Following the lead of the old "B"-movies that inspired theIndiana Jones series, the fedora hid the actor's face sufficiently to allow doubles to perform the more dangerous stunts seamlessly. Examples inRaiders include the wider-angle shot of Indy and Marion crashing a statue through a wall, and Indy sliding under a fast-moving vehicle from front to back. Thus it was necessary for the hat to stay in place much of the time.
Jones's fedora and bullwhip
The hat became so iconic that the filmmakers could only come up with very good reasons or jokes to remove it. If it ever fell off during a take, filming would have to stop to put it back on. In jest, Ford put a stapler against his head to stop his hat from falling off when a documentary crew visited during shooting ofIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade. This created the urban legend that Ford stapled the hat to his head.[89] Anytime Indy's hat accidentally came off as part of the storyline (blown off by the wind, knocked off, etc.) and seemed almost irretrievable, filmmakers would make sure Indy and his hat were always reunited, regardless of the implausibility of its return. Although other hats were also used throughout the films, the general style and profile remained the same. Elements of the outfit include:
The fedora was supplied byHerbert Johnson Hatters ofSavile Row, London for the first three films.[90] An Australian model was used by costume designerDeborah Landis to show hat maker Richard Swales the details when making the iconic hat from "the Poets" parts.[91] The fedora forCrystal Skull was made by Steve Delk and Marc Kitter of the Adventurebilt Hat Company of Columbus, Mississippi.[92]
The leather jacket, a hybrid of the "Type 440" and theA-2 jacket, was made by Leather Concessionaires (now known as Wested Leather Co.) forRaiders of the Lost Ark andIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade. ForIndiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, jackets were made in-house at Bermans & Nathans in London based on a stunt jacket they provided forRaiders of the Lost Ark. Tony Nowak made the jacket forIndiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[93]
The Indiana Jones shirt is based on a typical safari-style shirt. Its distinctive feature is two vertical strips running from the shoulders to the bottom of the shirt tails and continued over both breast pockets. A common debate regards the original shirt color. Surviving samples of the original shirts seem to be darker in reality than they appear on screen. Most fans look for an off-white "stone" color for their replicas. The original shirts, however, may have been more of a "tan" or "natural" color. The shirt varied little from film to film, the only notable difference being the darker buttons inTemple of Doom andLast Crusade. Originally designed by Andreas Dometakis for the films, this shirt was once one of the hardest pieces of gear to find.
The trousers worn by Indiana Jones in all five films were based on original World War II Army and Army Air Corps officer trousers. Although not original Pinks they are based on the same basic design and do carry a slight pinkish hue. The trousers made forRaiders are said to be more of a greyish-brown whereas the trousers made forTemple of Doom andLast Crusade were supposedly a purer reddish brown. The trousers were made of a khaki wool-twill, pleated with seven belt loops, two scalloped button flap rear pockets, a button fly and a four-inch military style hem. They were all most likely subcontracted by the costume department and made by famed London based cinema costumers, Angels and Bermans, to be tailored perfectly for Harrison Ford for the production.
Thesatchel was a modified Mark VIIgas mask bag that was used by British troops and civilians duringWorld War II.
The whip was an 8- to 10-foot (2.4 to 3.0 m)bullwhip crafted by David Morgan for the first three films. The whips forCrystal Skull were crafted by a variety of people, including Terry Jacka, Joe Strain and Morgan (different lengths and styles were likely used in specific stunts).[citation needed]
The pistol was usually aWorld War I-era revolver, including theWebley Government (WG) Revolver (Last Crusade andCrystal Skull), or aSmith & Wesson Second Model Hand Ejector revolver (Raiders). He has also used aColt Official Police revolver (Temple of Doom), aNagant M1883 (Young Indiana Jones), and a 9 mmBrowning Hi-Power (Raiders).[94] The weapon is carried in a military pattern flap holster.
The shoes were made byAlden. A stock style (model 405) that had been a favorite of Ford's before the films, they are still sold today (though in a redder (brick) shade of brown than seen in the films) and are popularly known as "Indy Boots."[95]
The fedora and leather jacket fromIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade are on display at theSmithsonian Institution'sNational Museum of American History inWashington, D.C.[96] The collecting of props and clothing from the films has become a thriving hobby for some aficionados of the franchise.[97] Jones' whip was the third most popular film weapon, as shown by a 2008 poll held by20th Century Fox, which surveyed approximately two thousand film fans.[98]
Originally, Spielberg suggested Harrison Ford; Lucas resisted the idea, since he had already cast the actor inAmerican Graffiti,Star Wars andThe Empire Strikes Back, and did not want Ford to become known as his "Bobby De Niro" (in reference to the fact that fellow directorMartin Scorsese regularly castsRobert De Niro in his films).[52] During an intensive casting process, Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors, and finally cast actorTom Selleck as Indiana Jones. Shortly afterwardpre-production began in earnest onRaiders of the Lost Ark.[52]CBS refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment toMagnum, P.I., forcing him to turn down the role.[52] Shooting for the film could have overlapped with the pilot forMagnum, P.I. but it later turned out that filming of the pilot episode was delayed and Selleck could have done both.[99]
Subsequently,Peter Coyote andTim Matheson both auditioned for the role. After Spielberg suggested Ford again, Lucas relented, and Ford was cast in the role less than three weeks before filming began.[52]
The industry magazineArchaeology named eight past and present archaeologists who they felt "embodied [Jones's] spirit" as recipients of the Indy Spirit Awards in 2008.[100] That same year Ford himself was elected to the board of directors for the Archaeological Institute of America. Commenting that "understanding the past can only help us in dealing with the present and the future," Ford was praised by the association's president for his character's "significant role in stimulating the public's interest in archaeological exploration."[101]
He is perhaps the most influential character in films that explore archaeology. Since the release ofRaiders of the Lost Ark in 1981, the very idea of archaeology and archaeologists has fundamentally shifted. Prior to the film's release, the stereotypical image of an archaeologist was that of an older, lackluster professor type. In the early years of films involving archaeologists, they were portrayed as victims who would need to be rescued by a more masculine or heroic figure.[102] Following 1981, the stereotypical archaeologist was thought of as an adventurer consistently engaged infieldwork.[103]
Archeologist Anne Pyburn described the influence of Indiana Jones as elitist and sexist, and argued that the film series had caused new discoveries in the field of archaeology to become oversimplified and overhyped in an attempt to gain public interest, which negatively influences archaeology as a whole.[104] Eric Powell, an editor with the magazineArchaeology, said "O.K., fine, the movie romanticizes what we do", and that "Indy may be a horrible archeologist, but he's a great diplomat for archeology. I think we'll see a spike in kids who want to become archeologists".[100] Kevin McGeough, associate professor of archaeology, describes the original archaeological criticism of the film as missing the point of the film: "dramatic interest is what is at issue, and it is unlikely that film will change in order to promote and foster better archaeological techniques".[102]
While himself an homage to various prior adventurers, aspects of Indiana Jones also directly influenced some subsequent characterizations:
Lara Croft, the female archaeologist of theTomb Raider series, was originally designed as a man but was changed to a woman, partly because the developers felt the original design was too similar to Indiana Jones.[105]Paramount Pictures, which distributed the first four installments of theIndiana Jones film series, would later make twofilms based on theTomb Raider games.
The producer of thePrince of Persia (2008) video game, Ben Mattes, explained that its "inspiration was anything Harrison Ford has ever done: Indiana Jones,Han Solo."[106]
Nathan Drake, the protagonist from the video game seriesUncharted, shares many similarities with Jones himself, both visually and personality-wise.[107]
Dr. Smolder Bravestone, the main protagonist's video game avatar in theJumanji film series, shares similarities to Jones.
Indiana Jones has been widelyreferenced and parodied throughout different media. Some notable franchises which have referenced Indiana Jones include:
Star Wars: Indiana Jones has been referenced multiple times, including inStar Wars: The Force Awakens when Han Solo is chased by a spherical rathtar, which uses sound effects fromRaiders of the Lost Ark.
The Simpsons: Has made reference to Indiana Jones many times, includingMilhouse's uncle, Norbert Van Houten, dressing as the character.
The Big Bang Theory: Makes numerous references to Indiana Jones, having an episode, "The Raiders Minimization", named in reference toRaiders.
World of Warcraft: Parodies the character with thenon-player character named "Harrison Jones" paraphrasing Jones's lecture fromIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade.
In psychology, the behavior of a person's denial of an obviously proven finding against overwhelming evidence and the person's own observations is also referred to as the Indiana Jones effect.[108] This title refers to Indiana Jones' repeated disbelief of the supernatural seen throughout the series,[109] even though the character has seen magical rituals, the Ark of the Covenant and the Holy Grail with his own eyes.[110]
^All titles, authors, dates of publication, and publishers of these novelizations are from the title and copyright pages of the first editions of each of the cited volumes.
^All titles, authors, dates of publication, and publishers of these novelizations are from the copyright pages of the first editions of each of the cited volumes.
^"Indiana Jones". Lucas Arts.Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. RetrievedDecember 11, 2007.
^Nashawaty, Chris (March 7, 2008)."The golden Indiana Jones franchise".Entertainment Weekly.Archived from the original on January 30, 2017. RetrievedMay 10, 2020.Lucas looks at him and says, "I've got that beat." He then proceeds to pitch a throwback to the Saturday-matinee cliff-hanger serials that both men loved as kids.
^"Uncle Scrooge McDuck: His Life and Times" Celestial Arts Press, Millbrae, California, p.23, 1981. "These four panels, from pages one and two of CHRISTMAS ON BEAR MOUNTAIN (1948), are the very first appearance of Scrooge McDuck. His Dickensian and Scottish origins are apparent in his demeanor and costume. Scrooge gradually evolved into a less stereotypical and more complex character."
^George Lucas in ″An Appreciation″ in "Uncle Scrooge McDuck: His Life and Times" Celestial Arts Press, Millbrae, California, 1981. "Some of the very first comics I obtained were written by Carl Barks. I had a subscription to "Walt Disney's Comics and Stories" and liked the Scrooge character so much that I immediately went out and bought all the Uncle Scrooge comics I could find on the newsstand... The stories are... cinematic."
^"Uncle Scrooge McDuck: His Life and Times" Celestial Arts Press, Millbrae, California, 1981.
^Stefano Priarone in Walt Disney's Uncle $crooge: The Seven Cities of Gold, Fantagraphics Books, 2014. ″Uncle Scrooge takes Donald and the nephews on a perilous trek in search of the fabled seven cities of gold! This is the Scrooge story famous for providing Steven Spielberg and George Lucas with inspiration for parts of Raiders of the Lost Ark.″
^Preston, Douglas J. (1993).Dinosaurs in the Attic: An Excursion into the American Museum of Natural History. St. Martin's Press.ISBN978-0-312-10456-6.,pp. 97–98Archived May 17, 2023, at theWayback Machine, "Andrews is allegedly the real person that the movie character of Indiana Jones was patterned after... crack shot, fighter of Mongolian brigands, the man who created the metaphor of 'Outer Mongolia' as denoting any exceedingly remote place."
^"Oriental Institute Tour". The University of Chicago. Archived fromthe original on December 1, 2008. RetrievedJuly 11, 2009. "Some sources say that Breasted was the inspiration for Indiana Jones; others say it was Robert Braidwood."
^"Finders of a Real Lost Ark". Biblical Archeology Review. November–December 1981.Archived from the original on September 4, 2022. RetrievedSeptember 4, 2022.
^McLerran, Dan (December 13, 2014)."The Real Indy".Popular Archaeology (Winter 01012015).Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. RetrievedSeptember 27, 2019.