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Immorality is the violation ofmorallaws,norms or standards. It refers to an agent doing or thinking something they know or believe to bewrong.[1][2] Immorality is normally applied to people or actions, or in a broader sense, it can be applied to groups or corporate bodies, and works of art.
Callicles andThrasymachus are two characters ofPlato's dialogues,Gorgias andRepublic, respectively, who challenge conventional morality.[3]
Aristotle saw many vices as excesses or deficits in relation to some virtue, as cowardice and rashness relate to courage. Some attitudes and actions – such asenvy,murder, andtheft – he saw aswrong in themselves, with no question of a deficit/excess in relation to themean.[4]
In Islam, Judaism and Christianity,sin is a central concept in understanding immorality.
Immorality is often closely linked with bothreligion and sexuality.[5]Max Weber saw rational articulated religions as engaged in a long-term struggle with more physical forms of religious experience linked to dance, intoxication and sexual activity.[6]Durkheim pointed out how many primitive rites culminated in abandoning the distinction between licit and immoral behavior.[7]
Freud's dour conclusion was that "In every age immorality has found no less support in religion than morality has".[8]
Coding of sexual behavior has historically been a feature of all human societies; as too has been the policing of breaches of itsmores – sexual immorality – by means of formal andinformal social control.[9] Interdictions andtaboos among primitive societies[10] were arguably no less severe than in traditional agrarian societies.[11] In the latter, the degree of control might vary from time to time and region to region, being least in urban settlements;[12] however, only the last three centuries of intense urbanisation, commercialisation and modernisation have broken with the restrictions of the pre-modern world,[13] in favor of a successor society of fractured and competing sexual codes and subcultures, where sexual expression is integrated into the workings of the commercial world.[14]
Nevertheless, while the meaning of sexual immorality has beendrastically redefined in recent times, arguably the boundaries of what is acceptable remain publicly policed and as highly charged as ever, as the decades-long debates in the US over reproductive rights afterRoe v. Wade, or 21st-centurycontroversy over child images on Wikipedia and Amazon would tend to suggest.[15]
Defining sexual immorality across history is difficult as many different religions, cultures and societies have held contradictory views about sexuality. But there is an almost universal disdain for two sexual practices throughout history. These two behaviors includeinfidelity within amonogamous,romantic relationship andincest between immediate family members.[citation needed]
Other than these two practices, some cultures[which?] throughout history have permitted sexual behaviors considered obscene by many cultures today, such as marriage between cousins,polygyny,underage sex,rape duringwar or forcedassimilation, and evenzoophilia.[citation needed]
Michel Foucault considered that the modern world was unable to put forward a coherentmorality[16] – an inability underpinned philosophically byemotivism. Nevertheless,modernism has often been accompanied by a cult of immorality,[17] as for example whenJohn Ciardi acclaimedNaked Lunch as "a monumentally moral descent into the hell of narcotic addiction".[18]
Psychoanalysis received much early criticism for being the unsavory product of an immoral town – Vienna; psychoanalysts for being both unscrupulous and dirty-minded.[19]
Freud himself however was of the opinion that "anyone who has succeeded in educating himself to truth about himself is permanently defended against the danger of immorality, even though his standard of morality may differ".[20]Nietzsche referred to his ethical philosophy as Immoralism.[21]
The dictionary definition ofimmorality at Wiktionary
