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Ingrammar, theillative case (/ˈɪlətɪv/;abbreviatedILL; fromLatin:illatus "brought in") is agrammatical case used in theFinnish,Estonian,Lithuanian,Latvian andHungarian languages. It is one of thelocative cases, and has the basic meaning of "into (the inside of)". An example from Hungarian isa házba ('into the house', witha ház meaning 'the house'). An example from Estonian ismajasse andmajja ('into the house'), formed frommaja ('house'). An example from Finnish istaloon ('into the house'), formed fromtalo ('a house'), another from Lithuanian islaivan ('into the boat') formed fromlaivas ('boat'), and from Latvianlaivā ('into the boat') formed fromlaiva ('boat').
The case is formed by adding-hVn, where 'V' represents the last vowel, and then removing the 'h' if a simplelong vowel would result. For example,talo +Vn becomestaloon with a simple long 'oo'; cf.maa +hVn becomesmaahan, without the elision of 'h'. This unusually complex way of adding a suffix can be explained by its reconstructed origin: avoiced palatal fricative. (Modern Finnish has lostpalatalization andfricatives other than 'h' or 's'.) In some dialects spoken inOstrobothnia, notablySouth Ostrobothnia, the 'h' is not removed; one saystalohon. Some dialects ofFinland Proper andKymenlaakso also have a similar feature.[1] In some instances-seen is added, e.g.huone (room) andLontoo (London) thushuoneeseen andLontooseen respectively.
The other locative cases in Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian are:
The illative case, denoting direction of movement, is now less common in the standard language but is common in the spoken language, especially in certain dialects. Its singular form, heard more often than the plural, appears in books, newspapers, etc. Most Lithuanian nouns can take the illative ending, indicating that from the descriptive point of view the illative still can be treated as a case in Lithuanian. Since the beginning of the 20th century it isn't included in the lists of standard Lithuanian cases in most grammar books and textbooks, and the prepositional construction į+accusative is more frequently used today to denote direction. The illative case was used extensively in older Lithuanian; the first Lithuanian grammar book, byDaniel Klein, mentions both illative and į+accusative but calls the usage of the illative "more elegant". Later, it has often appeared in the written texts of the authors who grew up inDzūkija or EasternAukštaitija, such asVincas Krėvė-Mickevičius.
The illative case in Lithuanian has its ownendings, which are different for each declension paradigm, although quite regular, compared with some other Lithuanian cases. An ending of the illative always ends with-n in the singular, and-sna is the final part of an ending of the illative in the plural.
Certain fixed phrases in the standard language are illatives, such aspatraukti atsakomybėn ("to arraign"),dešinėn! ("turn right"),vardan ("for the sake of" or "in the name of", e.g., in the name of the political party "Vardan Lietuvos","For Lithuania").
| Nominative | Illative | Gloss | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
| masc. | karas | karai | karan | karuosna | war(s) |
| lokys | lokiai | lokin | lokiuosna | bear(s) | |
| akmuo | akmenys | akmenin | akmenysna | stone(s) | |
| fem. | upė | upės | upėn | upėsna | river(s) |
| jūra | jūros | jūron | jūrosna | sea(s) | |
| obelis | obelys | obelin | obelysna | apple tree(s) | |
Tungusic languages have a rich case system, and as shown below the allative is among them:[2]
| Case | Vowel stem | Plosive stem | Nasal stem |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | bira | dət | oron |
| Accusative | bira-βa | dət-pe | oron-mo |
| Indefinite accusative | bira-ja | dət-je | oron-o |
| Dative–locative | bira-dū | dət-tū | oron-dū |
| Allative | bira-tki | dət-tiki | oron-ti |
| Illative | bira-lā | dət-[tu]lə̄ | oron-dulā |
| Prolative | bira-lī | dət-[tu]lī | oron-dulī |
| Allative-locative | bira-kla | dət-iklə | oron-ikla |
| Elative | bira-duk | dət-tuk | oron-duk |
| Ablative | bira-git | dət-kit | oron-njít |
| Instrumental | bira t | dət-it | oron-di |