Ilminism 일민주의 一民主義 | |
|---|---|
| Founder | |
| Founded | 1949; 76 years ago (1949) |
| Preceded by |
|
| Student wing | Students Protection Corps [ko] |
| Youth wing | Korean National Youth Association Ilminism Supplies Association |
| Membership | Liberal Party |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Far-right[13] |
| Party flag | |
.svg) | |
Ilminism (Korean: 일민주의;Hanja: 一民主義;RR: Ilminjuui), frequently translated as theOne-People Principle,[14]One-People Doctrine,[6] orUnidemism, was thepolitical ideology of South Korea under its first President,Syngman Rhee. TheIlminist principle has been likened by contemporary scholars to theNazi ideal of theHerrenvolk (master race) and was part of an effort to consolidate a united and obedient citizenry around Rhee's strong central leadership through appeals toultranationalism[6] andethnic supremacy. In general, "Ilminists" often refers to pro-Syngman Rhee (groups).[15][16]
The concept had deep roots in disputes between different members of theKorean independence movement during Japanese rule. The debate was between so-calledculturalists (문화주의론자), who argued that Korean backwardness required a strong and patriotic elite to guide the people into cultural civilization and enlightenment, that is, the Koreans needed tobecome a proper nation, versus thepopulists (민중투쟁론자), who maintained that the Koreans werealready a sovereign nation and people from whom all legitimacy ultimately derived. Ilminism had been identified as being influenced by the culturalist stream of Korean thinking.[7]
The concept was developed primarily byGerman-educated Minister of Education Ahn Ho-sang,[6] who studied philosophy at theUniversity of Jena in Germany during the late 1920s.[17] It was connected with theNational Defense Student Corps (NDSC), established on 22 April 1949. The nationalist doctrine was influenced by the statist youth groups Ahn had witnessed both as a student in Germany back in the 1920s as well as during theAsia-Pacific War.[6] The doctrine was received unfavorably by various quarters when it first surfaced, but the onset of theKorean War in 1950 substantially increased its rapport with authorities.[6]
After 1952, Ilminism was no longer mentioned, and Syngman Rhee's purges of Ilminist affiliates led to the demise of Ilminism.
TheIlminist Principle became the central ideology of Rhee'sNational Association and its successor, theLiberal Party, established in 1951.[18]
Ilminism was based around a four-point political program, including elimination of formal discrimination between the nobility and the masses, the economic equalization of rich and poor through land reform, social and political equality of the sexes, and an end to discrimination between North and South or the urban capital and the rural provinces.[18] An end to partisan politics was posited, in favor of a united people behind a de facto one-party state.[18]
Ilminism was effective in creating a stronganti-communist nationalism to stand in juxtaposition to the effective appeals to nationalism made through theDemocratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland, headed byKim Il Sung and thecommunistWorkers' Party of Korea.[19]
The Ilminists were belligerent anti-communists. Despite U.S. opposition, they insisted on "Northward reunification" (북진통일), in which South Korean troops marched North, overthrew the North Korean government on the Korean Peninsula, completely eliminated communist forces, and occupied all areas of the peninsula by force to build a non-communistunified-ROK.[13]
The Association for the Propagation of Ilminism (일민주의보급회;一民主義普及會) was a nationalist organization founded in September 1949. The organization aimed at promoting popularism centered on Syngman Rhee, led by former members of theKorean National Youth Association led by Lee Bum-seok and Ahn Ho-sang. It criticized bothcapitalism andcommunism, but had a pro-American tendency. Due to the intensifyingCold War, anti-capitalism sentiment did not increase during this time period.[20][21]
6·25전쟁 이전에는 8만명이 넘는 화교가 있었지만 이승만정부 시절 차별적인 화교압박정책으로 인해 많은 화교들이 다른 국가로 이주해 갔다.[Before the Korean War, there were more than 80,000hwagyo, but manyhwagyo migrated to other countries due to discriminatoryhwagyo pressure policies during the Rhee Syngman administration.]
