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TheIndian Home Rule movement was a movement inBritish India on the lines of theIrish Home Rule movement and otherhome rule movements. The movement lasted around two years between 1916–1918 and is believed to have set the stage for theIndian independence movement under the leadership ofAnnie Besant andBal Gangadhar Tilak to the educated English speaking upper class Indians.[1] In 1920, All India Home Rule League changed its name to Swarajya Sabha.[2]
Five red and four green horizontal stripes. On the upper left quadrant was theUnion Flag, which signified theDominion status that the movement sought to achieve. A crescent and a seven-pointed star, both in white, are set in top fly. Seven white stars are arranged as in theSaptarishi constellation (the constellationUrsa Major), which is sacred to Hindus.[Note 1]
The Indian Home Rule movement began amidst the backdrop of the ongoingFirst World War. The1909 Government of India Act failed to satisfy the demands ofIndian nationalist leaders. However, thesplit in the congress and the absence of leaders like Tilak, who was imprisoned inMandalay, meant that nationalistic response to the British policies remained tepid.[4] By 1915, many factors set the stage for a new phase of nationalist movement. The rise in stature of British activistAnnie Besant (who was ofIrish descent and a firm supporter of theIrish Home Rule movement), the return of Tilak from exile and the growing calls for solving the split in congress began to stir the political scene in India. TheGhadar Mutiny and its suppression led to an atmosphere of resentment against British colonial rule. Wartime policies such as the1915 Defence of India Act, which were perceived as oppressive restrictions, also contributed to the rise of the Indian Home Rule movement.[5]
Most Indians and Indian political leaders had been divided in their response to World War I and the Indian soldiers fighting on behalf of theBritish Empire against Germany, theAustro-Hungarian Empire and theOttoman Empire. The latter's involvement irked India's Muslims, who saw theSultan as theCaliph of Islam.
Many Indian revolutionaries opposed the war, while moderates and liberals backed the war. The issue divided India's political classes and left the increasing demand for self-government going nowhere. Besant however declared, "England's need is India's opportunity". As editor of theNew India newspaper, she attacked the colonial government of India and called for clear and decisive moves towards self-rule. As with Ireland, the government refused to discuss any changes while the war lasted. This set the stage for the movement.
Between 1916 and 1918, when the war was beginning, prominent Indians likeJoseph Baptista,Muhammad Ali Jinnah,Bal Gangadhar Tilak,G. S. Khaparde, SirS. Subramania Iyer, and the leader of theTheosophical Society,Annie Besant, decided to organize a national alliance of leagues across India, specifically to demandHome Rule, or self-government within the British Empire for all of India. Annie Besant an important personality in the Ireland history created the first Irish home rule league from which Tilak got inspired and created the first Indian home rule league to which Besant supported Tilak found the first indian home rule league at the Bombay provincial congress at Belgaum in April 1916.[6] then after this Annie Besant founded second league at Adyar Madras in September 1916. While Tilak's league worked in areas likeMaharashtra (excluding Bombay city),Karnataka,Central provinces and Berar, Annie Besant's league worked in the rest of India.
The move created considerable excitement at the time, and attracted many members of theIndian National Congress and theAll-India Muslim League, who had been allied since the 1916Lucknow Pact. The leaders of the League gave fiery speeches, and petitions with hundreds of thousands of Indians as signatories were submitted to British authorities. Unification of moderates and radicals as well as unity between Muslim League and Indian National Congress was a remarkable achievement of Annie Besant.
The government arrested Annie Besant in 1917 and this led to nationwide protests. The movement actually spread out and made its impact in the interior villages of India. Many moderate leaders likeMuhammad Ali Jinnah joined the movement. The League spread political awareness in new areas like Sindh, Punjab, Gujarat,United Provinces,Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa and Madras, which all sought an active political movement.
The pressure of the movement, especially after Annie Besant's arrest, led to the Montague's declaration on 20 August 1917 which stated that "progressive realization of responsible government in India" was the policy of the British government.[7]
During this time various meetings were held inNellore,Kurnool,Bellary,Cuddapah,Kakinada,Rajahmundry andVizagapatnam. InKurnool a prominent leader, Raja Sir P. V. Madhava Rao ofPanyam has supported the home rule league. The speech given by him in a meeting held in kurnool is highlighted here in which he thrashed the British Government sayingthe (bulk of) bureaucracy has failed to understand the needs of the people and the requirements of time.[8] Later after the completion of meeting's in Madras Presidency many prominent leaders gave support to the league under the leadership ofAnnie Besant.[9]
In India, the Home Rule movement resurrected Nationalist activities. It paved the way for extremists' re-entrance into Congress. The movement put tremendous pressure on British rule. The movement of home rule continued to provide strength to nationalist sentiments in the future and this sequence of activities eventually resulted in the Independence of India in 1947.[10]
The Movement was also left leaderless once Tilak left for England to pursue a libel case he had filed againstValentine Chirol and Annie Besant was largely satisfied by the promise of Reforms.
Its further growth and activity were stalled by the rise ofMahatma Gandhi and hisSatyagraha art of revolution: non-violent, but mass-basedcivil disobedience. Gandhi's Hindu lifestyle, mannerisms and immense respect for Indian culture and the common people of India made him immensely popular with India's common people. His victories in leading the farmers ofChamparan,Bihar andKheda,Gujarat against the British authorities on tax revolts made him a national hero.
After theMontagu Declaration, also known as the August Declaration, the league agreed to suspend its expansion of the movement. After this the moderate candidates gave up the membership of league. The league believed that the British government will gradually reform the administration and local representative system by ushering in participation of local Indians.
In 1920, the All India Home Rule League merged with Congress which electedMahatma Gandhi as its president. Several leaders of Home Rule Movement played an important role in the national movement when it entered a truly mass movement phase under the leadership of Gandhi.