ISO 11940-2 is anISO standard for a simplified transcription of the Thai language into Latin characters.

The full standardISO 11940-2:2007 includes pronunciation rules and conversion tables of Thai consonants and vowels. It is a sequel toISO 11940, describing a way to transform its transliteration into a broad transcription.

The standardISO 11940 (to be renamed11940-1) defines a strict and reversible transliteration of Thai orthography into Latin characters, by means of a host of diacritics. The result bears no resemblance to Thai pronunciation. The additional standardISO 11940-2 describes a set of rules to transform the transliteration resulting fromISO 11940 based on Thai orthography into a broad transcription based on pronunciation, using only unadorned Latin letters. All information on vowel length and syllable tone is dropped, as well as the distinction betweenIPA/o/ and/ɔ/.

The standard explicitly mentions that whenever the full pronunciation of each word is necessary or needed, conversion of long vowels can be devised and tone rules can be added to the system to achieve the full pronunciation of each word. However no rules are included how to achieve this.

Although the standard is described as a procedure acting on the Thai orthography, the system is based on the pronunciation. Its rules can therefore be also described in terms of Thai phonology. Prominent features ofISO 11940-2 include:

• uses only unmodified letters from theLatin alphabet; nodiacritics
• spells allvowels anddiphthongs using only vowel letters: ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩
  • single letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ aresimple vowels with the same value as in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
  • digraphs with trailing ⟨e⟩ are simple vowels, ⟨ae⟩, ⟨oe⟩, ⟨ue⟩ sound like/ɛ,ɤ,ɯ/ respectively (and are perhaps chosen for their similarity to IPAligatures:/æ,œ,ɯ/)
  • digraphs with trailing ⟨a⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩ arediphthongs, indicated by/a,j,w/ respectively in IPA
• usesconsonants as in IPA, except:
  • uses ⟨c⟩ for/tɕ/
  • digraphs with ⟨h⟩ (⟨ph⟩, ⟨th⟩, ⟨kh⟩, ⟨ch⟩) areaspirated (/pʰ,tʰ,kʰ,tɕʰ/) consonants, to distinguish them from the separate unaspirated ⟨p⟩, ⟨t⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨c⟩ (/p,t,k,tɕ/)
  • uses ⟨ng⟩ for/ŋ/, as in English
  • uses ⟨y⟩ for/j/, as in English
  • uses ⟨'⟩ for aglottal stop/ʔ/, as occurs when a syllable starts with a vowel

Transcription is according to pronunciation, notThai orthography, especially notable in final consonants. Vowels are transcribed in sequence as pronounced, not as written in Thai script. Implied vowels, which are not written in Thai script, are inserted as pronounced. Written silent letters are omitted.

The result of applying the rules described in the standard is almost identical to the transcription defined by theRoyal Thai General System of Transcription. One exception is preceding a syllable initial vowel by ⟨'⟩, representing the Thai null consonant อ, obviating the need to insert a dash in some words to preserve syllable boundaries. The other exception is the retention of the aspiration characteristic of thealveolo-palatal affricate. So while Thai ฉ, ช, and ฌ, are represented by ⟨ch⟩ as in RTGS, the Thai letter จ is written as ⟨c⟩.

In each cell below, the first line indicatesInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the second indicates the Thai characters in initial position (several letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation). The third line shows the ISO 11940-2 rendering.

Of the consonant letters, excluding the obsolete ฃ and ฅ, six (ฉ, ผ, ฝ, ห, อ, ฮ) cannot be used as a final and the other 36 collapse into a very small repertoire of possible final consonant sounds and corresponding Latin letters. The consonants ย and ว when used as finals, form diphthongs and triphthongs with the preceding vowel, and ISO 11940-2 uses the vowel lettersi ando in such cases.

The basic vowels of the Thai language, from front to back and close to open, are given in the following table. The top entry in every cell is the symbol from theInternational Phonetic Alphabet, the second entry gives the spelling in theThai alphabet, where a dash (–) indicates the position of the initial consonant after which the vowel is pronounced. A second dash indicates that a final consonant must follow. The third line contains the ISO 11940 symbol used.

Thai vowels come inlong-short pairs, forming distinctphonemes, but ISO 11940-2 represents both by the same symbol. Also the two phonemes IPAo andɔ share a single Latin lettero.

The basic vowels can be combined intodiphthongs andtriphthongs.

• ISO 11940-2:2007, Transliteration of Thai characters into Latin characters; part 2: Simplified transcription of Thai language

• ISO standards
• ISO romanization
• Romanization of Thai

• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Pages with plain IPA