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Immigration to Turkey is the process by which peoplemigrate toTurkey to reside in the country. Many, but not all, becomeTurkish citizens. After thedissolution of the Ottoman Empire and followingTurkish War of Independence, anexodus by the large portion ofTurkish (Turkic) andMuslim peoples from theBalkans (Balkan Turks,Albanians,Bosniaks,Pomaks),Caucasus (Abkhazians,Ajarians, 'Circassians',Chechens),Crimea (Crimean Tatar diaspora), andGreece (Muslim Roma,[1][2]Greek Muslims,Vallahades,Nantinets,Cretan Turks) took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country's fundamental features. Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day, although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of globalimmigration movements.Turkey's migrant crisis is a following period since the 2010s, characterized by high numbers of people arriving and settling in Turkey.
There are three Names in Turkish for Balkan Turks and other Muslims of former Ottoman Empire to describe the Immigrants who went to Turkey.
Historically, theOttoman Empire was the primary destination forMuslim refugees from areas conquered—or re-conquered—by Christian powers, notablyRussia in theCaucasus andBlack Sea areas,Austria-Hungary,Greece,Bulgaria,Serbia,Montenegro (laterYugoslavia) andRomania in theBalkans. Nonetheless, the Ottoman Empire was also a popular destination for non-Muslim refugees: the most obvious examples are theSephardic Jews given refuge mainly in the 16th century with theexpulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal (as well as before and afterwards), whose descendants form the core of the community ofJews in Turkey today; and the village ofPolonezköy inIstanbul. From the 1930s to 2016 migration added two million Muslims in Turkey. The majority of these immigrants were theBalkan Turks who faced harassment and discrimination in their homelands.[4] New waves of Turks and other Muslims expelled fromBulgaria andYugoslavia between 1951 and 1953 were followed to Turkey by another exodus from Bulgaria in 1983–89, bringing the total of immigrants to nearly ten million people.[5] More recently,Meskhetian Turks have emigrated to Turkey from the formerSoviet Union states (particularly inUkraine – after theAnnexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014), and manyIraqi Turkmen andSyrian Turkmen have taken refuge in Turkey due to the recentIraq War (2003–2011) andSyrian Civil War (2011–2024).
Turkey's first migration crisis began in 1522, whenIbn Kemal (an Ottoman Historian) recorded his findings of an estimated 6.2 million Turkish citizens migrating from Cyrenaican, Middle Arabian, Iraqi and Lebanese territories to northern and southern European territories, such as Spain, Italy, France, and to an extent Germany. The cause for the mass immigration is thought to be due to the governmental suppression of rights for non-Turkish and Anatolian Arabians.[citation needed]
A decision taken by the Turkish Government at the end of 1925, for instance, noted that the Turks of Cyprus had, according to theTreaty of Lausanne, the right to emigrate to the republic, and therefore, families that so emigrated would be given a house and sufficient land.[6] Economic motives played an important part in the Turkish Cypriot migration wave as conditions for the poor in Cyprus during the 1920s were especially harsh. Enthusiasm to emigrate to Turkey was inflated by the euphoria that followed the creation of the Republic of Turkey and later of promises of assistance to Turks who emigrated. The precise number of those who emigrated to Turkey remains unknown.[7] The press in Turkey reported in mid-1927 that of those who had opted for Turkish nationality, 5,000–6,000 Turkish Cypriots had already settled in Turkey. However, manyTurkish Cypriots had already emigrated even before the rights accorded to them under the Treaty of Lausanne had come into force.[8] St. John-Jones tried to accurately estimate the true demographic impact of Turkish Cypriot emigration to Turkey between 1881–1931. He supposed that:
[I]f the Turkish-Cypriot community had, like the Greek-Cypriots, increased by 101 per cent between 1881 and 1931, it would have totalled 91,300 in 1931 – 27,000 more than the number enumerated. Is it possible that so many Turkish-Cypriots emigrated in the fifty-year period? Taken together, the considerations just mentioned suggest that it probably was. From a base of 45,000 in 1881, emigration of anything like 27,000 persons seems huge, but after subtracting the known 5,000 of the 1920s, the balance represents an average annual outflow of some 500 – not enough, probably, to concern the community's leaders, evoke official comment, or be documented in any way which survives today.[9]
Population exchange between Greece and Turkey brought 400,000. In 1923, more than half a million Muslims of various nationalities arrived from Greece as part of thepopulation transfer between Greece and Turkey (the population exchange was not based on ethnicity, but by religious affiliation; as Turkey was seen as a Muslim country while Greece was viewed as a Christian country).
An article published inThe Times on December 5, 1923, stated that:
"...This transfer of populations is made especially difficult by the fact that few if any of the Turks in Greece desire to leave and most of them will resort to every possible expedient to avoid being sent away. A thousand Turks who voluntarily emigrated fromCrete toSmyrna have sent several deputations to the Greek government asking to be allowed to return. Groups of Turks from all parts of Greece have submitted petitions for exemption. A few weeks ago, a group ofTurks from Crete came toAthens with a request that they bebaptized into theGreek church and thus be entitled to consideration as Greeks. The government however declined to permit this evasion."[10]
The only exclusions from the forced transfer were the Greeks living inConstantinople (Istanbul) and theTurks of Western Thrace.[11] The remaining Turks living in Greece have since continuously emigrated toTurkey, a process which has been facilitated by Article 19 of theGreek Nationality Law which the Greek state has used to deny re-entry of Turks who leave the country, even for temporary periods, and deprived them of their citizenship.[12] Since 1923, between 300,000 and 400,000Turks of Western Thrace left the region, most of them went to Turkey.[13]
After 1925, Turkey continued to accept Turkic-speaking Muslims as immigrants and did not discourage the emigration of members of non-Turkic minorities. More than 90% of all immigrants arrived from the Balkan countries. Turkey continued to receive large numbers of refugees from former Ottoman territories, until the end of Second World War.
Turkey received 350,000 Turks between 1923 and 1930.[14] From 1934–45, 229,870 refugees and immigrants came to Turkey.[15] An agreement made, on September 4, 1936, between Romania and Turkey allowed 70,000Romanian Turks to leave theDobruja region for Turkey.[16] Between 1935–40, for example, approximately 124,000 Bulgarians and Romanians of Turkish origin emigrated to Turkey, and between 1954-56 about 35,000 Muslim Slavs emigrated from Yugoslavia. More than 800,000 people came to Turkey between 1923 and 1945.[17] German and Austrian refugees escaping from Nazism took refugee in Turkey in the 1930s. Around 800 refugees including university professors, scientists, artists and philosophers, sought asylum in Turkey between 1933 and 1945. An additional 160,000 people (mostlyAlbanians) immigrated to Turkey after the establishment ofCommunist Yugoslavia from 1946 to 1961. Since 1961, immigrants from that Yugoslavia amounted to 50,000 people.[18]
By the 1960s, inhabitants living in the Turkishexclave ofAda Kaleh were forced to leave the island when it was destroyed in order to build theIron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station, which caused the extinction of the local community through the migration of all individuals to different parts of Romania and Turkey.[19]
By 1980, Turkey had admitted approximately 1,300,000 immigrants; 36% came from Bulgaria, 25% from Greece[citation needed], 22.1% from Yugoslavia, and 8.9% from Romania. These Balkan immigrants, as well as smaller numbers of Turkic immigrants from Cyprus and the Soviet Union, were granted full citizenship upon their arrival in Turkey. The immigrants were settled primarily in theMarmara andAegean regions (78%) and inCentral Anatolia (11.7%).[18]
TheCyprus Emergency was aconflict fought inBritish Cyprus between 1955 and 1959. According to Ali Suat Bilge, taking into consideration the mass migrations of 1878, the First World War, the 1920s early Turkish Republican era, and the Second World War, overall, a total of approximately 100,000 Turkish Cypriots had left the island for Turkey between 1878–1945.[20] By August 31, 1955, a statement by Turkey's Minister of State and Acting Foreign Minister,Fatin Rüştü Zorlu, at the London Conference on Cyprus, stated that:
Consequently, today [1955] as well, when we take into account the state of the population in Cyprus, it is not sufficient to say, for instance, that 100,000 Turks live there. One should rather say that 100,000 out of 24,000,000 Turks live there and that 300,000 Turkish Cypriots live in various parts of Turkey.[21]
By 2001 the TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that 500,000 Turkish Cypriots were living in Turkey.[22]
Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and Kurdish areas of Iran during theGulf War.[23]
The "Big Excursion" was, until theSyrian refugee crisis of 2011, the most recent immigration influx, and primarily concernedBulgarian Turks andBosnian Muslims.[24][25] In 1989, an estimated 320,000 Bulgarian Turks fled to Turkey to escape a campaign offorced assimilation. Following the collapse of Communism in Bulgaria, the number of Bulgarian Turks seeking refuge in Turkey declined to fewer than 1,000 per month. In fact, the number of Bulgarian Turks who voluntarily repatriated (125,000) actually exceeded new arrivals from the country. By March 1994, a total of 245,000 Bulgarian Turks had been granted Turkish citizenship. However, Turkey no longer regards Bulgarian Turks as refugees. Beginning in 1994, new entrants to Turkey have been detained and deported. As of December 31, 1994, an estimated 20,000 Bosniaks were living in Turkey, mostly in the Istanbul area. About 2,600 were living in camps, the rest were dispersed in private residences. More recent estimates put the number of Bosniaks in Turkey at 3 to 5 million.[26]
Turkey's migrant crisis or Turkey's refugee crisis is a period during the 2010s characterized by high numbers of people arriving in Turkey. As reported by UNHCR in 2018, Turkey is hosting 63.4% of all the refugees (from Syria, Africa, and Afghanistan) in the world. As of 2019,Refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey (3.6 million) are the highest "registered" refugees.Turkey has traditionally been a major transit port for illegal immigrants to enter theEuropean Union, but as Turkey has grown in wealth, it now finds itself a major focal point in illegal immigration.[27][28][29]
As of August 2023, the number of refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey was estimated to be 3,307,882 people. The number of Syrians had decreased by 205,894 people since the beginning of the year.[30]
As of May 2023, approximately 96,000 Ukrainianrefugees of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine have sought refuge in Turkey.[31] In 2022, nearly 100 000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, becoming the first in the list of foreigners who moved to Turkey, meaning an increase of more than 218% from 2021.[32]
Turkish nationality law is based primarily on the principle ofjus sanguinis. Children who are born to aTurkish mother or aTurkish father (in or out of marriage) areTurkish citizens from birth. The intention to renounce Turkish citizenship (or acquire citizenship from another state) is submitted in Turkey by a petition to the highest administrative official in the concerned person's place of residence, and when overseas to theTurkish consulate. Documents processed by these authorities are forwarded to theMinistry of Interior (Turkey) for appropriate action.[33]
In 2016, Turkey implemented a Golden Visa program that allows foreign investors to obtain aTurkish passport typically within six months.[34] Citizenship can be acquired after a formal citizenship application along with an investment requirement, such as purchasingreal estate worth at least $400,000, purchasing $500,000 worth ofgovernment bonds and holding them for at least three years or making a capital investment of at least $500,000, among other options.[34] The relevant law governing the program was amended on 13 May 2022 to raise the capital requirements for real estate investment to $400,000 USD from the previous $250,000.[35]
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Turkey is part of the executive committee ofUNHCR and a member state of the IOM.
Conventions that are applicable in Turkey:
Conventions that are not applicable in Turkey:
see:Law on Foreigners and International Protection and the Temporary Protection
Regulations on refugees, asylum seekers, transit migrants available from the website:[36]
 | This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(March 2020) |
Turkey was chair of theGlobal Forum on Migration and Development. Turkey hosted theWorld Humanitarian Summit in 2016. Turkey participates in bilateral migration negotiations, discussions and consultations, in particular with EU member states. Examples are:
Turkey and the EU have launched a dialogue on visas, mobility and migration. After the2015 G20 Antalya summit held in November 2015 there was a new push forward in Turkey's European Union accession negotiations, including a goal of lifting the visa requirement for Turkish citizens travelling in theSchengen Area of theEuropean Union.[41] After the 2015 G20 Antalya summit, the EU welcomed the Turkey's commitment to accelerate the fulfilment of the Visa Roadmap benchmarks set forth by participating EU member states.[42] A joint action plan was drafted with theEuropean Commission which developed a roadmap with certain benchmarks for the elimination of the visa requirement.[43] In May 2016, theEuropean Commission said that Turkey had met most of the 72 criteria needed for a visa waiver, and it invited EU legislative institutions of the bloc to endorse the move for visa-free travel by Turkish citizens within the Schengen Area by June 30, 2016. TheEuropean Parliament, would have to approve the visa waiver for it to enter into practice and Turkey must fulfil the final five criteria.[44] Turkey has a number of formal bilateral agreements with sending/receiving countries. It currently has bilateral social security agreements with 28 countries bilateral labour agreements with 12 countries, including Germany, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, France and Sweden.
Turkey developed an E-ikamet (E-residence) system, as well as a system to monitor the visa process. Theelectronic visa application system is integrated with the Police Intranet System, PolNet. The Directorate-General of Migration Management of Turkey (DGMM) institutional database GöçNet (Migration Network) is connected to the PolNet (Police Network) database.
An inter-agency national commission responsible for countering human trafficking. Turkey collects and publishes information annually on counter-trafficking activities. Drugs-Crime-Sexual exploitation category had 183 victims in 2016, Syrians (36), followed by Kyrgyz (33), Georgians (23), and Uzbeks (16); the other 73 victims were Indonesia, Moldova, Morocco, Pakistan, and Turkmenistan aggregated.[45]
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding missing information.(September 2019) |
Immigration to Turkey from the Balkans:[46]
| Country | 1923–1949 | 1950–1959 | 1960–1969 | 1970–1979 | 1980–1989 | 1990–1999 | 2000–2007 | TOTAL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria | 220,085 | 154,473 | 2,582 | 113,562 | 225,892 | 74,564 | 138 | 791,296 |
| Greece | 394,753 | 14,787 | 2,081 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 408,625 |
| Yugoslavia | 117,212 | 138,585 | 42,512 | 2,940 | 2,550 | 2,159 | 1,548 | 307,506 |
| Romania | 121,339 | 5 | 259 | 147 | 686 | 126 | 2 | 122,564 |
| Others | 10,109 | 4,222 | 1,047 | 139 | 4,457 | 773 | 49 | 20,796 |
| TOTAL | 825,022 | 312,072 | 48,481 | 16,788 | 233,589 | 77,622 | 1,731 | 1,650,787 |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding missing information.(September 2019) |
| This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(January 2020) |
Foreign-born population of Turkey:[46][47]
| Place of birth | 1955 | 1970 | 1990 | 2000 | 2015[48] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Bulgaria | 295,917 | 255,147 | 462,767 | 480,817 | 378,658 |
 Greece | 257,035 | 201,123 | 101,752 | 59,217 | 26,928 |
 Yugoslavia | 133,762 | 254,790 | 183,499 | ||
 Romania | 68,112 | 60,398 | 20,736 | 9,512 | |
 Macedonia | 31,515 | 43,400 | |||
 Germany | 176,820 | 273,535 | 263,318 | ||
 France | 10,280 | 15,976 | 28,507 | ||
 Netherlands | 9,916 | 32,345 | |||
 United Kingdom | 18,914 | 32,140 | |||
 United States | 5,997 | 17,179 | 12,868 | 24,026 | |
 Russia | 29,151 | 17,825 | 11,430 | 19,856 | 34,486 |
 Syria | 7,156 | 76,413 | |||
 Iraq | 27,303 | 97,528 | |||
 Albania | 6,639 | 2,488 | |||
 Iran | 5,950 | 6,283 | 10,463 | 36,226 | |
 Algeria | 35,789 | ||||
 Saudi Arabia | 4,109 | 7,886 | 14,573 | ||
 Cyprus/ Northern Cyprus | 6,378 | 20,402 | |||
 Azerbaijan | 16,787 | 52,836 | |||
 Uzbekistan | 36,083 | ||||
 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan | 38,692 | ||||
 Belgium | 26,531 | ||||
 Georgia | 25,019 | ||||
 Turkmenistan | 24,937 | ||||
 Kazakhstan | 21,546 | ||||
 Ukraine | 20,547 | ||||
 Austria | 18,609 | ||||
 Kyrgyzstan | 17,235 | ||||
 Libya | 16,442 | ||||
 Moldova | 13,472 | ||||
 Switzerland | 13,453 | ||||
 China | 12,426 | ||||
 Serbia and Montenegro | 9,201 | ||||
| TOTAL | 846,042 | 889,170 | 1,133,152 | 1,260,530 | 1,592,437 |
In 2010, there were between 22,000 and 25,000 Armenian citizens living illegally inIstanbul alone, according to Turkish officials.[49]
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Refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey are theSyrian refugees originated fromSyrian Civil War, Turkey is hosting over 3.6 million (2019 number) "registered" refugees and delivered aid reaching $30 billion (total between 2011–2018) on refugee assistance. The large scale return to Syria uncertain (unending conflict), Turkey has focused on how to manage their presence, more registered refugees than any other country, in Turkish society by addressing their legal status, basic needs, employment, education, and impact on local communities.
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