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Submissions formobile apps foriOS are subject to approval byApple'sApp Review team, as outlined in theSDK agreement, for basic reliability testing and other analysis, before being published on theApp Store. Applications may still be distributedad hoc if they are rejected, by the author manually submitting a request to Apple to license the application to individualiPhones,[1] although Apple may withdraw the ability for authors to do this at a later date.[2]
Non-disclosure agreements have always forbidden developers from publishing the content of their rejection notices, but Apple has now started labeling their rejection letters with an explicit non-disclosure warning.[3] Apple later changed the NDA[how?] citing that "it has created too much of a burden on developers"[4] but they did not reverse the decision to forbid publication of rejection notices.[5] Some applications are not available outside region specific App Stores at the request of the developer.[6]
In addition, Apple has removed software licensed under theGNU General Public License (GPL) from the App Store after complaints from one of the program's developers (theVLC media player), claiming that the App Store'sterms of service are inconsistent with the GPL.[7]
Applicants have been denied apps for fundamentally duplicating Apple apps, for example by providing an email interface with no added functionality or use,[8] or having the same elements as the built in SMS app.[9] Applications have also been rejected for duplicating the functionality ofiTunes.[10] Applications may be rejected if they are of only "limited utility".[11] Some reports indicate that toolbars must be placed at the bottom of the screen, and the vibration function should only be used for alerts.[12]
Launched in July 2008, the App Store averaged about $1 million in application sales a day in its first month of existence.[13] To get applications into the App Store, developers were required to submit their app and wait for approval or rejection by Apple. Rejected apps were given feedback on the reason they were rejected so they could be modified and resubmitted.[14]
The approval process for Apple App Store has changed over time in terms of its feedback to developers and the time delay for apps to be approved. In the year July 2009, the application could take weeks. Apple streamlined the process at the end of 2009, and some apps were processed in a few days.[15] In addition, in December 2009, the App Store began providing detailed feedback to developers on the approval process rather than simply showing "Waiting for Approval" and "Approved" or "Rejected".
In 2010, the iPad app approval process could have been lengthy, similar to the weeks experienced previously for iPhone applications. In June 2010,Steve Jobs atWWDC 2010 said 95% of apps were processed within 7 business days.[16] According to Apple's developer portal as of July 3 2014, 98% of new and updated apps were processed within 5 business days.[17]
As of 2024, the app review times have decreased significantly with an app being reviewed within less than 12 hours on average and 90% of apps being reviewed in under 24 hours.[18]
On September 9, 2010, Apple published official App Store Review Guidelines for developers.[19] At this time several development restrictions were lifted and many developers of previously rejected applications were asked to resubmit their applications under the new guidelines. The App Review Guideline Document is a living document that Apple can change at any time. The guidelines cover a wide array of rules and are categorized into five sections:
Apple checks each app against these guidelines before approving it for sale and inclusion on the App Store.
Over time, requirements have evolved as trends have appeared in application development. For example, applications accessing the user's location for advertising were valid prior to the fall of 2009. After this point, apps were rejected that did not provide more robust user experience beyond simply using location data for advertising. Other requirements, such as using undocumentedAPIs, have always led to rejection.
Apps that get featured will get promoted by Apple within the App Store, typically within a specific app category. There are no specific guidelines for getting an app featured,[20] but in some notable cases, app developers that gather feedback directly from Apple before releasing their app have indicated that this improves chances of getting featured.[21]
In May 2009, Apple rejected the first version of 'Newspapers', aniPhone app that let users read content from 50+ newspapers around the world, including theNew York Times,France'sLe Monde, and theUnited Kingdom tabloidThe Sun. The app was rejected because the topless "Page 3" girls daily features were described as "obscene". A second version of the application was submitted, removing access toThe Sun, and adding a price tag of£0.59. The app was made available in the summer, after the release of theiPhone OS 3.0 software.[22][23] Another application, of similar nature to 'Newspapers', called 'Eucalyptus' allowed users to downloade-books to their iPhone, though was rejected by Apple because one of the e-books that could have been downloaded was theKama Sutra. The ban has since been lifted.[24]
We do believe we have a moral responsibility to keep porn off the iPhone ... Folks who want porn can buy anAndroid phone
We can't adapt European magazines to the standards of Utah.
— Mathias Müller von Blumencron (editor ofDer Spiegel, warning that the news magazine would not alter its content for the App Store)[26]
The App Store hasPlayboy andSports Illustrated adult-rated apps that have yet to be removed, while some apps by others were removed citing adult content which has resulted in accusations of hypocrisy. Despite this, adult sites continue to market for iPhone and iPad users.[27][28][29] In November 2009, the application ofStern (a mainstream German weekly magazine with a print circulation of about 900,000) was deleted for several weeks without warning.[26][30] In January 2010, Europe's largest newspaper, German tabloidBild, removed content from the iPhone version of its print edition at the request of Apple, and later it had to modify one of its applications – like in theStern case because of nudity.[31] The Association of German Magazine Publishers (VDZ) warned that with such interventions Apple might be moving towards censorship.[31]
The Guardian described rejection of explicit content by Apple as analogous to that of the distributorWHSmith, a main distributor which for many years imposed content restrictions on British publishers. Workers at the fashion magazineDazed & Confused have nicknamed their iPad edition the "Iran edition".[25]
In December 2009, Apple banned a cartoon app called NewsToons by cartoonistMark Fiore, on the grounds that it "ridiculed public figures."[32][33] In April 2010, Fiore won the Pulitzer prize for his political satire cartoons, making history as the very first internet-only cartoonist to win the prestigious journalistic prize.[32][33][34] Following public outcry after the story broke in the wake of the award, Apple asked Fiore to resubmit his app, and it was subsequently accepted. Fiore said, "Sure, mine might get approved, but what about someone who hasn’t won a Pulitzer and who is maybe making a better political app than mine? Do you need some media frenzy to get an app approved that has political material?"[33]
In April 2009, a game calledBaby Shaker was approved for the App Store then later removed due to complaints. The game allowed the user to shake their phone in order to quiet a crying cartoon baby onscreen.[35] The app was criticized for making light ofshaken baby syndrome, a condition where shaking a baby results in severe brain injury.[36]
In May 2009,Trent Reznor ofNine Inch Nails announced, via hisTwitter account, that Apple had rejected an update to the Nine Inch Nails application due to "objectionable content".[37] The developer posted a message on the Nine Inch Nails discussion boards explaining the situation further:
v1.0 is live. v1.0.3 got rejected due to content yet the app has no content in it. This was mainly a stability release to fix the bug that crashes the app for international users. The bug was fixed 24 hours after 1.0 went live and we have been waiting for Apple to approve it ever since. Meanwhile the app continues to get a growing number of 1 star ratings from international users understandably frustrated by the bug, "but looks like our hands are tied".[38]
Apple later permitted the update.[39]
In December 2009, Ted Lando's eBook app "Take Control of iPhone OS 3" was rejected by Apple. The app was not permitted back into the App Store until all references to jailbreaking were removed.[40]
In August 2012,Josh Begley created adrone strike iPhone app that sent out apush notification whenever a US militarydrone aircraft struck a target. The app was rejected, Apple finding the content "objectionable and crude".[41]
In September 2019, an anonymous developer submitted an app calledHKmap.live to App Store, which is tracking police vehicles, armed officers and incidents in which people have been injured during2019–20 Hong Kong protests. But Apple had rejected the app, and reversed its decision on October 4.People's Daily, the official media in China, has criticized Apple's action. On October 9, Apple announced that the app was removed.[42][43]
I Am Rich was a 2008 iOS application developed by Armin Heinrich. When launched, the screen contained only a glowing red gem and an icon that, when pressed, displayed the followingmantra in large text:
I am rich
I deserv [sic] it
I am good,
healthy & successful
The application is described as "a work of art with no hidden function at all", with its only purpose being to show other people that they were able to afford it;I Am Rich was sold on the App Store forUS$999.99 (equivalent to $1,460 in 2024),€799.99 (equivalent to €934.74 in 2021), and£599.99 (equivalent to £1,011 in 2023), the highest price Apple allowed for App Store content for the time.
Then on August 6, 2008, exactly one day after it was launched, Apple removed the app from the App Store without explanation.
In response to theUnited States v. Apple (2024) lawsuit (specifically about the section regarding "super-apps"), and growingEuropean Union regulatory pressure, guideline 4.3, dictating mini-apps was edited allowing game emulators on to the store worldwide.[44][45] Previously, video game emulators were not allowed even if they were officially licensed due to rules about downloading execuatable code,[46] and emulators disguising themselves as file managers, baby name apps, and augmented reality mustache apps, getting removed quickly.[47] After the rule changed, a clone of GBA4iOS named iGBA was allowed on the App Store, supporting import of Game Boy, Game Boy Color, and Game Boy Advance ROMs, but was taken down due to copying the GBA4iOS app under the Spam and Copyright guidelines.[48][49] A Nintendo Entertainment System emulator named Bimmy was available for a few hours, but was taken down by the creator due to fears of legal action by Nintendo.[50][51] A Commodore 64 emulator was also added to the app store.[52] The official Delta emulator app (the official successor to GBA4iOS also supporting NES, SNES, Nintendo 64, and Nintendo DS as well as the GameBoy Series) supporting a variety of Nintendo systems was published shortly after the removal of Bimmy for free in the USA,[53][54] but to install in EU you need to pay 1.50 euro a year subscription to AltStore PAL.[55]
All iOS App Store applications must supportsandboxing and list all permissions required for the correct functionality.[56]During the review process, each application is manually tested, and static analysis is run on its binary code.[57][58]
In 2013, a testmalware application, that was using dynamic code reassembly techniques and named "Jekyll" in reference to theStevensonnovella,[59] was approved and released on the App Store. Apple claimed that unspecified changes were made to iOS in response to the attack.[60][61]
In September 2015, infected programs were published for public download on the App Store. The malicious code had been embedded into Chinese legitimate software through a modified version ofXcode (seeXcodeGhost).[62][63] Some of the bigger applications that had the code wereAngry Birds 2, CamCard, TinyDeal.com, among others.[64][65] Apple confirmed the attack and stated to be working with the developers to make sure they were using the proper version of Xcode to rebuild the apps.[66]
In October 2015, Apple also confirmed having removed applications from the App Store due to the privacy concerns. They commented that applications could be used to compromiseSSL/TLS security solutions.[67][68]
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