| Tournament details | |
|---|---|
| Host country |  Switzerland |
| Venue(s) | St. Moritz Olympic Ice Rink, Suvretta, Kulm (in 1 host city) |
| Dates | 30 January – 8 February 1948 |
| Teams | 9 |
| Final positions | |
Champions  |  Canada(5th title) |
Runners-up  |  Czechoslovakia |
Third place  | Switzerland |
| Fourth place |  Sweden |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Games played | 36 |
| Goals scored | 482 (13.39 per game) |
| Scoring leader(s) | Walter Halder (29 points) |
The men'sice hockey tournament at the1948 Winter Olympics inSt. Moritz,Switzerland, was the sixthOlympic Championship, also served as the 15thWorld Championships and the 26thEuropean Championships.Canada won its fifth Olympic gold medal and 12th World Championship, represented by theOttawa RCAF Flyers team ofCanadian Armed Forces personnel. The highest-finishing European teamCzechoslovakia, won the silver medal and its eighth European Championship.[1]Bibi Torriani played forSwitzerland which won the bronze medal, and became the first ice hockey player to recite theOlympic Oath on behalf of all athletes.[2]
The hockey tournament was in jeopardy of not being played due to disagreements between theLigue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace and theInternational Olympic Committee, and a threatened boycott by theUnited States Olympic Committee when two American hockey teams showed up to play. WriterJack Sullivan referred to the 1948 Winter Olympics as "the most controversial, name-calling, complaint-filled, Winter Olympic Games ever held".[3]
After the 1936 Winter Olympics, theCanadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) revised its definition of amateur when it failed to win the gold medal in hockey, and broke away from theAmateur Athletic Union of Canada despite the possibility that its players may no longer be eligible for Olympic hockey.[4] In August 1937,Eastern Amateur Hockey League presidentTommy Lockhart broke away from theAmateur Athletic Union of the United States over disagreements on Canadian-born players in his league, then reached a co-operative agreement directly with the CAHA.[5] He then founded theAmateur Hockey Association of the United States (AHAUS) as a rival governing body of ice hockey.[6]
The CAHA and the AHAUS joined to form theInternational Ice Hockey Association in 1940.[7] Former CAHA presidentW. G. Hardy was elected its president, and sought for acceptance by theInternational Olympic Committee (IOC) on terms acceptable to the CAHA.[8][9] CAHA presidentGeorge Dudley subsequently threatened to withdraw Canada from the Olympics over the definition of amateur.[4][10] An IOC decision on the matter was postponed when the1940 Winter Olympics and1944 Winter Olympics were cancelled due toWorld War II.[4]
In 1946, theLigue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace (LIHG) held its first congress since 1939. The LIHG expelled Germany and Japan, and memberships of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia were consolidated into the Soviet Union. Austria was readmitted to the LIHG, and Denmark was welcomed as a new member.[11]Paul Loicq stepped down as after 25 years as LIHG president, and was succeeded byFritz Kraatz in 1947.[11] The LIHG also agreed to a merger with the International Ice Hockey Association, and recognized AHAUS as the governing body of hockey in the United States instead of the AAU.[12]
Canada did not participate in the1947 Ice Hockey World Championships and the CAHA had decided not to participate in the 1948 Winter Olympics in disagreement with the definition of amateur by the IOC.[13] CAHA presidentAl Pickard felt Canada was obliged to send aCanada men's national ice hockey team truly representative of the "greatest hockey country" in the world, and honestly take theOlympic Oath as amateurs.[14] He stated that Canada would have been misunderstood, "if we had refused to participate because we did not get our own way".[13] TheCanadian Olympic Association indicated it would accept any team nominated by the CAHA which met amateur eligibility. Pickard announced theOttawa RCAF Flyers were chosen to represent the country and appeal to patriotic support for theRoyal Canadian Air Force, but still continued to press for international recognition of the CAHA's definition of amateur.[15] He also confirmed that the CAHA would pay the national team's expenses for the Olympics, and provide support to use the best Canadian players available.[16]
The LIHG met in September 1947 to decide on whether to have an ice hockey tournament at the Winter Olympics, or host a separateIce Hockey World Championships elsewhere in Switzerland in 1948.[17] Prior to the meeting,Avery Brundage of theUnited States Olympic Committee (USOC) reportedly campaigned to delegates to vote against inclusion of the AHAUS in the upcoming Olympics. George Dudley andBunny Ahearne felt that the Swiss Olympic organizing committee would agree to either definition of amateur as long as hockey would be included, since it would be the most profitable event at the Olympics.[18] The LIHG passed a resolution that its teams would only play against teams approved by the CAHA and the AHAUS, which was accepted by the Swiss Olympic organizing committee.[19]
In November 1947, Ahearne reported that the AAU still planned on sending a team to the Olympics. Brundage threatened that the USOC would boycott the Olympics if the AHAUS team was recognized.[19] The LIHG met again in December regarding United States participation in the Olympics. Ahearne suggested organizing Ice Hockey World Championships inZürich andBasel instead of during the Olympics. He felt the Brundage threat was a bluff and an attempt to sabotage Olympic ice hockey. Ahearne reiterated that LIHG teams would not play against an AAU representative.[20]
The idea of hosting a separate Ice Hockey World Championships surfaced again in January, and Ahearne stated that such a tournament could be arranged on 48 hours' notice.[21] The Swiss Olympic organizing committee insisted on the AHAUS team being recognized, despite persistent charges by Brundage that the AHAUS team was "tainted with professionalism".[22] Brundage and the AAU supported aNational Collegiate Athletic Association team instead.[22] After bitter negotiations which were not resolved until the night before the Olympics, the AHAUS team was allowed to play in the tournament, but the IOC declared those games would not count in the standings.[3] The winner of the hockey tournament would be recognized as an Olympic champion, except for the United States team.[23]
Austria (15) Canada (12) Czechoslovakia (17)
Great Britain (14)
Italy (17)
Poland (17)
Switzerland (17) Sweden (16)
United States (14)The tournament was run in around-robin format with nine teams participating. The Canadians had seven wins and one tie against the team fromCzechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia also won seven games. The tournament was decided on goal average. Canada outscored their opponents 69:5 (a 13.8 goal average). The Czechoslovakia team outscored their opponents 80:18 (a 4.44 goal average). On the final day theSwiss watched the Czechoslovaks beat the Americans dashing their gold medal aspirations, and then lost their opportunity for silver in a loss to Canada, finishing with a bronze.[24]
Because this tournament was also the LIHG World Championship, the United States earned a fourth-place ranking in the LIHG standings.[25] George Dudley stated that the 1948 Olympic hockey tournament was played in "ridiculous weather conditions" with poorrefereeing.[26]
| Medal | Team |
|---|---|
| Gold | Canada |
| Silver | Czechoslovakia |
| Bronze | Switzerland |
| Team | Pld | W | L | D | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canada | 8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 69 | 5 | +64 | 15 |
| Czechoslovakia | 8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 80 | 18 | +62 | 15 |
| Switzerland | 8 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 67 | 21 | +46 | 12 |
| Sweden | 8 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 55 | 28 | +27 | 8 |
| Great Britain | 8 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 39 | 47 | −8 | 6 |
| Poland | 8 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 29 | 97 | −68 | 4 |
| Austria | 8 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 33 | 77 | −44 | 2 |
| Italy | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 24 | 156 | −132 | 0 |
| United States[a] | 8 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 86 | 33 | +53 | 10 |
Team Poland was the oldest team in the tournament, averaging 29 years and 10 months. Team USA was the youngest team in the tournament, averaging 23 years and 1 months. Gold medalists Canada averaged 25 years and 8 months. Tournament average was 27 years and 2 months.[27]
| Team | GP | G | A | Pts |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Walter Halder | 8 | 21 | 8 | 29 |
 | Czechoslovakia |
 | Switzerland |
 | Sweden |
| 4 | Great Britain |
| 5 |  Poland |
| 6 | Austria |
| 7 | Italy |
| Tournaments |
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| Qualifications |
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| Finals |
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| Rosters |
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