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TheÌgbómìnà (also colloquiallyIgboona orOgboona) are a subgroup of theYoruba ethnic group, which originates from the north central and southwestNigeria.[1]They speak a dialect calledÌgbómìnà or Igbonna, classified among the Central Yoruba of the three major Yoruba dialectical areas. The Ìgbómìnà spread across what is now southernKwara State and northernOsun State. Peripheral areas of the dialectical region have some similarities to the adjoiningEkiti,Ijesha andOyo dialects.
The Ìgbómìnà are renowned merchants well known for long distance trading which account for their wide spread across Yoruba land, they engage in other traditional occupation such asagriculture andhunting, as well as theirwoodcarving, leather art, and the famous Elewe masquerade.[2][3] It is anEgungun representing the ancestors during special festivals.[4]
Traditional Ìgbómìnàland consist of Fourlocal government areas (LGAs) of Kwara State:Irepodun,Ifelodun,Ilorin East andIsin LGAs, as well as two local government areas of Osun State:Ifedayo andIla LGAs.The major Ìgbómìnà cities inOsun State are Oke-Ila Orangun, Ora, andIla Orangun, while the major Ìgbómìnà cities in Kwara State which has most of the Ìgbómìnà land and population include:Omu-Aran,Òbà,Ajasse Ipo,Eju-land(Igbonla & Sanmora), Eku-Mesesan-Oro (Ijomu-Oro, Iddo-Oro, Okerimi-Oro, Afin-Oro, Okeola-Oro, Ibode-Oro, Oro, Iludun-0ro, Agbeola-Oro),Agbamu,Edidi (Edidi-ona, Edidi Idera, Edidi Oja),Oke-Onigbin,Isanlu Isin,Ijara-Isin, Aran-Orin,Rore,Esiẹ,Omupo,Omido,Ipetu-Igbomina,Igbaja, Ora, Oke-Ode, Owu-Isin, Oro-Ago, Oko- Irese, Ahun, Arandun,Shaare, Oke-Aba. The villages in Igbomina Ile-Ire are: Owa Onire, Owa Kajola, Owode Ofaro, Idoba Araromi( This village settled on Owode Ofaro Land, their so called ancestral land at Idoba Orioke near Owa was owned and given to them by Owode Ofaro), Ikosin (Ile Ire District Headquarters where the popular ancient Igbo Ejimogun market was located), Oke-Oyan, Idera, Afin, Alaabe, Obinn or Obinrin Aiyetoro, Oreke Oke, Okeigbo, Babanla. Other Igboimna towns are in Idofian districts, Okanle, Fajeromi, Odo-eku, Ola, Idofin, Iwo, Agbonda, Agbeku, Olayinka, Alakuko-Irorun, Edidi, Ijan-Otun, Agbele, Omido, Okeya, Babanlomo, Agbamu, Ijan, Pamo-Isin, Egii-Owu, Owa-Onire, Durosoto, Koko-Afin, Maloko, Olomi Oja, Omirinrin, Faje, Ajengbe, Alasoro, Idofin Ayekale, Eyin Afo, Idofin Igbana, Idofin Aga, Ekudu, Manasara, Oko Adigun, Kudu-Isin, Oke oyi, Alegongo, Sabaja, Oponda, Oree, Agunjin, Apado, Eleyin, and Yaru.
Ìgbómìnàland is adjoined on the west and northwest by major neighbours such as the Oyo-Yoruba region, on the south and southwest by theIjesha-Yoruba region, on the south and southeast by theEkiti-Yoruba region, on the east by theYagba-Yoruba region, and on the north by the non-Yoruba Nupe region south of theNiger River. Other minor neighbours of the Ìgbómìnà are the Ibolo sub-group of the cities of Offa, Oyun andOkuku in the west.[5][6]
Over 800 carved stones, mostly representing human figures, have been found aroundEsie in western Igbomina,Iji-Isin,Ijara andOfaro villages. It is yet to be known by the entire world who created the sculptures, but they appear to have been created around 1100 AD.[7]
Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggest that the Ìgbómìnà people may have predated the surrounding peoples except perhaps the Nupe and the Yagba. Ìgbómìnàland definitely predated theOduduwa era as evidenced by oral traditions of royal and non-royal migrations from Oduduwa’s Ile-Ife which met existing dynasties in place but displaced, subsumed or subjugated them. It appears that aside from more recent conflicts in the last two centuries, theOyo,Ijesha, and theEkiti may have in more ancient times, pressured the Ìgbómìnà, captured territory in the plains and restricted them into the more rugged and lower-quality land of the Yoruba hills. The Ìgbómìnà, on the other hand, appear to have pressured theNupe and theYagba and taken territory away from them in places, but also losing territory to them in other places.
The people of Igbomina prioritized defense over offense due to its lower resource requirements and reduced risks. To protect against military threats, they constructed various fortifications such as earthen ramparts, and stone and/or mud walls.[8]
One notable fortified settlement was Gbagede, which had a mud wall enclosure and existed from 1795 to pre-19th century. Iyara and Ila-Yara also had massive rampart walls with deep ditches, built in the late 16th or early 17th century. These fortifications aimed to slow down attackers and provide protection to defenders.
In northeastern Igbomina, rock piles and boulders were also used for defense, especially near hilltop sites. They slowed down attackers and provided advantageous positions for hurling rocks. Stone embankments and mud walls were combined in some areas for added protection.[8]
Stone piles and boulders arranged to a impressive heights, and could stretch for a distance of up to 1 km(0.6 miles). In many places only stones of various sizes were used as embankments. construction of these began from the 18th century.
Embankments were not the only use of stone architecture however. A circular stone foundation of a collapsed building was found which was later identified by to be a guards house or sentry where armed guards kept watch for enemy soldiers.[8]
Starting in the 1840s, TheFulaniIlorin armies invaded much of Igbomina territory dominating different parts of the region. Several Igbomina rulers were made subordinate to Ilorin and forced to join the war. An example is when the ruler ofIla Orangun was taken captive to Ilorin. The Fulani conquerors established provincial administration in Igbomina, making Igbominaland a part of the greaterSokoto Caliphate.
However, by 1875Ibadan had reconquered much land Ilorin had conquered in this northern part of Yorubaland. But, the oppressive regime of Ibadan, soon led to a revolt among the subjugated towns. The Igbomina consequently allied into a confederacy, called the Ekitiparapo, to fight for their independence.[8]
The Ilorin Provincial Gazetteer (1918) dates the settlement of Igbaja, one of the Igbomina towns, as late 17th or early 18th century, while the Igbaja District Gazetteer (1933–35) puts it about 1750 AD.By 1800, the Alafin (supreme ruler of Yoruba) had consolidated his power over the Igbomina and placed an Ajele (Governor) in Ilorin to safeguard his interests. The Sudan Interior Mission came to Oro Ago in 1911, to Agunjin before 1918, and to Oke Oyan, Igbaja, and Oke Aba in the 1920s. Starting in the 1930s, primary and secondary schools were established, resulting in changes to the traditional ways of life.[1]
