| German citizenship and immigration |
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| Immigration |
| Citizenship |
| Agencies |
| History |
Immigration to Germany, including both the territory of modern Germany and its numerous predecessor states, has been a significant part of the country’shistory. Historically, migration was mainly from other European countries, such asPoland,Italy, andAustria, while contemporary immigration is predominantly from non-European countries, includingTurkey,Syria,Iraq, and nations inAfrica andAsia. Since 2012, more than one million people have relocated to Germany annually, with the number exceeding two million in both2015 and2022,[1] making it the world’s second most populardestination for immigrants after theUnited States. As of 2024, around 17.4 million people living in Germany, or 20.9% of the population, arefirst-generation immigrants, while the population with amigrant background in the wider sense stood at approximately 25.2 million, accounting for 30.2% of the total population of 83.5 million.[2]
Even before Germany's formalfounding in 1871, its predecessor states, such as theHoly Roman Empire and theGerman Confederation, were common destinations for the persecuted or migrant workers. Early examples include Protestants seeking religious freedom and refugees from thepartitions of Poland. Jewish migrants, mostly from Eastern Europe, was also significant in successive waves. In the 20th century, risingantisemitism andxenophobia resulted in themass emigration ofGerman Jews and culminated in theHolocaust, in which almost all remaining German Jews and many other religious or ethnic groups, such asGerman Roma, were systematically murdered. In the decades since, Germany has experienced renewed immigration, particularly from Eastern and Southern Europe, Turkey and the Middle East.[3] Since 1990, Germany has consistently ranked as one of the five most popular destination countries forimmigrants in the world.[4] According to the federal statistics office in 2016, over one in five Germans has at least partial roots outside of the country.[5]
In modern Germany, immigration has generally risen and fallen with the country's economy.[6] The economic boom of the 2010s, coupled with theelimination of working visa requirements for many EU citizens, brought a sustained inflow from elsewhere in Europe.[7] Separate fromeconomic trends, the country has also seen several distinct major waves of immigration. These include theforced resettlement of ethnic Germans from eastern Europe after World War II, theguest worker programme of the 1950s–1970s, and ethnic Germans from former Communist states claiming theirright of return after thebreakup of the Soviet Union.[8] Germany also accepted significant numbers of refugees from theYugoslav wars in the 1990s and theSyrian civil war in the 2010s.
Motivated in part by low birth rates and labour shortages, German government policy towards immigration has generally been relatively liberal since the 1950s,[9] although conservative politicians resisted the normalization of Germany as a country of immigrants andcitizenship laws accordingly remained relatively restrictive until the mid-2000s. A major reform ofimmigration law in 2005 saw the state commit, for the first time, resources to theintegration of newcomers and significantly liberalised the labour market forskilled professionals while restricting it for unskilledlabourers.[10] Smaller immigration reforms in 2009, 2012 and 2020 contributed to the broad trend of liberalisation.[10] The2021 federal elections saw the formation of a center-left government which promised to reform immigration law.[11] In 2023, the coalition began implementing a series of reforms including the Skilled Workers Immigration Act (in German,Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz, or FEG)[12] that among other things eased requirements for foreign workers,[13] relaxed naturalization requirements[14] and legalized multiple citizenship.[14]
TheCounter-Reformation in the 16th and 17th centuries led large numbers of Protestants to settle in Protestant — or at least religiously tolerant — principalities and cities of theHoly Roman Empire, much of which would later become Germany. According to one estimate, a total of 100,000 Protestants moved fromHabsburg lands to what is now southern and central Germany in the 17th century.[3]
Large numbers ofHuguenots also fled France after theSt. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572, around 40,000 of whom settled in what is now Germany. Although many returned to France after the 1598Edict of Nantes, which proclaimed a policy of religious tolerance towards Huguenots, repeated waves of conflict and persecution over the next few centuries spurred new waves of emigration.Brandenburg-Prussia,Hesse-Kassel,Brandenburg-Bayreuth, andHanover were major destinations of Huguenots during this time.[3]
Several thousand English and Scottish Presbyterians also fled the violent reign ofMary Tudor; many settled inFrankfurt. Many DutchCalvinists settled in northwestern Germany after theDutch Revolt.[3]
Towards the end ofWorld War II and in its aftermath, up to 12 million refugees ofethnic Germans, so-called "Heimatvertriebene" (German for "expellees", literally "homeland displaced persons") were forced to migrate from the former German areas, as for instanceSilesia orEast Prussia, to the new formed States ofpost-war Germany andAllied-occupied Austria, because of changing borders in Europe.[15][16]
Due to a shortage of laborers during theWirtschaftswunder ("economic miracle") in the 1950s and 1960s, the West German government signed bilateral recruitment agreements withItaly in 1955,Greece in 1960,Turkey in 1961,Morocco in 1963,Portugal in 1964,Tunisia in 1965 andYugoslavia in 1968. These agreements allowed German companies to recruit foreign citizens to work in Germany.[17] The work permits were at first issued for a duration of two years, after which the recruited workers were supposed to return to their home countries. However, many companies repeatedly renewed the work permits;[18] some of the bilateral treaties were even updated to give workerspermanent residency upon arrival.[19] As a result, even though many did ultimately return to their countries of origin, several million of the recruited workers and their families ended up settling in Germany permanently. Nevertheless, the government continued to encourage the public perception of the arriving immigrants as temporary guest workers (Gastarbeiter) and for many years made little provision for theirintegration into German society.[20]
East Germany set up similar foreign recruitment schemes, although at much smaller scales and exclusively with other socialist states. Most foreign workers recruited to East Germany, known locally asVertragsarbeiter, came fromNorth Vietnam (ca. 60,000),[21]Cuba (30,000),[22]Mozambique (21,000)[23] andAngola (6,000).[24] The government portrayed East Germany as a post-racial society and called the foreign workers socialist "friends" who would learn skills which could then be applied in their home countries. In reality, racism and exploitation were widespread.[25] The workers were generally strictly segregated from locals and did menial work that locals refused to do.[3] Considerable portions of their paychecks were often diverted to their home governments, making their livelihoods precarious.[26] FemaleVertragsarbeiter were not allowed to become pregnant during their stay. If they did, they wereforced to have an abortion[27][28] or faceddeportation.
FollowingGerman reunification in 1990, many of the roughly 90,000 foreign workers living in what had been East Germany had no legal status as immigrant workers under the Western system. Consequently, many faced deportation or premature termination of residence and work permits, as well as open discrimination in the workplace and racism in everyday life. The vast majority ultimately returned to their home countries.[25]
During the 1980s, a small but steady stream of East Germans immigrating to the West (Übersiedler) had begun with the gradual opening of theEastern bloc. In 1990, the year ofGerman reunification, the number swelled to 389,000.[29]
As Eastern bloc countries gradually began to open their borders in the 1980s, large numbers ofethnic Germans from these countries began to move to Germany. German law at the time recognized an almost unlimitedright of return for people of German descent,[30] of whom there were several million in theSoviet Union,Poland andRomania.[31] Germany initially received around 40,000 per year. In 1987, the number doubled, in 1988 it doubled again and in 1990 nearly 400,000 immigrated.Upon arrival, ethnic Germans became citizens at once according to Article 116 of the Basic Law, and received financial and many social benefits, including language training, as many did not speak German. Social integration was often difficult, even though ethnic Germans were entitled to German citizenship, but to many Germans they did not seem German. In 1991, restrictions went into effect, in that ethnic Germans were assigned to certain areas, losing benefits if they moved. The German government also encouraged the estimated several million ethnic Germans living in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe to remain there. From 1993 to 1999, the German government established a cap limiting ethnic German immigration to 220,000 people per year, which was later lowered to 100,000.[32][29] In total, more than 4.5 million ethnic Germans moved to Germany between 1990 and 2007.[33]
And in parallel, a third stream of immigration starting in the mid-1980s werewar refugees, of which West Germany accepted more than any other West European country due to a nearly unqualifiedright to asylum. Around 300,000 Iranians fled from persecution in the wake of theIranian Revolution between 1979 and 1986 alone.[34] Notable numbers of asylum seekers came from Turkey after amilitary coup in 1980 and, separately, due to ongoing persecution ofTurkish Kurds in the country.[35] Several thousand people also sought refuge in Germany from theLebanese Civil War.[36]
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Due to the outbreak of theYugoslav Wars in 1991, large numbers of refugees headed to Germany and other European countries.[37] Between 1990 and 1992 nearly 900,000 peoplesought asylum in a united Germany.[29] In 1992 Germany admitted almost 70 percent of all asylum seekers registered in theEuropean Community.[38] By comparison, only about 100,000 people sought asylum in the U.S in the same year.[39] The growing numbers of asylum seekers led theBundestag to significantly curtail the previously unqualified right to asylum in Germany, which former German refugees had "held sacred because of their reliance on it to escape theNazi regime" and which required aconstitutional amendment.[38] Applications from people entering Germany after passing through other European Community member states, where they theoretically could have already applied for asylum, were now refused, as were applications from nationals of designated safe countries.[40]
Though only about 5 percent of the asylum applications were approved and appeals sometimes took years to be processed, many asylum seekers were able to stay in Germany and received financial and social aid from the government.[29][41]
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In June 2015, new arrivals of asylum seekers, which had been increasing steadily for years,[44] began to rise sharply,[45] driven especially by refugees fleeing wars inSyria,Iraq andAfghanistan. An original projection of 450,000 asylum seekers entering Germany for the whole of 2015 was revised upwards to 800,000[46] in August and again in September to over 1 million.[47] The actual final number was 1.1 million;[48] Germany spent about €16 billion (0.5% of GDP) on processing and housing refugees that year.[49]
Most of the refugees entering Western and Central Europe around this time came by land via the so-called "Balkan route." According to an EU law (theDublin regulation), refugees were required to file asylum claims in the first EU country they set foot in, which for about the 85% of sea arrivals wasGreece, and for about 15%,Italy.[50] However, instead of applying there, many attempted to travel to Northern and Western European countries, mostly by traveling through the Balkans and re-entering the EU through Hungary or Croatia. As a result, Hungary registered 150,000 asylum seekers by August 2015. However, the vast majority of these refugees had no desire to remain in Hungary and wanted to move on to Western or Northern Europe, leading to a sizable population of refugees "trapped" in the country.[48] The Hungarian government began to house refugees in camps under squalid conditions.[51] TheFederal Office for Migration and Refugees, overwhelmed with the task of processing the sheer number of incoming asylum claims, was unable to prioritize deporting refugees to Hungary and decided to suspend enforcement of the Dublin regulation for Syrian nationals. As a result, refugees in Hungary requested to be allowed leave for Germany; several thousand began making their way across Hungary and Austria towards Germany on foot. Claiming it was no longer able to process asylum claims properly, Hungary began providing buses for refugees to the Austrian border. Responding to a wave of public sympathy in reaction to widely broadcast scenes of police brutality and refugees dying at the hands of smugglers in Hungary, and unable to keep the migrants out of the country without resorting to brutal force, the German and Austrian chancellors,Angela Merkel andWerner Faymann decided to allow the refugees in. The publicity from this decision led hundreds of thousands of people fleeing theSyrian civil war to make for Germany.[48]
Although the number of refugees in formal employment more than tripled between 2016 and 2019,[52] as a group they remain overrepresented in unemployment statistics, which experts ascribe to a combination of red tape and refugees' difficulty in finding housing.[53] Employment among Syrians and Afghans, the two most common nationalities among the 2015–2016 refugee arrivals, rose by 79% and 40%, respectively, between 2017 and 2018.[54]
The2018 Ellwangen police raid, in which residents of a migrant shelterrioted to prevent police from deporting an asylum seeker whose claim had been deemed invalid, sparked a significant political debate.[55]
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In 2015, most Germans were very supportive of the large numbers of refugees arriving in Germany. Then-chancellorAngela Merkel declared in a speech, “Wir schaffen das" (roughly, "we can do this"), which was widely used by news media as well as the public as a defining statement of her policy during the crisis.[56] In 2015, the brunt of the European immigration crisis was placed on Germany when 890,000 refugees crossed the border and applied for asylum, most of them fleeing from the Syrian War. By 2018, 670,000 out of 700,000 Syrians living in Germany immigrated as a result of internal strife and conflict in Syria beginning in 2011.[57] A 2015 survey shows that 46% of the entire German population was facilitating help in some way for refugees. All over, German citizens were creating initiatives and support groups for asylum seekers as well as donating their time to help on-site with refugees. Media helped shape German attitudes as well as put pressure on the government by covering the victims of immigration and by showing individual stories, which humanized them.
The widespreadsexual assaults on New Year's Eve of 2015, for which a significant number of suspects were asylum seekers, marked a shift in the tone of media coverage and public opinion towards refugees, though the government noted refugees were, statistically, no more likely than locals to commit crimes.[58]
Between 2010 and 2016, the number of Muslims living in Germany increased from 3.3 million (4.1% of the population) to nearly 5 million (6.1%). The most important factor in the growth of Germany’s Muslim population is immigration.[59]
The intake of refugees in Germany temporarily decreased in the following years, while deportations increased and leveled out at around 20,000.[60]
352,000 people applied for asylum in Germany in 2023, the highest number since 2016, when 722,370 people applied for asylum. People from Ukraine are not included. Most asylum seekers in 2023 were from Turkey, Syria and Afghanistan.[61]
In September 2023, more than 120 boats carrying approximately 7,000 migrants from Africa arrived on the island ofLampedusa within 24 hours.[62] Some of the migrants were relocated to Germany.[63]
On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in a major escalation of theRusso-Ukrainian War, which began inDonbas in 2014. In addition to tens of thousands of deaths on both sides, this invasion has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II, with around 7.5 million Ukrainians fleeing the country and a third of the population displaced. Accordingly, by October 2022, Germany had recorded net immigration of 750,000 people from Ukraine in the first half of 2022, according to the office, responsible for collecting information on German society, economy, and the environment. That influx pushed Germany's population growth to 1%, or about 843,000 people, in the first half of the year.[64] Germany's population rose to an all-time high of 84.3 million people in 2022.[65]
In 2023, 1,933,000 people immigrated to Germany, including 276,000 fromUkraine and 126,000 fromTurkey, while 1,270,000 people emigrated. Net immigration to Germany was 663,000 in 2023, down from a record 1,462,000 in 2022.[66]
In September 2024, German ChancellorOlaf Scholz and Kenyan PresidentWilliam Ruto signed an agreement that opened the German labor market to up to 250,000 skilled and semi-skilled migrant workers fromKenya.[67] The German government has already signed or is negotiating migration partnerships withMorocco,Nigeria,India,Colombia,Kyrgyzstan,Uzbekistan,Georgia andMoldova.[68][69] Scholz and Indian Prime MinisterNarendra Modi agreed that Germany would accept 90,000 skilled workers from India each year.[70]
Scholz supportedreplacement migration in response to the decline and aging of Germany's population.[71] He said that Germany would have to accept 288,000 foreign workers per year.[72] There are concerns about abrain drain from developing countries, with professionals such as doctors and nurses leaving for better-paid jobs abroad.[73]
As of 2014, about 16.3 million people with an immigrant background were living in Germany, accounting for every fifth person.[74] Of those 16.3 million, 8.2 million had no German citizenship, more than ever before. Most of them hadTurkish,Eastern European orSouthern European background. The majority of new foreigners coming to Germany in 2014 were from new EU member states such asPoland,Romania,Bulgaria andCroatia, non-EU European countries likeAlbania,North Macedonia,Switzerland andNorway or from theMiddle East,Africa,East Asia,South Asia,Southeast Asia,South America,North America,Australia andNew Zealand. Due to ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, many people are hoping to seek asylum in the European Union and Germany.[75]The vast majority of immigrants are residing in the so-calledold states of Germany.[76][77]
In 2022, there were 23.8 million people, 28.7 percent of the total population, who had amigration background.[78]
European Unionfree movement of workers principles require that allEU member state citizens have the right to solicit and obtain work in Germany regardless of citizenship. These basic rules for freedom of movement are given in Article 39 of the Treaty on the European Union.
Immigration to Germany as a non-EU-citizen is limited to skilled or highly educated workers and their immediate family members.[79] In April 2012,European Blue Card legislation was implemented in Germany, allowing highly skilled non-EU citizens easier access to work and live in Germany. Although uptake of the scheme has grown steadily since then, its use remains modest; around 27,000 blue cards were issued in Germany in 2018.[80]
Self-employment requires either an initial investment of EUR 250,000 and the creation of a minimum of 5 jobs.[81]
New regulations were enacted in 2020 in response to the 2019 Skilled Immigration Act.[82] In order to qualify for a visa under the new rules, applicants must obtain official recognition of their professional qualification from a certification authority recognized by the German government.[82] Further, the applicant must meet language competency requirements and obtain a declaration from their prospective employer.[82]
International students make up nearly 15 percent of Germany's student population, with 325,000 international students studying in Germany during the winter semester 2020/2021.[83] According to a study from the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF), around 54 percent of foreign students in Germany decide to stay after graduation.[84]
Substantial reforms began to be enacted in 2023, touching many aspects of German immigration policy. The Skilled Workers Immigration Act updates previous immigration legislation concerning the ability of foreign workers to find work in Germany or begin employment at a German company.[12] The legislation enables those with substantial professional experience or training to acquire a work permit[12][13] and makes it easier for those with vocational experience or with a university degree to obtain residence permits.[85]
The new law relaxes requirements for obtaining anEUBlue Card. Blue Cards enable highly skilled applicants to stay in an EU country,[86] and the 2023 reforms lowered minimum annual wage requirements[13][87] and guaranteed greater mobility within the EU[12][13] in order to encourage more applicants to use the system. Further,family reunification services are expedited for Blue Card holders, effectively easing immigration for families of Blue Card applicants.[13]
The new legislation also introduces a so-called chance card, which gives applicants without a job offer but with enough qualifications the opportunity to live and work in Germany.[12] Successful applicants are allowed to seek employment for up to a year, with the potential to extend the chance card by two years based on employment.[12][85] Chance card holders must have a university degree or professional training, and must also demonstrate some German proficiency or advanced English skills.[12][85]
Further, the reforms dropped the longstanding restrictions ondual citizenship, allowing most German citizens to hold multiple passports.[88][89] This change brings German citizenship policy in line with the rest of the world which is increasingly shifting towards an acceptance of multiple citizenship.[90] In addition to this change,legal residents only have to wait five years before qualifying fornaturalization, as opposed to the previous eight.[88][91]
Thetraffic light coalition that was created after the 2021 federal elections committed to implementing immigration reforms in an effort to make Germany a more competitive labor market.[92] The government argues that Germany, facing a shortage of skilled workers,[92] must attract new talent by facilitating immigration for work[92] and by upendingcitizenship uptake laws that were among the world's most restrictive.[93]
The government's actions were a response to long standing demands fromprogressives to modernize German immigration policy[93] and from industry leaders to combat a shortage of skilled labor.[92] By making it easier for job applicants to work in Germany, the government hopes to support a stable supply of skilled professionals that ensure German economic growth and competitiveness[12][94] In July 2024, German Economy MinisterRobert Habeck suggested the tax relief for skilled foreign workers.[95]
However, the citizenship reforms incited vigorous debate, causing a scandal involving the anti-immigrant far-rightAlternative for Germany[93] (in German, Alternative für Deutschland, AfD). The government argues that the reforms create opportunity and provide security for the 14% of the population that do not have citizenship,[89] aligning German policy with that ofWestern peers like Canada and France.[89] Opposition leaders argue that the changes devalue German citizenship[89] and introduce the potential for introducing domestically political conflict from abroad.[89][93]
TheAfD's political rise in Germany is credited to the political saliency of immigration.[96] The party strongly opposes the citizenship reforms.[93] In 2024, party members were caught meeting with neo-Nazis and other right-wing extremists to discuss the forcible "remigration"[97] of German citizens they deemed insufficientlyassimilated.[93][97] News of the meeting triggered massive public backlash as tens of thousands of Germans gathered in major cities likeStuttgart,Berlin andMunich to protest the plan.[98] The AfD distanced itself from the event and insisted that it was not sponsored by the party.[98]
A deal signed by both countries in September 2024 opened the German labour market for up to a quarter of a million skilled and semi-skilled workers from Kenya. It also included an agreement on readmission and return of unwanted individuals. The arrangement came in the face of theAfD rising in popularity.[99]
German asylum law is based on the 1993 amendment of article 16a of theBasic Law as well as on the1951 Convention and1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees.
In accordance with theConvention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Germany grants refugee status to persons that are facing prosecution because of their race, religion, nationality or belonging to a special group. Since 2005, recognized refugees enjoy the same rights as people who were granted asylum.[100] Germany's national ban on deportation doesn't permit returning refugees to their home country should doing so place them in imminent danger or that doing so would break EU human rights laws. This policy is a major catalyst to the large influx of Syrian refugees following the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War.[101]
The distribution of refugees among the federal states is calculated using the "Königsteiner Schlüssel", which is recalculated annually.[102]
Germany hosts one of the largest populations of Turkish people outside Turkey. Kurds make up 80 to 90 percent of all Turkish refugees in Germany while the rest of the refugees are former Turkish military officers, teachers, and other types of public servants who fled theauthoritarian government following thecoup attempt in July 2016.[103][104][105][106][107][108][109] Among Iraqi refugees in Germany, about 50 percent are Kurds.[110] There are approximately 1.2 million Kurds in Germany.[111]
An institute of forensic medicine inMünster determined the age of 594 ofunaccompanied minors in 2019 and found that 234 (40%) were likely 18 years or older and would therefore be processed as adults by authorities. The sample was predominantly males from Afghanistan and Guinea.[112]
In 2015, responding to relatively high numbers of unsuccessful asylum applications from several Balkan countries (Serbia, Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro), the German government formally declared these countries "generally safe" to speed up their processing.[113]
A person who has immigrated to Germany may choose to become a German citizen. The standard pathway to citizenship is known asAnspruchseinbürgerung (roughly, naturalization by entitlement). In this process, when the applicant fulfills certain criteria they are entitled to become German citizens; the decision is not generally subject to the judgment of a government official. The applicant must:[114]: 19
A person who does not fulfill all of these criteria may still apply for German citizenship by discretionary naturalisation (Ermessenseinbürgerung) as long as certain minimum requirements are met.[114]: 38
Spouses and same-sex civil partners of German citizens can be naturalised after only 3 years of residence (and two years of marriage).[114]: 42
Under certainconditions children born on German soil after the year 1990 are automatically granted German citizenship and, in most cases, also hold the citizenship of their parent's home country.
Applications for naturalisation made outside Germany are possible under certain circumstances, but are relatively rare.
According to theFederal Statistical Office of Germany in 2012, 92% of residents (73.9 million) in Germany had German citizenship,[115] with 80% of the population being Germans (64.7 million) having no immigrant background. Of the 20% (16.3 million) people with immigrant background, 3.0 million (3.7%) hadTurkish, 1.5 million (1.9%)Polish, 1.2 million (1.5%)Russian and 0.85 million (0.9%)Italian background.[116]
In 2014, most people without German citizenship were Turkish (1.52 million), followed by Polish (0.67 million), Italian (0.57 million), Romanians (0.36 million) and Greek citizens (0.32 million).[117]
As of 2023[update], the most common groups of resident foreign nationals in Germany were as follows:[118]
| Rank | Nationality | FSO region | Population | % of foreign nationals |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 13,383,910 | 100 | ||
| 1 |  Turkey | EU candidate countries[119] | 1,487,110 | 11.1 |
| 2 |  Ukraine | EU candidate countries | 1,164,200 | 8.7 |
| 3 |  Syria | Western Asia[120] | 923,805 | 6.9 |
| 4 |   Romania | EU states[121] | 883,670 | 6.6 |
| 5 |  Poland | EU states | 880,780 | 6.6 |
| 6 |  Italy | EU states | 644,960 | 4.6 |
| 7 |  Croatia | EU states | 436,325 | 3.3 |
| 8 |  Bulgaria | EU states | 429,665 | 3.2 |
| 9 |  Afghanistan | East and Central Asia[122] | 377,240 | 2.8 |
| 10 |  Greece | EU states | 361,270 | 2.7 |
| 11 |  Russia | Other Europe[123] | 290,615 | 2.2 |
| 12 |  Iraq | Western Asia | 284,595 | 2.1 |
| 13 |  Kosovo | Other Europe | 280,850 | 2.1 |
| 14 |  Serbia | EU candidate countries | 263,065 | 2.0 |
| 15 |  Bosnia and Herzegovina | EU candidate countries | 233,775 | 1.7 |
| 16 |  Hungary | EU states | 214,695 | 1.6 |
| 17 |  India | South and South East Asia[124] | 210,385 | 1.6 |
| 18 |  Spain | EU states | 193,460 | 1.4 |
| 19 |  Austria | EU states | 185,755 | 1.4 |
| 20 |  Netherlands | EU states | 150,295 | 1.1 |
| 21 |  China | East and Central Asia | 149,550 | 1.1 |
| 22 |  North Macedonia | EU candidate countries | 146,380 | 1.1 |
| 23 |  Iran | Western Asia | 143,555 | 1.1 |
| 24 |  France | EU states | 140,320 | 1.0 |
| 25 |  Portugal | EU states | 139,435 | 1.0 |
| 26 |  United States | North America[125] | 121,420 | 0.9 |
| 27 |  Vietnam | South and South East Asia | 120,535 | 0.9 |
| 28 |  Albania | EU candidate countries | 108,555 | 0.8 |
| 29 |  Morocco | North Africa[126] | 95,095 | 0.7 |
| 30 |  United Kingdom | Other Europe | 84,605 | 0.6 |
| 31 |  Pakistan | South and South East Asia | 84,250 | 0.6 |
| 32 |  Nigeria | West Africa | 83,470 | 0.6 |
| 33 |  Eritrea | East Africa[127] | 81,955 | 0.6 |
| 34 |  Czech Republic | EU states | 64,290 | 0.5 |
| 35 |  Slovakia | EU states | 64,235 | 0.5 |
| 36 |  Thailand | South and South East Asia | 59,880 | 0.4 |
| 37 |  Lithuania | EU states | 58,360 | 0.4 |
| 38 |  Brazil | South America[128] | 55,710 | 0.4 |
| 39 |  Somalia | East Africa | 55,470 | 0.4 |
| 40 |  Kazakhstan | East and Central Asia | 48,655 | 0.4 |
| 41 |  Tunisia | North Africa | 48,295 | 0.4 |
| 42 |  Egypt | North Africa | 47,430 | 0.4 |
| 43 |  Ghana | West Africa | 45,555 | 0.3 |
| 44 |  Lebanon | Western Asia | 45,525 | 0.3 |
| 45 |  Moldova | EU candidate countries | 45,345 | 0.3 |
| 46 |  Georgia | EU candidate countries | 44,390 | 0.3 |
| 47 |  Switzerland | EEA/Switzerland[129] | 41,325 | 0.3 |
| 48 |  Latvia | EU states | 41,240 | 0.3 |
| 49 |  South Korea | East and Central Asia | 38,545 | 0.3 |
| 50 |  Japan | East and Central Asia | 37,180 | 0.3 |
| Other nationalities | 1,146,830 | 8.6 |
According toEurostat 59.9 million people lived in theEuropean Union in 2023 who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 13.35% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (9.44%) were born outside the EU and 17.5 million (3.91%) were born in another EU member state.[130][131]
| Country | Total population (1000) | Total foreign-born (1000) | % | Born in other EU state (1000) | % | Born in a non EU state (1000) | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EU 27 | 448,754 | 59,902 | 13.3 | 17,538 | 3.9 | 31,368 | 6.3 |
| Germany | 84,359 | 16,476 | 19.5 | 6,274 | 7.4 | 10,202 | 12.1 |
| France | 68,173 | 8,942 | 13.1 | 1,989 | 2.9 | 6,953 | 10.2 |
| Spain | 48,085 | 8,204 | 17.1 | 1,580 | 3.3 | 6,624 | 13.8 |
| Italy | 58,997 | 6,417 | 10.9 | 1,563 | 2.6 | 4,854 | 8.2 |
| Netherlands | 17,811 | 2,777 | 15.6 | 748 | 4.2 | 2,029 | 11.4 |
| Greece | 10,414 | 1,173 | 11.3 | 235 | 2.2 | 938 | 9.0 |
| Sweden | 10,522 | 2,144 | 20.4 | 548 | 5.2 | 1,596 | 15.2 |
| Austria | 9,105 | 1,963 | 21.6 | 863 | 9.5 | 1,100 | 12.1 |
| Belgium | 11,743 | 2,247 | 19.1 | 938 | 8.0 | 1,309 | 11.1 |
| Portugal | 10,467 | 1,684 | 16.1 | 378 | 3.6 | 1,306 | 12.5 |
| Denmark | 5,933 | 804 | 13.6 | 263 | 4.4 | 541 | 9.1 |
| Finland | 5,564 | 461 | 8.3 | 131 | 2.4 | 330 | 5.9 |
| Poland | 36,754 | 933 | 2.5 | 231 | 0.6 | 702 | 1.9 |
| Czech Republic | 10,828 | 764 | 7.1 | 139 | 1.3 | 625 | 5.8 |
| Hungary | 9,600 | 644 | 6.7 | 342 | 3.6 | 302 | 3.1 |
| Romania | 19,055 | 530 | 2.8 | 202 | 1.1 | 328 | 1.7 |
| Slovakia | 5,429 | 213 | 3.9 | 156 | 2.9 | 57 | 1.0 |
| Bulgaria | 6,448 | 169 | 2.6 | 58 | 0.9 | 111 | 1.7 |
| Ireland | 5,271 | 1,150 | 21.8 | 348 | 6.6 | 802 | 15.2 |
| Pickpocketing | 74.4% | |||
| Forgery of official documents | 55.4% | |||
| Burglaries | 41.3% | |||
| Rapes and sexual assaults | 37% | |||
| All types | 34.7% | |||
| Social benefit fraud | 34.1% | |||
| Murder and manslaughter | 29.7% | |||
| Share of population | 12.8% | |||
| Source: Wall Street Journal[132] | ||||
In 2006, in Bavaria, 4% of the foreign population were criminal suspects. The corresponding figure for the non-foreign population was 2%.[133] Non-German citizens are, in general, over-represented among suspects in criminal investigations (see horizontal bar chart).[132] However, the complex nature of the data means it is not straightforward to make observations about the crime rates among immigrants. One factor is that crimes committed by foreign nationals are twice as likely to be reported as those committed by German citizens.[134] In addition, theclearance rate (the percentage of crimes that are solved successfully) is extremely low in some categories, such aspickpocketing (5% solved) andburglaries (17% solved). When considering solved crimes only, non-German nationals make up around 8% of all suspects.[135]
A disproportionate number oforganized crime families in Germany are run by immigrants or their children. One-fifth of investigations into organized crime involve one or more non-German suspects.[135] This has been attributed to the lack of effort made to integrate newly arrived immigrants in the 1960s and 1970s, who at the time were seen as "temporary" guest workers.[136]
Working-class immigrant families—particularly those with multiple children—experience poverty rates higher than the national average.[137] Minorities are the most likely to rely on welfare as the main source of income.[138]
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