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Independence Party (Iceland)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the modern Independence Party. For the historical Independence Party, seeIndependence Party (Iceland, historical).

Political party in Iceland
Independence Party
Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn
ChairpersonGuðrún Hafsteinsdóttir
Vice-chairpersonJens Garðar Helgason
SecretaryVilhjálmur Árnason
Parliamentary group chairpersonÓlafur Adolfsson
Chief ExecutiveÞórður Þórarinsson
FounderJón Þorláksson
Sigurður Eggerz
Founded25 May 1929 (1929-05-25)
Merger ofConservative Party
Liberal Party
HeadquartersHáaleitisbraut 1,
105Reykjavík
Youth wingYoung Independents
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right[6]
European affiliationEPP (associate)
ECR Party (2011–2021)
International affiliationInternational Democracy Union
Nordic affiliationConservative Group
Colours Blue
Seats inParliament
14 / 63
Election symbol
Website
xd.is

TheIndependence Party (Icelandic:Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn[ˈsjaul(f)ˌstaiːðɪsˌflɔhkʏrɪn]) is aconservativepolitical party in Iceland. It is currently the second largest party in theAlþingi, with 14 seats. The chairman of the party isGuðrún Hafsteinsdóttir and the vice chairman of the party isJens Garðar Helgason.

It was formed in 1929 through a merger of theConservative Party and theLiberal Party.[7] This united the two parties advocating the dissolution of theUnion of Denmark and Iceland; dissolution was achieved in 1944, during the German occupation of Denmark. Since its formation in 1929, the party has won the largest share of the vote in every election except2009 and2024, when it fell behind theSocial Democratic Alliance. Every Independence Party leader has also at some point held the office ofPrime Minister. Since1983 there have been only two governments that have excluded the Independence Party — thesecond cabinet of Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir from 2009–2013, and the sittinggovernment of Kristrún Frostadóttir.

On fiscal issues, the Independence Party iseconomically liberal,[2] favouringprivatisation,[8] and opposed tointerventionism. Positioned ideologically on thecentre-right[3][4][5] of thepolitical spectrum,[9][10] the party is most strongly supported by fishermen and high-income earners.[11] A longstanding member of theInternational Democracy Union, in September 2023 the party obtained associate member status in theEuropean People's Party.

History

[edit]

Established on 25 May 1929, the Independence Party was founded through a merger of theConservative Party (1924) and theLiberal Party (1925).[12] It readopted the name of the historicalIndependence Party, which had split between the Conservatives and Liberals in 1927.[13] The fusion of the Icelandic conservative and liberal parties resulted in the ascension of the Independence Party to prominence, firmly establishing it as the primary non-socialist force in Scandinavian politics.[7] From its first election,in 1931, it was the largest party in Iceland.[14]

The Independence Party won the2007 elections, increasing their seat tally in the Althing by three. It formed anew coalition government underGeir Haarde with theSocial Democratic Alliance, after theProgressive Party lost heavily in the elections. In the 2009 elections, the party dropped from 25–26 to 16 seats in theAlthing, becoming Iceland's second-largest party following the Social Democratic Alliance (which gained two seats, to 20.)

The Independence Party re-entered government after the general elections in 2013, gaining 19 seats in parliament and the most votes again becoming Iceland's largest party. The Independence Party hence formed a majority government with the Progressive Party with Bjarni becoming Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs under the premiership ofSigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson chairman of the Progressive Party. The government coalition was ended after thePanama Papers revealed that Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, Bjarni Benediktsson and other known members of the Independence Party held funds in offshore bank accounts. The general election in 2016 yielded a government consisting of the Independence Party,Bright Future andViðreisn. With the Independence Party holding 21 seats in Parliament. That government then proceeded to fall apart due to Bjarni Benediktsson's father's ties to a convicted child sex offender that had his criminal records cleared by the Minister of the interior, an Independence Party MP. After the general elections 2017, called after much backlash from this decision, the Independence party formed a new government with theLeft-Green Movement and the Progressive Party. The Independence Party had 17 seats in Parliament.[15]

After the 2021 parliamentaryelection, the new government was, just like the previous government, a tri-party coalition of the Independence Party, the Progressive Party and the Left-Green Movement, headed by Prime MinisterKatrín Jakobsdóttir of Left-Green Movement.[16] In April 2024, Bjarni Benediktsson replaced Katrín Jakobsdóttir as prime minister.[17] Shortly thereafter, the Left-Green Movement pulled out of the government, and new elections were held inNovember of 2024. The Independence Party received its worst result ever, returning just 14 representatives to the Althing on just 19% of the vote, both the lowest totals in party history. Due to the fractured opposition, however, the Independence Party still finished second in terms of total votes and total seats.

Ideology and platform

[edit]
Part of a series on
Conservatism in Iceland

The Independence Party has been described asconservative,[1]liberal-conservative,[18] andconservative-liberal.[19][20][21]

The party has been the sole major politically right-leaning party in Iceland since its inception, and has captured a broad cross-section of centre-right voters. As a result, the party is not as far to the right as most right-wing parties in otherNordic countries, serving as a 'catch-all' party.[22] The party, like the British Conservatives, states a claim to be primarily 'pragmatic', as opposed to ideological,[11][23][24] and its name is seen as an allusion to being independent of dogma (with the original meaning, promoting independence from Denmark, having been achieved long ago).[25] For most of its period of political dominance, the party has relied upon coalition government, and has made coalitions with many major parties in parliament.[26]

The Independence Party has generally beeneconomically liberal and advocated limited government intervention in the economy.[11] It was originally committed tolaissez-faire economics, but shifted its economic policies leftwards in the 1930s, accepting the creation of awelfare state.[23]

The party is liberal concerning social issues and has historically been less conservative than other centre-right parties in Scandinavia.[23] The party was the only consistent advocate for the end ofprohibitionof beer, and provided three-quarters of voters in favour of legalisation; the ban was lifted in 1989.[27]

Organisation and support

[edit]

Historically, the party has been the most successfulliberal conservative party in theNordic countries.[22] It has a broad base of support, but is most strongly supported by Iceland's large fishing community and by businesses.[11] The Independence Party support is mostly found in theSouth andSouthwest.[citation needed]

The Independence Party has always attempted to avoid appealing to a specific social class.[28] As such, the party is relatively successful at attracting working-class voters,[26] which partly comes from the party's strong advocacy of independence in the 1930s.[29] However, most of its strength is in the middle class,[27][30] and the party is disproportionately supported by those on high incomes and those with university educations.[11]

The party has long been endorsed byMorgunblaðið,[27] an Icelandicnewspaper of record.[31]Davíð Oddsson, Iceland's longest-servingPrime Minister and former leader of the Independence Party, is one of two editors of the paper. The party was also historically supported by the afternoon newspaperVísir, now part ofDV.[23]

The party has a tradition of individualism and strong personalities, which has proven difficult for the leadership to manage.[32] TheCommonwealth Party split in 1941, while theRepublican Party left in 1953, both in opposition to the leftwards shift of the party away fromclassical liberalism.[23] Neither splinter group managed to get seats in Althingi and both vanished quickly. TheCitizens' Party split from the party in 1983, but collapsed in 1994.[24]

Itsyouth wing,Young Independents, is by far the largest youth organisation in Iceland, with over 12,000 members. It is slightly more classically liberal than the senior party.[33]

The party has a very large membership base, with 15% of the total population being a member of the party.[34]

International relations

[edit]
Former party logo

For years, the Independence party has been a member of theInternational Democracy Union; the Union includes members such as theConservative Party (Norway),Moderate Party (Sweden),The Republicans (France), theNational Coalition Party (Finland), and theChristian Democratic Union (Germany). In 2011, the party joined theEuropean Conservatives and Reformists Party, a centre-right Eurosceptic political organisation, but withdrew in 2021. In September 2023, it joined the pro-EUEuropean People's Party as an associate member.

Election results

[edit]
ElectionLeaderVotes%Seats+/–PositionGovernment
1931Jón Þorláksson16,89143.82
15 / 42
NewSteady 2ndOpposition
193317,13148.01
20 / 42
Increase 5Increase 1stCoalition
193421,97442.32
20 / 49
Increase 0Steady 1stOpposition
1937Ólafur Thors24,13241.31
17 / 49
Decrease 3Decrease 2ndOpposition
1942 (Jul)22,97539.52
17 / 49
Steady 0Steady 2ndMinority
1942 (Oct)23,00138.55
20 / 52
Increase 3Increase 1stOpposition
194626,42839.50
20 / 52
Steady 0Steady 1stCoalition
194928,54639.53
19 / 52
Decrease 1Steady 1stMinority
195328,73837.12
21 / 52
Increase 2Steady 1stCoalition
195635,02742.37
19 / 52
Decrease 2Steady 1stOpposition
1959 (Jun)36,02942.49
20 / 52
Increase 1Steady 1stOpposition
1959 (Oct)33,80039.72
24 / 60
Increase 4Steady 1stCoalition
1963Bjarni Benediktsson37,02141.43
24 / 60
Steady 0Steady 1stCoalition
196736,03637.50
23 / 60
Decrease 1Steady 1stCoalition
1971Jóhann Hafstein38,17036.22
22 / 60
Decrease 1Steady 1stOpposition
1974Geir Hallgrímsson48,76442.73
25 / 60
Increase 3Steady 1stCoalition
197839,98232.72
20 / 60
Decrease 5Steady 1stOpposition
197943,83835.42
21 / 60
Increase 1Steady 1stOpposition
198350,25138.67
23 / 60
Increase 2Steady 1stCoalition
1987Þorsteinn Pálsson41,49027.17
18 / 63
Decrease 5Steady 1stCoalition
1991Davíð Oddsson60,83638.56
26 / 63
Increase 8Steady 1stCoalition
199561,18337.07
25 / 63
Decrease 1Steady 1stCoalition
199967,51340.74
26 / 63
Increase 1Steady 1stCoalition
200361,70133.68
22 / 63
Decrease 4Steady 1stCoalition
2007Geir Haarde66,75436.64
25 / 63
Increase 3Steady 1stCoalition
2009Bjarni Benediktsson44,37123.70
16 / 63
Decrease 9Decrease 2ndOpposition
201350,45426.70
19 / 63
Increase 3Increase 1stCoalition
201654,99029.00
21 / 63
Increase 2Steady 1stCoalition
201749,54325.25
16 / 63
Decrease 5Steady 1stCoalition
202148,70824.39
16 / 63
Steady 0Steady 1stCoalition
202441,14319.36
14 / 63
Decrease 2Decrease 2ndOpposition

Leadership

[edit]
NºChairmanTook officeLeft officeDuration
1Jón Þorláksson
(1877–1935)		29 May 19292 October 19345 years, 4 months, 3 days
(1,952 days)
2Ólafur Thors
(1892–1964)		2 October 193422 October 196127 years, 20 days
(9,882 days)
3Bjarni Benediktsson
(1908–1970)		22 October 196110 July 19708 years, 8 months, 18 days
(3,183 days)
4Jóhann Hafstein
(1915–1980)		10 July 197012 October 19733 years, 3 months, 2 days
(1,190 days)
5Geir Hallgrímsson
(1925–1990)		12 October 19736 November 198310 years, 25 days
(3,677 days)
6Þorsteinn Pálsson
(born 1947)		6 November 198310 March 19917 years, 4 months, 4 days
(2,681 days)
7Davíð Oddsson
(born 1948)		10 March 199116 October 200514 years, 7 months, 6 days
(5,334 days)
8Geir Haarde
(born 1951)		16 October 200529 March 20093 years, 5 months, 13 days
(1,260 days)
9Bjarni Benediktsson
(born 1970)		29 March 20092 March 202515 years, 338 days
(5817 days)
10Guðrún Hafsteinsdóttir
(born 1970)		2 March 2025Present271 days

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^abBale, Tim (2021).Riding the populist wave: Europe's mainstream right in crisis. Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 34.ISBN 978-1-009-00686-6.OCLC 1256593260.
  2. ^abSiaroff, Alan,The Effects of Differing Electoral Systems on Party Politics, Government Formation and Voter Turnout, p. 69
  3. ^abNordic States and European Integration: Awkward Partners in the North? p.106. Edited by Malin Stegmann McCallion and Alex Brianson. Published byPalgrave Macmillan. First published in 2017. Published in Cham, Switzerland. Accessed viaGoogle Books.
  4. ^ab"Iceland election: Independence Party still has most seats".BBC News. 29 October 2017. Retrieved30 October 2017.
  5. ^ab"Politics in Iceland: A beginner's guide".Iceland Monitor.
  6. ^[3][4][5]
  7. ^abArter, David (15 February 1999).Scandinavian Politics Today. Manchester University Press. p. 88.ISBN 978-0-7190-5133-3.
  8. ^Fontaine, Andie Sophia (February 23, 2021).Iceland’s Political Parties: Who Are These People?The Reykjavik Grapevine. Retrieved: 13 September 2021.
  9. ^Önnudóttir, Eva H.; Hardarson, Ólafur Th. (11 December 2017)."Iceland 2017: A new government from left to right".Party Systems and Governments Observatory.University of Nottingham.
  10. ^Deloy, Corinne (2 May 2013)."The rightwing opposition wins in the general elections in Iceland".Robert Schuman Foundation. Archived fromthe original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved15 May 2016.
  11. ^abcdeSiaroff, Alan (2000).Comparative European party systems: an analysis of parliamentary elections. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 295.ISBN 978-0-8153-2930-5.
  12. ^Cook, Chris; Paxton, John (18 June 1975).European Political Facts 1918–73. Springer. p. 177.ISBN 978-1-349-01535-1.
  13. ^McHale, Vincent E.; Skowronski, Sharon (1983).Political Parties of Europe: Albania-Norway. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 522.ISBN 978-0-313-23804-8.
  14. ^Tomasson (1980), pp. 41–2
  15. ^"Iceland election: centre-right parties lose majority".the Guardian. 29 October 2017.
  16. ^"New Government of Iceland Takes Office".Iceland Monitor. 29 November 2021.
  17. ^Bryant, Miranda (10 April 2024)."Iceland appoints Bjarni Benediktsson to replace Katrín Jakobsdóttir as PM".The Guardian.
  18. ^Agust Thor Arnason (2006)."The European Union Seen From the Top – A View of an Inside-Outsider". In Joakim Nergelius (ed.).Nordic and Other European Constitutional Traditions. BRILL. p. 34.ISBN 978-90-474-0978-6.
  19. ^Europe in Revolt. Catarina Príncipe, Bhaskar Sunkara. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books. 2016. p. 65.ISBN 978-1-60846-658-0.OCLC 952667068.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  20. ^Bértoa, Fernando Casal (2021).Party system closure : party alliances, government alternatives, and democracy in Europe. Zsolt Enyedi (1 ed.). Oxford. p. 59.ISBN 978-0-19-255668-4.OCLC 1250648339.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. ^Kopecek, Lubomír; Hloušek, Vít (2013).Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 89.ISBN 978-1409499770.
  22. ^abHansen, Erik Jørgen (2006).Welfare trends in the Scandinavian countries, Part 2. New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 81.ISBN 978-0-87332-844-9.
  23. ^abcdeTomasson (1980), p. 42
  24. ^abCross, William (2007).Democratic reform in New Brunswick. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 68–9.ISBN 978-1-55130-326-0.
  25. ^Woods, Leigh; Gunnarsdóttir, Ágústa (1997).Public Selves and Political Stages. London: Routledge. p. 10.ISBN 978-3-7186-5873-2.
  26. ^abArter, David (2006).Democracy in Scandinavia. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 50.ISBN 978-0-7190-7047-1.
  27. ^abcGunnlaugsson, Helgi; Galliher, John F. (2000).Wayward Icelanders. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 39.ISBN 978-0-299-16534-5.
  28. ^Jónsson, Ásgeir (2009).Why Iceland?. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 140.ISBN 978-0-07-163284-3.
  29. ^Arter, David (1999).Scandinavian politics today. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 91.ISBN 978-0-7190-5133-3.
  30. ^Gill, Derek; Ingman, Stanley R. (1994).Eldercare, distributive justice, and the welfare state. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 90.ISBN 978-0-7914-1765-2.
  31. ^Pálsson, Gísli (2007).Anthropology and the new genetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 132.ISBN 978-0-521-67174-3.
  32. ^Siaroff, Alan (11 September 2002).Comparative European Party Systems: An Analysis of Parliamentary Elections Since 1945. Routledge. p. 291.ISBN 978-1-135-58024-7.
  33. ^"Vona að mitt framboð verði hvatning fyrir aðrar konur".Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). 16 September 1997. Retrieved27 November 2011.
  34. ^grapevine.is (3 April 2009)."The Independence Party featured in Grapevine Magazine". Grapevine.is. Retrieved18 September 2017.

References

[edit]

External links

[edit]
Althing (63)
Extra-parliamentary
Defunct
Member parties
   
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National
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