Member of the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period
Ilustrados in Madrid, c.1890; Standing clockwise from left: Vicente Francisco, Cajigas, José Abreu, Mariano Abella,Dominador Gómez ,Francisco Tongio Liongson , Flaviano Cordecruz, a Tuazon from Malabon, Alejandro Yance de Lara, Lauro Dimayuga,Marcelo H. del Pilar , Gregorio Aguilera,José Rizal ,José Alejandrino , Baldomero Roxas, Moises Salvador, Modesto Reyes, Gaudencio Juanengo, Pablo Rianzares Bautista; Seated from left: Dr. Santamaria, Candido Morada, Damaso Ponce, Ariston Bautista, Pedro Serrano Lactao, andTeodoro Sandiko TheIlustrados (Spanish: [ilusˈtɾaðos] [ 1] [ 2] [ 3] Filipino intelligentsia (educated class) during theSpanish colonial period in the late 19th century.[ 4] [ 5] New Spain (of which the Philippines were part), the termgente de razón
They were lateSpanish-colonial-era middle toupper class Filipinos, many of whom were educated inSpain and exposed toSpanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. Theilustrado class was composed ofPhilippine -born and/or raised intellectuals and cut across ethnolinguistic and racial lines—mestizos ( bothde Sangleyes andde Español ),insulares , andindios reform through "a more equitable arrangement of both political and economic power" under Spanish tutelage.
Stanley Karnow , in hisIn Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines ilustrados as the "richIntelligentsia " because many were the children of wealthy landowners orinquilino tenant )lessee families. They were key figures in the development ofFilipino nationalism .[ 3] [ 6] [ 7] [ 8] [ 9] [ 10]
The most prominentilustrados wereGraciano López Jaena ,Marcelo H. del Pilar ,Mariano Ponce ,Antonio Luna andJosé Rizal , the Philippinenational hero . Rizal's novelsNoli Me Tangere El Filibusterismo [ 9] [ 11]
In the beginning, Rizal and his fellowilustrados preferred not to winindependence fromSpain , instead they wanted legal equality for bothpeninsulares indios insulares mestizos ilustrados were that "the Philippines be represented in theCortes and be considered aprovince of Spain" and "thesecularization of the parishes ."[ 10] [ 11]
However, in 1872, nationalist sentiment grew strongest, when three Filipinopriests ,José Burgos ,Mariano Gomez andfriar Jacinto Zamora , who had been charged with leading a militarymutiny at anarsenal inCavite , nearManila , were executed by the Spanish authorities. The event and "other repressive acts and activities, Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896. His execution propelled theilustrados . This also prompted unity among theilustrados andAndrés Bonifacio 's radicalKatipunan [ 10] United States reinforced the dominant position of theilustrados within Filipino society.Friar estates were sold to theilustrados and most government positions were offered to them.[ 10]
^ The American Heritage Spanish Dictionary (2nd ed.) ^ RAE - ASALE."Diccionario de la lengua española - Edición del Tricentenario" .Diccionario de la lengua española . ^a b Glossary: Philippines, Area Handbook Series, Country Studies, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, LOC.gov (undated) , retrieved on: July 30, 2007^ Thomas, Megan Christine (2012).Orientalists, Propagandists, and Ilustrados: Filipino Scholarship and the End of Spanish Colonialism 213 .ISBN 978-0-8166-7190-8 ^ Cullinane, Michael (1989).Ilustrado Politics: Filipino Elite Responses to American Rule, 1898-1908 ISBN 978-971-550-439-3 ^ Grimsley, Mark. The Philippine War: 1899-1902, Ohio-State.edu, 1993, 1996 Archived October 9, 2012, at theWayback Machine , retrieved on: August 1, 2007^ Karnow, Stanley .In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines ISBN 0-345-32816-7 ^ The Rise of the Philippine Middle Class (Ilustrados), Mega Essays LLC, MegaEssays.com, 2007 , retrieved on: August 1, 2007^a b Philippines: The Spanish Colony, Student Encyclopedia Article, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Britannica.com , retrieved on: August 1, 2007^a b c d History of the Philippines , Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs, PhilippineEmbassy-USA.org (undated, archived fromthe original on July 13, 2007), retrieved on: August 1, 2007^a b Salvador, Fr. Emerson, Liberalism in the Philippines, The Revolution of 1898: The Main Facts, Newsletter of the District of Asia, Society of St. Pius X, District of Asia, January - March 2002 , retrieved on: August 1, 2007Republic of the Philippines, Microsoft Corporation, Encarta.MSN.com, 2007 ( (Archived 2009-10-31), retrieved on: August 1, 2007Exiles, Motherland and Social Change, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal (Bibliography), Volume 8, Issue 1-2, SMC.org.ph, (undated) , retrieved on: August 1, 2007Owen, Norman G., Compadre Colonialism: Studies in the Philippines Under American Rule, A Review by Theodore Friend, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Nov., 1972), pp. 224-226, JSTOR.org, 2007 , retrieved on: August 1, 2007Majul, Cesar A. The Political and Constitutional Ideas of the Philippine Revolution, A Review by R. S. Milne, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Spring, 1969), pp. 98-99, JSTOR.org, 2007 , retrieved on: August 1, 2007Proclamation of Philippine Independence and the Birth of the Philippine Republic, The Philippine History Site, OpManong.SSC.Hawaii.edu (undated) Archived August 4, 2007, at theWayback Machine , retrieved on: August 1, 2007Rossabi, Amy. The Colonial Roots of Civil Procedure in the Philippines, Volume 11, Number 1, Fall 1997, The Journal of Asian Law, Columbia.edu , retrieved on: August 1, 2007Filipino Nationalism, AngelFire.com (undated) , retrieved on: August 1, 2007Veneracion, Jaime B., Ph. D. (Professor of History, University of the Philippines and Visiting Professor, BSU), Rizal's Madrid: The Roots of the Ilustrado Concept of Autonomy, Diyaryo Bulakenya, Bahay Saliksikan ng Bulakan (Center for Bulacan Studies), Geocities.com, April 4, 2003 , retrieved on: August 1, 2007Philippine History, Philippine Children's Foundation, PhilippineChildrensFoundation.org, 2005 , retrieved on: August 1, 2007
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