In His Own Write

First edition
Author	John Lennon
Genre	Literary nonsense surreal poetry
Published	23 March 1964 byJonathan Cape
Publication place	United Kingdom
Pages	80
ISBN	0-684-86807-5
Followed by	A Spaniard in the Works

In His Own Write is a 1964nonsense book by the English musicianJohn Lennon. Lennon's first book, it consists of poems and short stories ranging from eight lines to three pages, as well as illustrations.

After Lennon showed journalist Michael Braun some of his writings and drawings, Braun in turn showed them toTom Maschler of publisherJonathan Cape, who signed Lennon in January 1964. He wrote most of the content expressly for the book, though some stories and poems had been published years earlier in theLiverpool music publicationMersey Beat. Lennon's writing style is informed by his interest in English writerLewis Carroll, while humoristsSpike Milligan and"Professor" Stanley Unwin inspired his sense of humour. His illustrations imitate the style of cartoonistJames Thurber. Many of the book's pieces consist of private meanings andin-jokes, while also referencing Lennon's interest in physical abnormalities and expressing his anti-authority sentiments.

The book was both a critical and commercial success, selling around 300,000 copies in Britain. Reviewers praised it for its imaginative use ofwordplay and favourably compared it to the later works ofJames Joyce, though Lennon was unfamiliar with him. Later commentators have discussed the book's prose in relation to Lennon's songwriting, both in how it differed from his contemporary writing and in how it anticipates his later work, heard in songs like "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" and "I Am the Walrus". Released amidstBeatlemania, its publication reinforced perceptions of Lennon as "the smart one" of the Beatles, and helped to further legitimise the place ofpop musicians in society.

Since its release, the book has been translated into several languages. In 1965, Lennon released another book of nonsense literature,A Spaniard in the Works. He abandoned plans for a third collection and did not publish any other books in his lifetime.Victor Spinetti andAdrienne Kennedy adapted his two books into a one-act play,The Lennon Play: In His Own Write, produced by theNational Theatre Company and first performed in June 1968 to mixed reviews.

Left: The English writerLewis Carroll, whosewordplay influenced John Lennon's writing style
Right: The American cartoonistJames Thurber, whose cartoons Lennon began imitating when he was a teenager

John Lennon was artistic as a child, though unfocused on his schooling.^[1] He was mostly raised by his auntMimi Smith, an avid reader who helped shape the literary inclinations of both Lennon and his step-siblings.^[2][3] Answering a questionnaire in 1965 about which books made the largest impression on him before the age of eleven, he identifiedLewis Carroll'snonsense worksAlice's Adventures in Wonderland andThrough the Looking-Glass, as well asKenneth Grahame's children's bookThe Wind in the Willows.^[4] He added: "These books made a great impact and their influence will last for the rest of my life".^{[5][note 1]} He reread Carroll's books at least once a year,^[8][9] being intrigued by the use ofwordplay in pieces like "Jabberwocky".^[10] His childhood friendPete Shotton remembered Lennon reciting the poem "at least a few hundred times", and that, "from a very early age, John's ultimate ambition was to one day 'write anAlice' himself".^[11] Lennon's first ever poem, "The Land of the Lunapots", was a fourteen-line piece written in the style of "Jabberwocky",^[12] usingCarrollian words like "wyrtle" and "graftiens".^{[13][note 2]} Where Carroll's poem opens"'Twas brillig, and the ...",^[17] Lennon's begins:^[14]

From around the age of eight, Lennon spent much of his time drawing, inspired by cartoonistRonald Searle's work in theSt Trinian's School cartoon strips.^[4] He later enjoyed the illustrations of cartoonistJames Thurber and began imitating his style around the age of fifteen.^[18] Uninterested infine art and unable to create realistic likenesses, he enjoyed doodling and drawing witty cartoons,^[19] usually made with either a black pen or afountain pen with black ink.^[18] Filling his school notebooks with vignettes, poetry and cartoons,^[20] he drew inspiration from British humorists such asSpike Milligan and"Professor" Stanley Unwin,^[1] including Milligan'sradio comedy programmeThe Goon Show.^[21][22] He admired the programme's unique humour, characterised by attacks onestablishment figures,surreal humour and punning wordplay, later writing that it was "the only proof that the WORLD was insane".^[23] Lennon collected his work in a school exercise book dubbed theDaily Howl,^[24] later described by Lennon's bandmateGeorge Harrison as "jokes andavant-garde poetry".^[18] Made in the style of a newspaper, its cartoons and ads featured wordplay and gags,^[24] such as a column reporting: "Our late editor is dead, he died of death, which killed him".^[25]

Despite Lennon's love of literature, he was a chronic misspeller, saying in a 1968 interview that he "never got the idea of spelling",^[5] finding it less important than conveying an idea or story.^[26] Beatles historianMark Lewisohn raises the possibility that Lennon haddyslexia – a condition that often went undiagnosed in the 1940s and 1950s – but counters that he exhibited no other related symptoms.^[27] Lennon's mother,Julia Lennon, similarly wrote with uncertain spelling and displayed weak grammar in her writing.^[28] American professor James Sauceda contends that Unwin's use of fractured English was the foremost influence on Lennon's writing style,^[29] and in a 1980 interview withPlayboy, Lennon stated that the main influences on his writing "were always Lewis Carroll andThe Goon Show, a combination of that".^[30]

Although most teachers atQuarry Bank High School for Boys were annoyed at Lennon's lack of focus, he impressed his English master, Philip Burnett, who suggested he go to art school at theLiverpool College of Art.^[31] In 2006, Burnett's wife, June Harry, recalled of Lennon's cartoons: "I was intrigued by what I saw. They weren't academic drawings but hilarious and quite disturbing cartoons."^[32] She continued: "Phil enjoyed John's slant on life. He told me, 'He's a bit of a one-off. He's bright enough, but not much apart from music and doing his cartoons interests him.'"^[32] Having failed hisGCE "O" levels, Lennon was admitted into the Liverpool College of Art solely on the basis of his art portfolio.^[33] While attending the school he befriended fellow studentBill Harry in 1957.^[34] When Harry heard that Lennon wrote poetry he asked to see some, later recalling: "He was embarrassed at first ... I got the impression that he felt that writing poetry was a bit effeminate because he had this tough macho image".^[33] After further pressing, Lennon relented and showed Harry a poem, who remembered it as "a rustic poem, it was pure British humour and comedy, and I loved it".^[33] Harry retrospectively stated that Lennon's writing style, especially his use ofmalapropisms, reminded him of Unwin.^[35] Harry described his poetry as displaying an "originality in its sheer lunacy", but found his sense of humour "absurdly cruel with its obsession withcripples,spastics and torture".^[36]

After Harry started the Liverpool newspaperMersey Beat in 1961, Lennon made occasional contributions.^[37] His column "Beatcomber", a reference to the "Beachcomber" column of theDaily Express,^[37][38] included poems and short stories.^{[39][note 3]} He typed his early pieces with anImperial Good Companion Model Ttypewriter.^[41] By August 1962, his original typewriter was either broken or unavailable to him. He borrowed an acquaintance's, spurring him to write more prose and poetry.^[42] He enjoyed typewriters,^[42] but found that his slow typing left him unmotivated to write for long periods of time and so he focused on shorter pieces.^[18] He leftkeystroke errors uncorrected to add further wordplay.^[43] Excited about being in print, he brought 250 pieces to Harry, telling him he could publish whatever he wanted of them.^[39] Only two stories were published, "Small Sam" and "On Safairy with Whide Hunter", because Harry's fiancée Virginia accidentally threw out the other 248 during a move between offices.^{[44][note 4]} Harry later recalled that after telling him about the accident, Lennon broke down in tears.^[47]

Lennon's friend and bandmatePaul McCartney also enjoyedAlice in Wonderland,The Goon Show and the works of Thurber, and the two soon bonded through their mutual interests and similar senses of humour.^[48] Lennon impressed McCartney, who did not know anyone else that either owned a typewriter or wrote their own poetry. He found hilarious one of Lennon's earliest poems, "The Tale of Hermit Fred", especially its final lines:^[43]

Visiting Lennon's251 Menlove Avenue home one day in July 1958, McCartney found him writing a poem and enjoyed the wordplay of lines like "a cup of teeth" and "in the early owls of the morecombe". Lennon let him help, with the two co-writing the poem "On Safairy with Whide Hunter", its title's origin likely the adventureserialWhite Hunter. Lewisohn suggests the renaming of the lead character at each appearance was probably Lennon's contribution, while lines that were likely McCartney's include: "Could be the Flying Docker on a case" and "No! But mable next week it will be my turn to beat the bus now standing at platforbe nine". He also suggests the character Jumble Jim was a reference to McCartney's father Jim McCartney.^[49] Lennon typically wrote his pieces by hand at home and would bring them when he and his band,the Beatles, were travelling in a car or van to a gig. Reading the pieces aloud, McCartney and Harrison would often make contributions of their own. Upon returning home, Lennon would type up the pieces, adding what he could remember of his friend's contributions.^[42]

In 1963,Tom Maschler, the literary director ofJonathan Cape, commissioned American journalist Michael Braun to write a book about the Beatles.^[50] Braun began following the band during theirAutumn 1963 UK Tour in preparation for his 1964 bookLove Me Do: The Beatles' Progress.^[51] Lennon showed Braun some of his writings and drawings, and Braun in turn showed them to Maschler, who recalled: "I thought they were wonderful and asked him who wrote them. When he told me John Lennon, I was immensely excited."^[50] At Braun's insistence, Maschler joined him and the band at Wimbledon Palais inLondon on 14 December 1963.^[50] Lennon showed Maschler more of his drawings, mainly doodles made on scrap pieces of paper^[52] that had mostly been done in July 1963 while the Beatles played a residency inMargate.^[53] Maschler encouraged him to continue with his pieces and drawings, then selected the titleIn His Own Write from a list of around twenty prospects,^[52] the pick originally an idea of McCartney.^[54][55] Among the rejected titles wereIn His Own Write and Draw,^[54]The Transistor Negro,Left Hand Left Hand andStop One and Buy Me.^{[52][note 5]}

Lennon signed a contract with Jonathan Cape for the book on 6 January 1964, receiving an advance of £1,000 (equivalent to £26,000 in 2023).^[52] He contributed 26 drawings and 31 pieces of writing, including 23prose pieces and eight poems,^[57] bringing the book's length to 80 pages.^[52] Its pieces range in length from the eight-line poems "Good Dog Nigel" and "The Moldy Moldy Man" to the three-page story "Scene three Act one".^[58] Lennon reported that his work on the book's illustrations was the most drawing he had done since leaving art school.^[18] Most of the written content was new,^[18] but some had been done previously, including the stories "On Safairy with Whide Hunter" (1958), "Henry and Harry" (1959), "Liddypool" (1961 as "Around And About"), "No Flies on Frank" (1962) and "Randolf's Party" (1962), and the poem "I Remember Arnold" (1958),^[59] which he wrote following the death of his mother, Julia.^[60] Lennon worked spontaneously and generally did not return to pieces after writing them, though he did revise "On Safairy with Whide Hunter" in mid-July 1962, adding a reference to the song "The Lion Sleeps Tonight", a hit in early 1962.^{[61][note 6]} Among the book's literary references are "I Wandered", which includes several plays on the title of the poem "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" by English poetWilliam Wordsworth;^[65] "Treasure Ivan", which is a variation on the plot ofTreasure Island byRobert Louis Stevenson;^[66] and "At the Denis", which paraphrases a scene at a dentist's office from Carlo Barone's English-teaching book,A Manual of Conversation English-Italian.^[67][68]

In His Own Write was published in the UK on 23 March 1964,^[52] retailing for 9s 6d (equivalent to £12 in 2023).^[69][70] Lennon attended a launch party at Jonathan Cape's London offices the day before.^[71] Maschler refused a request from his superiors at Jonathan Cape that the cover depict Lennon holding a guitar, instead opting for a simplehead shot.^[72] PhotographerRobert Freeman designed the first edition of the book,^[73] a black-and-white photograph he took of Lennon also adorning the cover.^[74] The back cover includes a humorous autobiography of Lennon, "About the Awful", again written in his unorthodox style.^[75] The book became an immediate best-seller,^[76] selling out on its first day.^[77] Only 25,000 copies of the first edition were printed, necessitating several reprints, including two in the last week of March 1964 and five more by January 1965.^[52] In its first ten months, the book sold almost 200,000 copies,^[78] eventually reaching around 300,000 copies bought in Britain.^[79]Simon & Schuster publishedIn His Own Write in the US on 27 April 1964,^[80] retailing for US$2.50 (equivalent to US$25 in 2024).^[81][82] The American edition was identical to the British, except that publishers added the caption "The Writing Beatle!" to the cover.^[74] The book was a best-seller in the US,^[83] where its publication took place around two months after the Beatles' first visit to the country and amidBeatlemania, the hysteria that surrounded the group.^[2]

McCartney contributed an introduction toIn His Own Write,^[52] writing that its content was nonsensical yet funny.^{[84][note 7]} In 1964 interviews, Lennon said that two pieces were co-authored with McCartney.^[86] Due to a publishing error only "On Safairy with Whide Hunter" was marked as such – being "[w]ritten in conjugal with Paul"^[87] – the other piece remaining unidentified.^[86]

Beatles drummerRingo Starr, prone to incorrect wordings andmalapropisms – dubbed "Ringoisms" by his bandmates^[88] – may have contributed a line to the book.^[89] Finishing up after a long day, perhaps 19 March 1964,^[89][90] he commented "it's been a hard day", and, on noticing it was dark, added"'s night" ("it's been a hard day's night").^[91] While both Lennon and Starr later identified the phrase as Starr's,^[92] Lewisohn raises doubts that the phrase originated with him.^[89] He writes that if the 19 March dating is correct, that places it after Lennon had already included it in the story "Sad Michael",^[89] with the line "He'd had a hard days night that day".^[93] By 19 March, copies ofIn His Own Write had already been printed.^[94] Lewisohn suggests that Starr may have previously read or heard it in Lennon's story,^[89] while journalistNicholas Schaffner simply writes the phrase originated with Lennon's poem.^[95] Beatles biographerAlan Clayson suggests the phrase's inspiration wasEartha Kitt's 1963 song "I Had a Hard Day Last Night", theB-side of her single "Lola Lola".^[96] After directorDick Lester suggestedA Hard Day's Night as the title ofthe Beatles' 1964 film,^[97] Lennon used it again in thesong of the same name.^[98]

In His Own Write received critical acclaim,^[76] with favourable reviews in London'sThe Sunday Times andThe Observer.^[52] Among the most popular poems in the collection are "No Flies on Frank", "Good Dog Nigel", "The Wrestling Dog", "I Sat Belonely" and "Deaf Ted, Danoota, (and me)".^[79]The Times Literary Supplement's reviewer wrote that the book "is worth the attention of anyone who fears for the impoverishment of the English language and British imagination".^[99] InThe New York Times, Harry Gilroy admired the writing style, describing it as "like a Beatle possessed",^[100] whileGeorge Melly forThe Sunday Times wrote: "It is fascinating of course to climb inside a Beatle's head to see what's going on there, but what really counts is that what's going on there really is fascinating."^[101] TheVirginia Quarterly Review called the book "a true delight" that finally gave "those intellectuals who have become stuck with Beatlemania ... a serious literary excuse for their visceral pleasures".^[102]Gloria Steinem opined in a December 1964 profile of Lennon forCosmopolitan that the book showed him to be the only one of the band who had "signs of a talent outside the hothouse world of musical fadism and teenage worship".^[103]

Though Lennon had never read him, comparisons to Irish writerJames Joyce were common.^[104] In his review of the book, authorTom Wolfe mentions Spike Milligan as an influence, but writes that the "imitations of Joyce" were what "most intrigued theliterati" in America and England: "the mimicry of prayers,liturgies, manuals and grammars, the madhomonyms, especially biting ones such as 'Loud' for 'Lord', which both [Joyce and Lennon] use".^[105] In a favourable review forThe Nation,Peter Schickele drew comparison toEdward Lear, Carroll, Thurber and Joyce, adding that even those "with a predisposition toward the Beatles" will be "pleasantly shocked" when reading it.^[106]Time cited the same influences before admiring the book'stypography, written "as if pages had been set by a drunkenlinotypist".^[107]Newsweek called Lennon "an heir to the Anglo-American tradition of nonsense", but found that the constant Carroll and Joyce comparisons were faulty, emphasising instead Lennon's uniqueness and "original spontaneity".^[108] Bill Harry published a review in the 26 March 1964 issue ofMersey Beat, written as aparody of Lennon's style.^{[109][note 8]} In an accompanying "translation" of his review, he predicted that while it would "[a]lmost certaintly ... be a best seller", it could lend itself to controversy, with newer Beatles fans likely to be "puzzled by its way-out, off beat and sometimes sick humour".^[69]

One of the few negative responses to the book came from theConservativeMember of ParliamentCharles Curran.^[110] On 19 June 1964, during aHouse of Commons debate onautomation,^[111] he quoted the poem "Deaf Ted, Danoota, (and me)", then spoke derisively about the book, arguing that Lennon's verse was a symptom of a poor education system.^[112] He suggested that Lennon was "in a pathetic state of near-literacy", adding that "[h]e seems to have picked up bits ofTennyson,Browning, andRobert Louis Stevenson while listening with one ear to thefootball results on thewireless."^{[104][note 9]} The most unfavourable review of the book came from criticChristopher Ricks,^[114] who wrote inNew Statesman that anyone unaware of the Beatles would be unlikely to draw pleasure from the book.^[115]

While the success ofIn His Own Write pleased Lennon,^[18] he was surprised by both the attention it received and its positive reception.^[117] In a 1965 interview, he admitted to purchasing all the books that critics compared to his, including one by Lear, one byGeoffrey Chaucer andFinnegans Wake by Joyce. He further stated that he did not see the similarities, except "[perhaps] a little bit ofFinnegans Wake ... but anybody who changes words is going to be compared".^[118] In a 1968 interview, he said that readingFinnegans Wake "was great, and I dug it and felt as though [Joyce] was an old friend", though he found the book difficult to read in its entirety.^{[119][note 10]}

Among Lennon's bandmates, Starr did not read the book, but Harrison and McCartney enjoyed it.^[119] Harrison stated in February 1964 that the book included "some great [gags]",^[121] and Lennon recalled McCartney was especially fond of the book, being "dead keen" about it.^[119] In Beatles managerBrian Epstein's 1964 autobiographyA Cellarful of Noise, he commented: "I was deeply gratified that a Beatle could detach himselfcompletely from Beatleism and create such impact as an author".^{[122][note 11]} BeatlesproducerGeorge Martin – a fan ofThe Goon Show^[124] – and his wife Judy Lockhart-Smith similarly enjoyed Lennon's writings, with Martin calling them "terribly funny".^{[125][note 12]} In an August 1964 interview, Lennon identified "Scene three Act one" as his favourite piece in the book.^[129]

Following the book's publication,Christina Foyle, the founder ofFoyles bookshop,^[130] honoured Lennon at one of Foyle's Literary Luncheons.^[131][132]Osbert Lancaster chaired the event on 23 April 1964 at theDorchester hotel in London.^{[133][note 13]} Among around six hundred attendees were several eminent guests, includingHelen Shapiro,Yehudi Menuhin andWilfrid Brambell.^{[135][note 14]} Hungover from a night spent at theAd Lib Club,^[136] Lennon admitted to a journalist at the event that he was "scared stiff".^[18] He was reluctant to perform the expected speech, getting Epstein to advise luncheon organisers Foyle and Ben Perrick the day before the event that he would not be speaking. The two were taken aback, but assumed that Lennon meant he would only provide a short speech.^[135]

At the event, after Lancaster introduced him,^[135] Lennon stood and only said: "Uh, thank you very much, and God bless you. You've got a lucky face."^[136] Foyle was irritated,^[133] while Perrick recalls there was "some slight feeling of bewilderment" among attendees.^[137] Epstein gave a speech to avoid further disappointing any diners that had hoped to hear from Lennon.^[130] InA Cellarful of Noise, Epstein expressed of Lennon's lack of a speech: "He was not prepared to do something which was not only unnatural to him, but also something he might have done badly. He was not going to fail."^[138] Perrick reflects that Lennon retained the affection of his audience due to his "charm and charisma", with attendees still happily queuing afterwards for signed copies.^[139]

Later commentators have discussed the book's prose in relation to Lennon's songwriting, both in how it differed from his contemporary writing and in how it anticipates his later work.^[141] Writer Chris Ingham describes the book as "surreal poetry",^[142] displaying "a darkness and bite ... that was light years away from 'I Want to Hold Your Hand'".^[117] Professor of English Ian Marshall describes Lennon's prose as "mad wordplay", noting the Lewis Carroll influence and suggesting it anticipates the lyrics of later songs like "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" and "I Am the Walrus".^[143] CriticTim Riley compares the short story "Unhappy Frank" to "I Am the Walrus", though he calls the former "a good deal more oblique and less cunning".^[84]

Walter Everett describes the book as including "Joycean dialect substitutions, Carrollianportmanteau words, and rich-soundingstream-of-consciousnessdouble-entendre".^[79] Unlike Carroll, Lennon generally did not create new words in his writing, but instead usedhomonyms (such asgrate forgreat) and otherphonological andmorphological distortions (such aspeoble forpeople).^[144] Both Everett and Beatles researcher Kevin Howlett discuss the influence ofAlice's Adventures in Wonderland andThrough the Looking-Glass on both of Lennon's books and on the lyrics for "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds".^[145] Everett singles out the poems "Deaf Ted, Danoota, (and me)" and "I Wandered" as examples of this influence,^[146] quoting an excerpt from "I Wandered" to illustrate this:^[147]

In his bookCan't Buy Me Love, Jonathan Gould compares the poem "No Flies on Frank" to Lennon's 1967 song "Good Morning Good Morning", seeing both as illustrating the "dispirited domestic milieu" of "protagonists [who] drag themselves through the day 'crestfalled and defective'".^[148] Everett suggests that while the character Bungalow Bill in Lennon's 1968 song "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill" is generally understood to be aportmanteau ofJungle Jim andBuffalo Bill, the name also could have its origins in the character Jumble Jim from Lennon and McCartney's short story "On Safairy with Whide Hunter".^[149]

On 23 March 1964 – the same day the book was published in the UK – Lennon went toLime Grove Studios,West London, to film a segment promoting it. TheBBC programmeTonight broadcast the segment live, with presentersCliff Michelmore,Derek Hart andKenneth Allsop reading excerpts.^[150] A four-minute interview between Allsop and Lennon followed,^[150] with Allsop challenging him to try using similar wordplay and imagination in his songwriting.^[151][152] Similar questions about the banality of his song lyrics – including from musicianBob Dylan^[26][153] – became common following the publication of his book,^[154] pushing him to write deeper, more introspective songs in the years that followed.^[155][156] In a December 1970 interview withJann Wenner ofRolling Stone, Lennon explained that early in his career he made a conscious split between writingpop music for public consumption and the expressive writing found inIn His Own Write, with the latter representing "the personal stories ... expressive of my personal emotions".^[157] In his 1980Playboy interview, he recalled the Allsop interview as being the impetus for his writing "In My Life".^[158] Writer John C. Winn mentions songs like "I'm a Loser", "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" and "Help!" as exemplifying Lennon's move to deeper writing in the year after the book.^[155] Music scholar Terence O'Grady describes the "surprising twists" of Lennon's 1965 song "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" as more similar toIn His Own Write than his earlier songs,^[159] and Sauceda mentions several of Lennon's later Beatles songs – including "I Am the Walrus", "What's the New Mary Jane", "Come Together", "Dig a Pony" – as demonstrating his ability for "sound-sense writing", where words are assembled not for their meaning but instead for their rhythm and for "the joy of sound".^[160]

Sauceda produced the only comprehensive study of Lennon's writings in his 1983 bookLiterary Lennon: A Comedy of Letters,^[161] providing apostmodern dissection of bothIn His Own Write and Lennon's next book of nonsense literature,A Spaniard in the Works.^[162] Everett describes the book as "a thorough but sometimes wrongheaded postmodernFinnegans Wake-inspired parsing".^[163] Sauceda, for example, casts doubt on Lennon's claim that he had never read Joyce before writingIn His Own Write.^[164] He suggests that the lines "he was debb and duff and could not speeg"^[165] and "Practice daily but not if you are Mutt and Jeff"^[166] from the pieces "Sad Michael" and "All Abord Speeching", respectively, were influenced by a passage fromFinnegans Wake discussing whether someone isdeaf ordeaf-mute, reading:^[167]

Jute. – Are you jeff?
Mutt. – Somehards.
Jute. – But are you not jeffmute?
Mutt. – Noho. Only an utterer.
Jute. – Whoa? Whoat is the mutter with you?

AuthorPeter Doggett is even more dismissive of Sauceda than Everett, criticising Sauceda for missing references to British popular culture.^[161] In particular, he mentions the analysis of the story "The Famous Five Through Woenow Abbey", wherein Sauceda concludes that the Famous Five of the story refers to Epstein and the Beatles,^[168] but does not mention the popular British children's novelsThe Famous Five, written byEnid Blyton^[161] – referred to as "Enig Blyter" in Lennon's story.^[169] Riley calls Sauceda's insights "keen", but suggests more can be understood by analysing the works with reference to Lennon's biography.^[170] Gould comments thatThe Goon Show was Lennon's closest experience to the style ofFinnegans Wake, and describes Milligan's 1959 bookSilly Verse for Kids as "the direct antecedent toIn His Own Write."^[112]

Before he signed with Jonathan Cape, Lennon wrote prose and poetry to keep for himself and share with his friends, leaving his pieces filled with private meanings andin-jokes.^[171] Quoted in a February 1964 piece inMersey Beat, Harrison said with regard to the book that "[t]he 'with-it' people will get the gags and there are some great ones".^[121] Lewisohn states that Lennon based the story "Henry and Harry" on an experience of Harrison, whose father gifted him electrician's tools forChristmas 1959, implying he expected his son to become an electrician despite Harrison's disagreement.^[172] In the story, Lennon writes that such jobs were "brummer striving", explaining in a 1968 television interview that the term referred to "all those jobs that people have that they don't want. And there's probably about 90 percent brummer strivers watching in at the moment."^[173] The 1962 story "Randolf's Party" was never discussed by Lennon, but Lewisohn suggests he most likely wrote it about former Beatles drummerPete Best. Lewisohn mentions similarities between Best and the lead character, including an absent father figure and Best's first name being Randolf.^[174] Best biographer Mallory Curley describes the lines "We never liked you all the years we've known you. You were never raelly [sic] one of us you know, soft head" as, "the crux of Pete's Beatles career, in one paragraph."^[175]

Riley opines that the short story "Unhappy Frank" can be read as Lennon's "screed against 'mother'", aimed at both his aunt Mimi and late-mother Julia for their over-protectiveness and absence, respectively.^[170] The poem "Good Dog Nigel" tells the story of a happy dog that isput down. Riley suggests it was inspired by Mimi putting down Lennon's dog, Sally, and that the dog in the poem shares its name with Lennon's childhood friendNigel Walley, a witness to Julia's death.^[170] Prone to hitting his girlfriends as a teenager,^[176] Lennon also included severaldomestic violence allusions in the book, such as "No Flies on Frank", where a man beats his wife to death and then tries to deliver the corpse to his mother-in-law.^{[117][note 15]} In his bookThe Lives of John Lennon, authorAlbert Goldman interprets the story as relating to Lennon's feelings about his wifeCynthia and Mimi.^[179]

Sauceda and Ingham comment that the book includes several references to "cripples", Lennon having had developed phobias of physical and mental disabilities as a child.^[36][117] Thelma Pickles, Lennon's girlfriend in the autumn of 1958,^[180] later recalled he would joke with disabled people he encountered in public, including "[accosting] men in wheelchairs and [jeering], 'How did you lose your legs? Chasing the wife?'"^[181] In an interview withHunter Davies forThe Beatles: The Authorised Biography, Lennon admitted that he "did have a cruel humor", suggesting it was a way of hiding his emotions. He concluded: "I would never hurt a cripple. It was just part of our jokes, our way of life."^[182] During the Beatles' tours, people with physical handicaps were often brought to meet the band, with some parents hoping that their child being touched by a Beatle would heal them.^[36][183] In his 1970 interview withRolling Stone, Lennon remembered, "[w]e were just surrounded by cripples and blind people all the time and when we would go through corridors they would be all touching us. It got like that, it was horrifying".^[184] Sauceda suggests that these strange recent experiences led to Lennon to incorporating them into his stories.^[36] For Doggett, the essential qualities of Lennon's writing are "cruelty, [a] matter-of-fact attitude to death and destruction, and [a] quick descent from bathos into gibberish".^[185]

In His Own Write includes elements of anti-authority sentiment,^[26] disparaging both politics andChristianity, with Lennon recalling that the book was "pretty heavy on the church" with "many knocks at religion" and includes a scene depicting a dispute between a worker and acapitalist.^[36] Riley suggests that contemporary reviewers were overtaken by the book's "loopy, scabrous energy", overlooking the "subversion [which] lay embedded in its cryptic asides".^[187] The story "A letter", for example, referencesChristine Keeler and theProfumo affair, featuring a drawing of her and the closing line,^[188] "We hope this fires you as you keeler."^[189]

Lennon and his best friend in art college,Stu Sutcliffe,^[190] often discussed writers likeHenry Miller,Jack Kerouac and otherBeat poets, such asGregory Corso andLawrence Ferlinghetti.^[191] Lennon, Sutcliffe and Harry sometimes interacted with the local British beat scene,^[192] and, in June 1960, the Beatles – then known as the Silver Beetles^[193] – provided musical backing for the beat poetRoyston Ellis during a poetry reading atthe Jacaranda coffee bar in Liverpool.^[38][194] While Lennon suggested in a 1965 interview that if he had not been a Beatle he "might have been a Beat Poet",^[18] author Greg Herriges declares thatIn His Own Write's irreverent attacks on the mainstream ranked Lennon among the best of his predecessors in theBeat Generation.^[195] Journalist Simon Warner disagrees, positing that Lennon's writing style owed little to the Beat movement, being instead largely derived from the nonsense tradition of the late nineteenth century.^[196]

The illustrations ofIn His Own Write have received comparatively little attention.^[197] Doggett writes that the book's drawings are similar to the "shapeless figures" of Thurber, but with Lennon's unique touch.^[161] He interprets much of the art as displaying the same fascination with cripples apparent in the text, joining faces to "unwieldy, joke-animal bodies" alongside figures "distorted almost beyond humanity".^[161] Journalist Scott Gutterman describes the characters as "strange, protoplasmic creatures",^[198] and "lumpen everyman and everywoman figures" joined by animals, "[gamboling] around an empty landscape, engaged in obscure pursuits".^[199]

Analysing the illustration accompanying the piece "Randolf's Party", Gutterman describes the group as "gossiping, frowning, and bunching together", but while some figures adhere to regular social conventions, some fly away out of the image.^[199] Doggett interprets the same drawing as including "Neanderthal men", some merely faces attached to balloons, while others "[boast]Cubist profiles with one eye hovering just outside their faces".^[161] Sauceda suggests the figures of the drawing reappear in the Beatles' 1968animated film,Yellow Submarine, and describes the "balloon heads" as a metaphor for people's "empty-headedness".^[200] Doggett and Sauceda each identifyself-portraits among Lennon's drawings, including one of a Lennon-like figure flying through the air, which Doggett determines to be one of the book's best illustrations.^[161][201] Doggett interprets it as evoking Lennon's "wish-fulfillment dreams",^[161] while Sauceda and Gutterman each see the drawing as representing the freedom Lennon felt in making his art.^[199][202]

Cultural commentators of the 1960s often focused on Lennon as the leading artistic and literary figure in the Beatles.^[203] In her study of Beatleshistoriography, historian Erin Torkelson Weber suggests that the publication ofIn His Own Write reinforced these perceptions, with many viewing Lennon as "the smart one" of the group, and that the band's first film,A Hard Day's Night, further emphasised that view.^[204] Everett arrives at similar conclusions, writing that, however unfairly, Lennon was often described as more artistically adventurous than McCartney in part because of the publication of his two books.^[205] Communications professor Michael R. Frontani states that the book served to further distinguish Lennon's image within the Beatles,^[206] whileIndependent writerAndy Gill felt that it andA Spaniard in the Works revealed Lennon to be "the sharpest Beatle, a man of acid wit".^[207]

Beatles writerKenneth Womack suggests that, paired with the Beatles' debut film, the book challenged the band's "non-believers", made up of those outside their then largely teenage fanbase,^[208] a contention with which philosophy professor Bernard Gendron agrees, writing that the two pieces of media initiated "a major reversal of the public assessment of the Beatles' aesthetic worth."^[209] Doggett groups the book with the Beatles' more general move from the "classic working-class pop milieu" towards "an arty middle-class environment". He argues that the band's invitation into the British establishment – such as their interactions with photographer Robert Freeman, director Dick Lester and publisher Tom Maschler, among others – was unique for pop musicians of the time and threatened to erode elements of the British class system.^[210]Prince Philip of theBritish royal family read the book and said he enjoyed it thoroughly,^[83] whileCanadian Prime MinisterPierre Trudeau described Lennon in 1969 as "a pretty good poet".^[211] The book resulted in numerous businesses and charities requesting that Lennon produce illustrations.^{[212][note 16]} In 2014, the brokerSotheby's auctioned over one hundred of Lennon's manuscripts forIn His Own Write andA Spaniard in the Works from Maschler's collection. The short stories, poems and line drawings sold for US$2.9 million (US$3.9 million adjusted for inflation), more than double their pre-sale estimate.^[215]

Lennon issuing a book of poetry before Bob Dylan subverted expectations in Britain, where Lennon was still seen as a simple pop star and Dylan was lauded as a poet.^[187] Inspired byIn His Own Write, Dylan began his first book of poetry in 1965, later published in 1971 asTarantula.^{[216][note 17]} Using similar wordplay, though with fewer puns, Dylan described it contemporaneously as "a John Lennon-type book".^[220] Dylan biographerClinton Heylin suggests that Lennon's piece "A Letter" is the most overt example ofIn His Own Write's influence onTarantula, with several similar satirical letters appearing in Dylan's collection.^[216] Three volumes of Dylan's personal writings were laterbooklegged under the titleIn His Own Write: Personal Sketches, released in 1980, 1990 and 1992.^[221] Beyond influencing Dylan, the book also inspiredMichael Maslin, a cartoonist forThe New Yorker magazine. A fellow Thurber enthusiast, he identified it, particularly the piece "The Fat Growth of Eric Hearble", as his introduction to "crazy wacky humor".^[222]

In 1965, Lennon published a second book of nonsense literature,A Spaniard in the Works, expanding on the wordplay and parody ofIn His Own Write.^[223][224] While it was a best-seller,^[76] reviewers were generally unenthusiastic, considering it similar to his first book yet without the benefit of being unexpected.^[225] He began a third book, planned for release in February 1966, but abandoned it soon after,^[226] leaving the two books the only ones published in his lifetime.^{[227][note 18]}

In what Doggett terms "an admission that his literary career was at an end", Lennon consented to both of his books being joined into a single paperback.^[231] On 27 October 1966,Penguin Books publishedThe Penguin John Lennon.^[231][232] The first edition to join both of his books into one volume,^[233] the publishers altered the proportions of several illustrations in the process.^[231] The art director of Penguin Books,Alan Aldridge, initially conceived that the cover would consist of a painting depicting Lennon as a penguin, but the publishing director rejected the idea as disrespectful to the company.^[233] Aldridge commissioned British photographerBrian Duffy to take a cover photo with Lennon posing next to a birdcage.^[234] On the day of photoshoot, Aldridge changed his mind and instead had Lennon dress as the comic book characterSuperman, with the imagery meant to suggest he had now conquered music, film and literature.DC Comics, the owners of the Superman franchise, claimed the imageinfringed on their copyright, so Aldridge retouched the photo, replacing theS on thecostume's shield with Lennon's initials.^[235] At least two more covers were used in the next four years; one shows Lennon wearing several pairs of glasses, while the 1969 edition shows a portrait of Lennon with long hair and a beard.^[231]

In His Own Write has been translated into several different languages.^[83] AuthorsChristiane Rochefort and Rachel Mizraki translated the book intoFrench,^[236] published in 1965 asEn flagrant délire^[237] with a new humorous preface titled "Intraduction [sic]des traditrices".^[238] Scholar Margaret-Anne Hutton suggests that the book's irreverence,black humour and anti-establishment stance pairs well with Rochefort's style and that its wordplay anticipates that of her 1966 book,Une Rose pour Morrison.^[239] The book was translated intoFinnish by the translator responsible for adapting the works of Joyce.^[83]

AuthorRobert Gernhardt attempted to convinceArno Schmidt – who later worked on Joyce translations – to translateIn His Own Write intoGerman, but Schmidt rejected the offer.^[240] Instead, publisherHelmut Kossodo [de] and Wolf Dieter Rogosky each translated some parts of the work,^[240] publishing a bilingual German/English version,In seiner eigenen Schreibe, in 1965.^[241] AuthorKarl Bruckmaier [de] published a new edition in 2010,^[242] updating several cultural references in the process.^{[240][note 19]}Argentine authorJaime Rest translated the book intoSpanish in the 1960s asEn su tinta,^[245] using aBuenos Aires urban-dialect.^[246] Andy Ehrenhaus published a bilingual Spanish/English edition of bothIn His Own Write andA Spaniard in the Works in 2009,^[247] with his strategy of imagining Lennon as writing in Spanish described by one commentator as "lunatically effective".^[248]

When Lennon began writingA Spaniard in the Works, he considered making a spoken-word LP with extracts fromIn His Own Write but ultimately decided against it.^[249][250] In 1966,Theodore Mann, the artistic director of New York City'sCircle in the Square, commissioned American playwrightAdrienne Kennedy to write a new play. Kennedy came up with the idea of adapting Lennon's two books for the stage, flying to London to discuss the idea with Jonathan Cape.^[251] Around the end of 1967, actorVictor Spinetti began working with Kennedy to adapt the two books into a one-act play.^[252] Spinetti had acted in the Beatles' filmsA Hard Day's Night,Help! andMagical Mystery Tour,^[253] and became good friends with Lennon.^[254] Originally titledScene Three, Act One after one ofIn His Own Write's stories and staged under that name in late-1967, the play's title was changed toThe Lennon Play: In His Own Write.^[255] The play joins elements of the books together to tell the story of an imaginative boy growing up,^[256] escaping from the mundane world through his daydreaming.^[26] Lennon sent notes and additions for the play to Spinetti,^[257] and held final approval on Spinetti and Kennedy's script.^[26] Kennedy was let go from the project before it was finished.^{[258][note 20]}

On 3 October 1967, theNational Theatre Company in London announced that they would be staging an adaption of Lennon's two books.^[260] The next month, on 24 November, Lennon compiled effects tapes atEMI Recording Studios for use in the production. Returning on 28 November for a Beatles recording session, he recorded speech and sound effects, working past midnight from 2:45 am to 4:30 am.^[261] Spinetti attended the session to assist Lennon in preparing the tapes.^{[262][note 21]} SirLaurence Olivier produced the show, while Spinetti directed.^[264] Riley writesAdrian Mitchell collaborated on the production but does not specify in what capacity.^[265] In the spring of 1968, Spinetti and Lennon discussed ways the show could be performed, and in the summer Lennon attended several rehearsals of the show between sessions for the Beatles'eponymous album,^[266] also known as "the White album".^[267] In a June 1968 interview, he stated that "[w]hen I saw the rehearsal, I felt quite emotional ... I was too involved with it when it was written ... it took something like this to make me see what I was about then".^[268] A little over a week before its opening, Lennon recorded twelve more tape loops and sound effects for use in the play, copying them and taking the tape at the end of the session.^[269]

The play opened atThe Old Vic theatre in London on 18 June 1968,^[270] and Simon & Schuster published it the same year.^[271][272] It was heavily censored due to lines perceived as blasphemous and disrespectful to world leaders,^[273] including a speech from theQueen titled "my housebound and eyeball".^{[274][note 22]} Lennon was enthusiastic about it;^[275] Spinetti later recalled Lennon excitedly running up to him after the first night's performance, expressing that the play reminded him of his early enthusiasm for writing.^[268][276] Reception to the play however was mixed.^[277] Reviewing it forThe New York Times, criticMartin Esslin described it as "ingenious and skillful, but ultimately less than satisfying" due to the lack of any underlying meaning.^[278] Sauceda retrospectively dismisses the play as a weak adaption that struggles to generate "thematic momentum".^[279] He criticises "many awkward and pointless attempts to ape Lennon's style" by Spinetti and Kennedy that "[infringe] on the integrity of John Lennon's work".^[280] For example, he writes that they changed Lennon's pun "Prevelant ze Gaute"^[281] – a play on French leaderCharles de Gaulle – to "Pregnant De Gaulle".^{[280][note 23]}

Though they were both still married to other people,Yoko Ono joined Lennon at the opening performance in one of their first appearances in public together.^{[283][note 24]} Some journalists challenged the couple, shouting "Where's your wife?" at Lennon, in reference to Cynthia.^[285][286] Cynthia, then holidaying inItaly with her family and her and Lennon's son,Julian, saw photos of the couple attending the premiere in an Italian newspaper.^[286][287] In an interview withRay Coleman, she recalled, "I knew when I saw the picture that that wasit", concluding that Lennon would only have brought Ono out in public if he was prepared for a divorce.^{[288][note 25]} The ensuing controversy over Lennon and Ono's appearance drew press attention away from the play.^[275] Everett writes the couple were "lambasted in very hurtful ways by the press, often from an openly racist perspective".^[283] Ono biographerJerry Hopkins suggests the couple's first experiment withheroin in July 1968 was in part due to the pain they experienced from their treatment by the press,^[289] an opinion Beatles writer Joe Goodden shares, though he writes that they first used the drug together in May 1968.^[290]

Lennon briefly considered adapting his two books into a film,^[291] announcing at a 14 May 1968 press conference thatApple Corps would be producing it within the year.^[292] BesidesThe Lennon Play, playwright Jonathan Glew directed the book's only other adaption in 2015 after acquiring permission from Lennon's widow, Ono.^[293] Staged at theEdinburgh Festival Fringe,^[293] the production consisted of a dramatic reading of all of the book's pieces.^[294]

• In His Own Write in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• In His Own Write atGoogle Books("preview")
• John Lennon attends Foyle's lunch in his honour onYouTube
• Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn and playwright Jonathan Glew discussingIn His Own Write, November 2016 onYouTube
• Lambiek Comiclopedia biography about John Lennon's graphic career, also discussingIn His Own Write.

• 1964 short story collections
• Books adapted into plays
• Books by John Lennon
• British short story collections
• English poetry collections
• Jonathan Cape books
• Nonsense poetry
• British humorous poems
• Simon & Schuster books
• Surreal comedy

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