TheIngelheim Imperial Palace (German:IngelheimerKaiserpfalz) was an important imperial palace erected in the second half of the 8th century in Germany. It served kings ofFrancia and laterHoly Roman Emperors and Kings as aresidenz and place forgovernance until the 11th century.[1]
The former palace complex is located in the cadastral area ofNieder-Ingelheim, 15 km west ofMainz, in district "Im Saal". It is located at a slope with a view of theRhine plains. Impressive remains of the buildings of the palace have been preserved above ground to this day. The greater part of the complex is locatedfoundation under ground and archaeological excavations have been able to reconstruct the entire system of buildings.
The presence of the builder of theKaiserpfalz,Charlemagne, in Ingelheim is first documented in September 774.[2] Since the end of 787 he stayed in Ingelheim again, but this time for much longer. He spent Christmas here and stayed over the winter without interruption until the middle of 788. This was also the time of the great imperial assembly(Hoftag) of June 788, at whichTassilo III, Duke of Bavaria, was sentenced to death for high treason (he was ultimately pardoned to monastic imprisonment by Charlemagne).
In hisVita Karoli MagniEinhard counts the palace of Ingelheim, alongside that ofNijmegen, among Charlemagne's most important building achievements, just behind thePalatine Chapel, Aachen, and theMainz-Kastel Rhine Bridge. In August 807, Charlemagne gathered his court again in Ingelheim for aHoftag, but thePalace of Aachen had now become his “favorite palace” because the hot springs there relieved his rheumatism. Ingelheim was visited much more often by his son,Louis the Pious, and there is evidence of it ten times between 817 and 840. Under him, the IngelheimPfalz was used for five imperial assemblies and four high-ranking embassy receptions as well as at least one church synod. In the summer of 826, two important imperial diets took place in Ingelheim. On June 20, 840, Louis the Pious died on an island in the Rhine off Ingelheim. However, his body was not buried in Ingelheim, but was transferred to the family grave in theAbbey of Saint-Arnould inMetz.
The lateCarolingians can only be found seven times in the Ingelheim Imperial Palace. UnderOttonian rule, Ingelheim was again preferred.Otto the Great, for example, can be found at least ten times in Ingelheim - as often as in Aachen. In June 948 there was an important synod in Ingelheim that was intended to resolve the schism in thearchiepiscopal see of Reims. Further imperial synods took place in 958, 972, 980, 993 and 996. The short reign ofOtto II included two Easter festivals (977 and 980) and an imperial synod (980), which were held in Ingelheim.Otto III is most commonly found in Ingelheim.
Like other rural palaces, it had already lost its importance for major political, religious and social events in the 11th century, afterHenry III had celebrated his wedding feast for his marriage toAgnes of Poitou here in 1043. After that, there was hardly any written information about the Imperial Palace for a long time.Frederick I Barbarossa, the secondHohenstaufen emperor, may have been in Ingelheim once, namely at a meeting withHildegard of Bingen, if the reference to this in an alleged letter from the emperor to her is genuine, perhaps in 1154 or 1163. In the source “Gesta Frederici” byRahewin it is said that Barbarossa expanded the palace and “restored it in the most appropriate manner”. However, the only thing that is certain is that the palace was fortified during the Hohenstaufen era. After its restoration and fortification, the palace served mainly for territorial security and was probably inhabited byBurgmannen.Charles IV became the last ruler to stay here in 1354.[3]
TheAula regia was a single-nave apsidal hall measuring 40.5 m × 16.5 m and with side portals on the east and west sides. Unlike the royal halls of the Aachen and Paderborn Palaces, the IngelheimAula Regia was not only accessible via the transverse axis - as in the traditionalFranconian house - but also - following the ancient model - via a main entrance in the longitudinal axis. The semicircular building had a diameter of 89 m, was at least two floors high and had six round towers on the outside, some of which contained complex water-conducting facilities. The semicircular building, which dates back to the Carolingian period, was fortified with the “Heidesheimer Tor” (Heidesheim Gate). The remains of the interior include 3,000 fragments of wall plaster painted in different colors as well as floor tiles made of marble and porphyry, some of which can be viewed in the visitor center and theMuseum at the Imperial Palace.
A small palace chapel with three apses, a so-calledtrikonchos, was initially located in the inner courtyard to the left in front of the semicircular building. Probably shortly before 900, this chapel was replaced in the same place by a slightly larger apse hall. In the 10th century, the hall church was built south of the apse hall, to the right in front of the semicircular building as a new palace church, which was renovated in the 12th century in theRomanesque style and is the only building in the complex that is still in use today. Due to the occupation of French troops during theFrench Revolution, the church was in a ruinous state and had collapsed except for the choir and the transept walls. Renovation began in 1803. In 1861 the larger bell tower was built in the neo-Romanesque style. The nave was only rebuilt in 1965 and reconstructed according to historical dimensions.
The first investigations of the palace area took place in middle of the 19th century. These first, smallexcavations were reported byKarl August von Cohausen [de] in August 1852.Paul Clemen undertook further excavations in 1888/9. TheGerman Association for Art Research began systematic studies under the direction ofChristian Rauch in 1909, which had to brought to a halt following the outbreak of theFirst World War. However, Rauch published preliminary reports on the excavations. This formed the basis of a model of the palace as a typicalCarolingian palace, which was developed in 1931/32 and endured until 1975. In 1960, new excavations were undertaken by theDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under the direction ofWalter Sage [de]. In 1963, Hermann Ament led new excavations, followed by further excavations in 1965 and 1968/70 under Uta Wengenroth-Weimann. Based on the overall plan of excavation and reconstructions by Walter Sage, Konrad Weidemann produced a new model of the Ingelheim Imperial Palace in 1975. Since 1995 further excavations have been ongoing in the area of the palace. These studies aim at a new record, description, and dating of the individual parts of the structure and of the overall topography. They have already led to quite a few discoveries. For example, a gold coin and belt tongue from the time ofCharlemagne have been recovered, as well as thehigh medieval heating system. In addition, the latest excavation results have been used to create a new model of Ingelheim palace.
| National | |
|---|---|
| People | |
49°58′39″N8°04′19″E / 49.9775°N 8.0720°E /49.9775; 8.0720
