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Climate change in Nigeria has caused increasing temperatures andrainfall variability (increasing in coastal areas and declining in continental areas) resulting indrought,desertification, rising sea levels, erosion, floods,thunderstorms,bush fires,landslides,land degradation and more frequent, extreme weather conditions.[1]Climate change is leading tobiodiversity loss, reduced food and water security, increasing poverty, conflict,displacement, economic instability and negative health outcomes in Nigeria.[2] Nigeria is highly vulnerable to and not well prepared to deal with the effects of climate change.[3] The agricultural sector is particularly vulnerable.[4]
Nigeria is in the top 25 highestgreenhouse gas emitters, contributing 0.8% of the global total emissions.[5] Nigeria has committed to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 20% on its own, and by 47% if it receives international support, by 2030. The country has also committed tonet zero by 2060.[6][7] Nigeria's climate changemitigation andadaptation plans focus on agriculture and food security (through e.g.:climate-smart agriculture), forests and biodiversity, water resources, energy and infrastructure (e.g.: transitioning torenewable energies likesolar), health, human settlement, industry and commerce, transportation and communication.[8][9] While there is some discussion about necessary capacity building at the individual, group and community level to engage in climate change responses, there is less attention given to higher levels of capacity building at the state and national level.[10]
The challenges of climate change are not the same across all geographical areas of the country. This is because of the twoprecipitation regimes: high precipitation in parts of theSoutheast andSouthwest and low in theNorthern Region. These regimes can result inaridity, desertification and drought in the north;erosion and flooding in the south and other regions.[11][12]
In the year 2023, Nigeria's totalgreenhouse gas emissions was 60.73 million metric tons ofcarbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e), which is less than 0.8% of global emissions.[5] This means that emissions per person per year is less than 2 tons, compared to the global average of over 6 tons.[13][14] However, Nigeria is in the top 25 highest emitters in the world. These greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide andmethane are mostly generated from oil and gas production,land-use change, forestry,agriculture and fugitive emissions.[13][15]The economy is very dependent onoil production, so it may be hard to reach the target ofnet zero emissions by 2060.[16]
Economists say thatgasoline subsidies are "ruinous".[1] It is recorded that the transportation sector is responsible for 28% of the greenhouse gas emissions in 2021. The main source of these emissions is the combustion of fossil fuels, such as gasoline and diesel, in cars. The production of electricity, which makes up 25% of emissions, also adds to the emissions of greenhouse gases.[17] The industrial sector, responsible for 23% of emissions, mostly employs fossil fuels for chemical reactions and energy production. 13% of emissions, including heat and refrigeration in buildings, come from the commercial and residential sectors. Livestock and agricultural soils are the main sources of agriculture, which contributes 10% of emissions. 12% of emissions are offset by land use and forestry, since managed forests have been a net sink for emissions since 1990.[18]
In order to warm the biosphere to a temperature suitable for human habitation,greenhouse gases (GHGs) absorb and reemit a considerable portion of the 161 W m−2, making them indispensable for life on Earth. Global surface temperatures have recently increased due to biosphere warming caused by rising GHG concentrations in the atmosphere. Since 1750, agriculture has produced 10–14% of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions worldwide each year, directly influencing five of the main radiative sources of climate forcing. More greenhouse gases are impacted by agriculture than not.[19]
Nigeria has three different climate zones: a Sahelian hot and semi-arid climate in the north, a tropical monsoon climate in the south, and a tropical savannah environment in the center regions.[23] While the core regions only get one rainy and one dry season, the southern parts see heavy rainfall from March to October. There is a lot of annual variances in the north, which causes droughts and flooding. The mean annual temperature of the country varies greatly between coastal and interior regions; the plateau has a mean temperature between 21 °C and 27 °C, while the interior lowlands typically see temperatures above 27 °C. There is variation in rainfall from April to October, and the average annual temperature is 26.9 °C.[24]
Nigeria has atropical climate with two seasons: (wet anddry). Inland areas especially those in thenortheast, experience the greatest fluctuations in temperatures as before the outset of rains, temperatures sometimes rise as high as 44 °C and drops to 6 °C between December and February. InMaiduguri, the maximum temperature may rise to 38 °C in April and May while in the same seasonfrosts might occur at night.[25]
For example, inLagos, the average high is 31 °C and low is 23 °C in January and 28 °C and 23 °C in June. The southeast regions especially located around thecoast likeBonny Island (south ofPort Harcourt), east ofCalabar receive the highest amount of annual rainfalls of around 4,000 millimeters.[25][26]
Climate change in Nigeria is shiftingclimate regions. The desert region in the North is receding North,steppe region in the North is set to expand southwards, thetropical savanna climate is expanding, andtropical monsoon regions in the South are moving northwards, replacingtropical rainforest.[26]
The effects of the temperature increase are unbearable for residents, particularly those living in communities hosting gas flare plants. The increase in temperature causes bodily rashes, among other things, and hinders the growth offood crops. The availability of nutrients, plant and root growth, and seed germination are all affected by soil temperature. High temperatures hinder a plant's regular growth, photosynthesis, and flowering since they do not improveplant physiology.[27]
Rising sea levels, fluctuating rainfall, higher temperatures, flooding, droughts,desertification, land degradation, and an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events are all contributing factors to Nigeria's changing climate. Forecasts indicate that this will continue to cause significant runoffs and flooding in several locations.Forecasts of the climate indicate that every biological zone will see a notable rise in temperature. Although there is some literature showing the effects of and solutions to climate change, the majority of it concentrates on the farming industry and specific farming locales. Increased focus must be paid to capacity building at the state and federal levels, as well as increased implementation ofmitigation and adaptation measures.[28]
The Nigerian Meteorological Service (NiMet) issues a warning about rising temperatures, especially in the north, which can lead to an increase in hospital admissions for elderly patients, neonates, and children due to heatstroke,cardiovascular, respiratory, andcerebrovascular illnesses.[29]
Due to climate change, Northern Nigeria is seeing greaterheatwaves and lengthier, more erratic rainfall. New problems such extreme droughts, floods, deforestation, pollution, and food shortages have resulted from this. Daily living has been impacted by climate change, and many individuals have had to modify their behavior to cope. Due to the heat, some students have missed class or experienced health issues. Others have fallen behind in their academics and suffered from migraines. The extra strain might have a disastrous effect on Nigeria's underfunded, overcrowded, and fiercely competitive educational system.[30]
According to historical data from 2012 to 2019 used to examine trends in temperature and rainfall in Agbani, Enugu State. The climate from 2020 to 2050 was forecasted via Trend Regression analysis to be wetter and hotter. In 2018 and 2015 there were the most and lowest amounts of rainfall, respectively. The months of January, July, and March had the highest monthly mean rainfall, respectively. Also, between 2020 and 2050, farmers expect a wetter environment.[28]
An ecosystem is a complex and interconnected community of living organisms, their physical environment, and the interactions between them.[31][32] It encompasses bothbiotic (living) andabiotic (non-living) components, functioning as adynamic system where various species interact with one another and with their surroundings.[33][34] Ecosystems can vary in scale, from smallmicrohabitats to largebiomes such asforests, oceans, andgrasslands.
The concept of ecosystems was first introduced by the British ecologistArthur Tansley in 1935, who defined it as "the whole system. including not only the organism-complex, but also the whole complex of physical factors forming what we call the environment".[35] This definition highlights the importance of considering bothliving organisms and their environment when studying ecosystems.
Ecosystems are characterized by the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients. Energy enters an ecosystem throughprimary producers, such asplants oralgae, which capturesunlight and convert it intochemical energy throughphotosynthesis.[36] This energy is then transferred to higher trophic levels as organisms feed on each other, formingfood chains andfood webs.
Ecosystems are sustained by the cycling of nutrients. Nutrients, such ascarbon,nitrogen, andphosphorus, are essential for the growth and survival of organisms. These elements arerecycled within the ecosystem through various processes likedecomposition, nutrient uptake by plants, and consumption by animals.[37] Thisrecycling ensures a continuous supply ofnutrients for theorganisms within the ecosystem.
Ecosystems provide numerousecological services that are vital for the well-being of both the natural world and human society. For instance, forests act ascarbon sinks, absorbing and storing large amounts ofcarbon dioxide, agreenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.[38]Wetlands play a crucial role inwater purification andflood control.[39]Coral reefs providehabitat for numerousmarine species and act as natural barriers against storms.[40]
Ecosystems are facing numerous threats due to human activities, such asdeforestation,pollution, climate change, andhabitat destruction (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). These disturbances can disrupt the delicate balance of an ecosystem, leading to speciesextinction,loss of biodiversity, andthe degradation ofecosystem services.
To better understand and manage ecosystems, scientists employ various approaches, includingecological modeling,field observations, and experimentation. These tools help researchers study the interactions betweenorganisms, identify keyecological processes, and assess the impacts of human activities on ecosystems. Ecosystem management strategies aim to promote sustainable practices that maintain or restore the integrity and functioning of ecosystems.[41]
Years ago,[when?] Nigeria experienced climate changedisaster which happened in the Northeastern region which is nowBorno andYobe states the territory along the southernpart of Lake Chad dried up. Due tologging and over dependence on firewood for cooking, a greater part of Nigeria'sGuinean forest-savanna mosaic region has been stripped of its vegetation cover. Similarly, the forest aroundOyo State has been reduced tograssland.[42][43] The lack of sufficient cover trees and other vegetation can cause natural change, desertification, and soil breaking down, flooding, and extended ozone exhausting substances in the environment.[44]
In late August 2012, Nigeria was hit by the worst flooding ever experienced in 40 years. This affected 7 million people in communities across 33 states includingkogi state. More than 2 million people out of the affected 7 million were driven from their homes by rising waters.[45][46]
Nigeria experienced another flooding caused by heavy seasonal rains in 2013 which brought further misery to a population that was still recovering from the 2012 fatal floods. Manymud-brick homes collapsed and families' belongings were ruined. Dug wells which are sources ofpotable water were also polluted. The states of Abia,Bauchi, Benue,Jigawa,Kebbi,Kano,Kogi andZamfara were most affected by the floodwaters which lasted for 48 hours. The situation inKaduna andKatsina was aggravated by the collapse of earth dams. According to theNational Emergency Management Agency, more than 47,000 people were affected. This lesser number of people affected is attributed to the lessons of the 2012 floods which prepared the country for a better response.[47]
In Nigeria, areas around the coastal regions are at risk ofrising sea level. For example, theNiger Delta area is extremely vulnerable to flooding at a risk of rising sea level and a victim of extremeoil pollution. Climate change was the reason behind the flood that took place in Southern Nigeria in 2012. The flood was responsible for the loss of houses, farms, farm produce, properties and lives. According to the statistics released in 2014 byNational Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), about 5,000 houses and 60 homes were affected in a windstorm that occurred in four states in the South-West region.[42]
The country is likely to experience exacerbatefloods, droughts,heat waves and hamper agricultural production in hotter and drier seasons.[48]
NIMET has predictedan increased incidence of malaria due to climate change, and other diseases that will be higher in areas with temperatures ranging between 18 and 32 °C and withrelative humidity above 60 percent.[48]
Climate change is exerting a profound and multifaceted impact on agriculture in Nigeria,[49][50] with discernible shifts in weather patterns, an increase in both the frequency and intensity of droughts and floods, and unsettling temperature variations.Agriculture remains the mainstay of theNigerian economy in spite of oil as it employs two-thirds of the entire working population.[51][52][53] The sector is fraught with challenges asagricultural production is still mainly rainfall and subject to weather vagaries. Farmers find it hard to plan their operations due to unpredictable rainfall vagaries.[54] Increase in the total amount of rainfall and extremetemperature would have more of a negative effect onstaple crops productivity. However, in northern states such asBorno,Yobe,Kaduna,Kano andSokoto most crops might benefit economically. Crops such asmillet,melon,sugarcane that are grown in the north will most likely benefit from extreme temperature.[55]
The sector is also plagued with:
All of these combined, have reducedagricultural productivity to, for example, average cereal production of 1.2 metric tons per hectare [0.48 long ton/acre; 0.54 short ton/acre]). This is coupled with high postharvest losses and wastage.[52]
Urgentadaptation and mitigation measures are imperative to safeguard Nigeria's agricultural sector and ensure food security in the face of an ever-changing climate.[56]
Nigeria's economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The majority of the population relies on subsistence farming, growing crops such as maize, cassava, yams, and millet, and raising livestock. However, the changing climate poses multiple challenges for farmers.
Longer dry spells in thenorthern regions and unpredictable rainy seasons in the south threaten agricultural productivity. Farmers who depend on predictable rainfall for irrigation now find it increasingly difficult to plan for the future. This can lead to crop failures, increased poverty, and food shortages, especially in rural areas.
In addition to changing rainfall patterns, increasing temperatures are also harming soil quality, reducing the land's fertility. Higher temperatures combined with droughts create conditions that make it harder for crops to thrive, leaving farmers with fewer resources to sustain their livelihoods. As a result, food insecurity is becoming a growing issue, further exacerbating poverty levels in rural communities.
Droughts anddesertification have had significant impacts on northern Nigerian communities that rely on rain-fed farming. As water and fertile land become scarcer, nomadic herders are moving south in search of better grazing areas. This migration has led to conflicts with local farmers over limited resources. Additionally, the nomadic cattle herders can bringzoonotic diseases, and climate change may make these health risks even worse.[2]
Thefishery sub-sector in Nigeria contributes about 3–4 percent to the country's annualGDP. It is also a key contributor to the nutritional requirements of the population as it constitutes about 50 percent of animal protein intake. The sector also provides income and employment for a substantial number of small traders and artisanal fishermen.[52] Over the past few years, capture fisheries have been declining and despite high potential Nigeria has in bothfresh water and marine fisheries, domestic fish production still falls short of total demand. This has led to a high dependence on imports. To reduce importation dependence,aquaculture has been made one of the priority value chains targeted for development by the government. Climate change affects the characteristics and nature ofwater resources due to rising sea levels and extreme weather events. Increasedsalinity and shrinking lakes and rivers are also threats to the viability of inland fisheries.[54] Nigerians are impacted economically both directly and indirectly by the fishing industry, which is important to the nation's economy.[57][58]
The economic advantages and effects of fishing on the people of Nigeria include:
The fisheries industry suffers a number of difficulties and sustainability issues, such as overfishing, illicit fishing, insufficient infrastructure, restricted availability of credit and funding, and weak regulatory and governance frameworks.[71][72] The long-term economic advantages may be increased and the sector's contribution to the wellbeing of the Nigerian people can be ensured by addressing these issues through sustainable fisheries management methods and policies.
Nigeria is endowed with variety of forest resources, from savannas in the north to rainforests in the south, and diverse species which fulfill a number of environmental functions. These includewildlife,medicinal plants andherbs,watershed protection, hydrological regime stabilization andcarbon sequestration. Forests regulate global climate and serve as a major agent of carbon exchange in theatmosphere.[73] In Nigeria, natural forests have reduced drastically and its impacts on climate change are increasing. Erosion and excessive wind reduces the amount of forestry produce, such as wood and cane.[74] Forests are under significant pressure not only from climate change but also from increasing populations and greater demand for forest resources.[54]
The excessive exploitation of these forest resources is a source of concern as it is a threat to the economic, environmental and social wellbeing of Nigerians. Apart from providing a significant proportion of globaltimber andfuel.
In Nigeria,forestry is important to both theeconomy and attempts to preserve the environment.[75][76][77]
Nigeria's woods may be generally divided into three different kinds based on their distribution and characteristics:
To address the situation, Nigeria initiated theNigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) in 2012. This project embraced progressive integrated methods centered around active community involvement. By its completion in 2022, NEWMAP successfully connected poverty reduction efforts with sustainableecosystems and enhanced disaster-risk prevention. This comprehensive strategy has had a positive impact on the well-being and safety of over 12 million individuals across 23 states in Nigeria.
NEWMAP implemented various mechanisms to safeguard Nigerians from the potential impacts of future climate change. The project restored dozens of gully sites and built nearly 60 catchments to effectively controlerosion. To enhance preparedness, warning and monitoring systems were put in place.Stormwater diversion plans were devised, and solid waste management was improved to reduce the likelihood of flooding during heavy rainfall events. These efforts aimed at fortifying the nation against the adverse effects of climate change and enhancing resilience in the face of environmental challenges.[78]
In order to assist farmers in managingdroughts effectively, climate-smart agricultural innovations have been introduced, focusing on water conservation. These innovations include the widespread implementation of solar-powered dripirrigation systems and rainwater harvesting techniques. These measures aim to optimize water usage, allowing farmers to adapt to challenging climate conditions and ensure more sustainable agricultural practices during periods ofwater scarcity.[79]
Climate Carbon mitigation is an issue for the world's economies as they work to combat climate change and advance environmental and socioeconomic sustainability.[80] However, for most ofAfrican countries, including Nigeria, the carbon footprint is low yet the effects of the climate crises is in the country is huge. The world's economy cannot abruptly quit usingfossil fuels, since that would mean the end of the current way of life. Without the fossil fuel economy, materials for computers or smartphones, or the ability for online communications would end.Fossil fuels are necessary for all aspects of modern living, including food, clothing, shelter, water, entertainment, and others.
Adapting to the effects of the climate crises falls on the whole population, despite individuals in domestic settings not being a significant source ofgreenhouse gas emissions. Consequent disruptions, especially in areas like agriculture and health, cause ripple effects on human migration,gender inequality, food security and standards of living.[81]
The Great Green Wall project was adopted by theAfrican Union in 2007, initially conceived as a way to combatdesertification in theSahel region and hold back expansion of theSahara desert by planting a wall of trees stretching across the entire Sahel. The current focus of the project is to create a mosaic of green and productive landscapes across North Africa by promoting water harvesting techniques, greenery protection, and improving indigenous land use techniques.[82] The ongoing goal of the project is to restore 100 million hectares (250 million acres) of degraded land and capture 250 million Tonnes of carbon dioxide, and create 10 million jobs in the process all by 2030.
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Nigeria ratified theParis Agreement, an international deal aimed attackling climate change, in 2017 and has pledged to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2030 with the condition of 45% of international support.[83] Also, in demonstration of the country's seriousness in approaching climate action, PresidentMuhammadu Buhari signed the country's climate change bill into law in November 2021.
The IPCC[84] describes climate mitigation as the transition from the fossil fuel economy, where burning fossil fuels to produce energy and emissions to make things to an economy that produces zeroemissions; that is to remove carbon emissions from every part of the economy, as fast as possible in order to prevent further global heating.
To mitigate the adverse effect of climate change, not only did Nigeria sign theParis Agreement to reduce emissions, in its national climate pledge, it also committed to attempting to eliminate gas flaring by 2030 and has devised a National Forest Policy. There have been efforts to stimulate the adoption of climate-smart agriculture and the planting of trees.[85]
The increasing vulnerability to extreme climatic change in Nigeria is exacerbated by accelerated urbanization, which is pushing more people into capital cities and other regions. This expansion isencroaching on flood plains and coastal areas, heightening the risks of coastal floods. To address these challenges, promoting planned human settlements and intensive urban infrastructure development is crucial. Additionally, the government must implement policy interventions and allocate increased funding for climate-related projects to protect properties and lives in susceptible areas and build resilience to climate change impacts.[86]
To enhance adaptation to climate-related disasters in Nigeria, a comprehensive and structured plan forclimate change adaptation must include coastal states and flood plains. The implementation of national initiatives like theGreat Green Wall and the Climate Change Act is essential to combatdesertification, food shortages, and climate change impacts. Proper funding and implementation of the Nigeria Climate Change Commission are vital to provide strong institutional support for vulnerable states in the country. Prioritizing these measures will improve Nigeria's resilience and capacity to cope with climate-related challenges and foster sustainable development.[87]
In 2021 duringCOP 26, the then Nigerian President, PresidentMuhammadu Buhari, unveiled the Nigerian Energy Transition Plan as part of country's commitment towards achievingNET Zero by the year 2060. The plan included a timeline and framework for achieving reduced emissions in certain sector of the country such as Oil and Gas, Cooking, Transport andIndustry and Power. This is in a bid to help slow down the change in climate.[89][90]Nigeria's Energy Transition Plan (ETP) is a long-term strategy to decarbonize the country's energy sector and achieve net-zero emissions by 2060. The ETP was launched in August 2022 and is based on a data-driven approach that identifies the most cost-effective pathways to decarbonization.[91]
The ETP key sector:
The Nigeria ETP is a comprehensive and ambitious plan that has the potential to transform the country's energy sector. The plan in its efforts to address climate; change and achieve sustainable development.[92]The plan aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060.Gas will play a critical role as a transition fuel in the power and cooking sectors.The plan creates significant investment opportunities in the solar, wind, and hydrogen sectors.The plan is expected to create up to 840,000 jobs by 2060.
Nigeria's commitment to achievingnet zero emissions by 2060 necessitates a multifaceted approach to address significant emissions from deforestation and land use practices within its Agriculture,Land use, land-use change, and forestry (AFOLU) sector, which are as substantial as those from the oil and gas industry and account for about 30% of the country's total emissions. The government, while emphasizing the transition torenewable energy, must also implement transformative policies in the AFOLU sector, including reforestation initiatives, broadening access to clean electricity, andsocioeconomic reforms aimed at job creation and poverty reduction, to address the intertwined challenges of climate change, economic growth, and social equity.[93]
TheUNDP is committed to supporting Nigeria and a UNDP-NDC Support Programme is already fully in motion. One of their goals is having increased engagement with the government and private sector.[48]
A study of students atUniversity of Jos, found that 59.7% ofrespondents had good knowledge about climate change, and understood its connection to issues likefossil fuel,pollution,deforestation andurbanization.[94]
A survey of 1019 people in rural communities in southwestern Nigeria found respondents had good knowledge about the effects but poor knowledge about the causes of climate change, with many attributing supernatural causes to climate change.[95] Some of the challenges with the non-specialist communities include lack of contextual information about climate change, language communication barrier in the local language.[96]
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Text was copied from this source, which is available under anOpen Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement...
"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can.The Australian Academy of Science, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario.Climate Action Tracker predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.
{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)Climate change by country | |
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