IBM Research is theresearch and development division forIBM, an Americanmultinationalinformation technology company headquartered inArmonk, New York,[contradictory] with operations in over 170 countries. IBM Research is the largest industrial research organization in the world and has twelve labs on six continents.[1]
IBM employees have garnered sixNobel Prizes, sixTuring Awards, 20 inductees into theU.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame, 19National Medals of Technology, fiveNational Medals of Science and threeKavli Prizes.[2] As of 2018[update], the company has generated morepatents than any other business in each of 25 consecutive years, which is a record.[3]
The roots of today's IBM Research began with the 1945 opening of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory atColumbia University.[4] This was the first IBM laboratory devoted to pure science and later expanded into additional IBM Research locations inWestchester County, New York, starting in the 1950s,[5][6] including theThomas J. Watson Research Center in 1961.[5][6]
Notable company inventions include thefloppy disk, thehard disk drive, themagnetic stripe card, therelational database, theUniversal Product Code (UPC), thefinancial swap, theFortran programming language,SABRE airline reservation system,DRAM, copper wiring insemiconductors, thesmartphone, theportable computer, theAutomated Teller Machine (ATM), thesilicon-on-insulator (SOI) semiconductor manufacturing process,Watson artificial intelligence[7] and theQuantum Experience.
Advances innanotechnology includeIBM in atoms, where ascanning tunneling microscope was used to arrange 35 individualxenon atoms on a substrate of chilled crystal ofnickel to spell out the three letter companyacronym. It was the first time atoms had been precisely positioned on a flat surface.[8]
Major undertakings at IBM Research have included the invention of innovative materials and structures,high-performance microprocessors and computers, analytical methods and tools,algorithms,software architectures, methods for managing, searching and deriving meaning from data and in turning IBM's advanced services methodologies into reusable assets.
IBM Research's numerous contributions to physical and computer sciences include theScanning Tunneling Microscope andhigh-temperature superconductivity, both of which were awarded theNobel Prize. IBM Research was behind the inventions of theSABRE travel reservation system, the technology oflaser eye surgery, magnetic storage, therelational database,UPC barcodes andWatson, the question-answering computing system that won a match against human champions on theJeopardy! television quiz show. The Watson technology is now being commercialized as part of a project with healthcare companyAnthem Inc. Other notable developments include theData Encryption Standard (DES),fast Fourier transform (FFT),Benoît Mandelbrot's introduction offractals, magnetic disk storage (hard disks), theMELD-Plus risk score, the one-transistordynamic random-access memory (DRAM), thereduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture,relational databases, andDeep Blue (grandmaster-levelchess-playing computer).
There are a number of computer scientists "who made IBM Research famous."[9] These includeFrances E. Allen,[10]Marc Auslander,John Backus,[11][12][13][14][15][16]Charles H. Bennett (computer scientist),Erich Bloch,[17]Grady Booch,[18][19][20][21][22]Fred Brooks (known for his bookThe Mythical Man-Month),[23][24][25][26] Peter Brown,[27] Larry Carter,[28][29]Gregory Chaitin,John Cocke,Alan Cobham,[30]Edgar F. Codd,Don Coppersmith,Wallace Eckert,Ronald Fagin,Horst Feistel,Jeanne Ferrante,Zvi Galil,Ralph E. Gomory,Jim Gray,Joseph Halpern,Kenneth E. Iverson,Frederick Jelinek,Reynold B. Johnson,Benoit Mandelbrot,Robert Mercer,C. Mohan,Kirsten Moselund,Michael O. Rabin,Arthur Samuel,Barbara Simons,Alfred Spector,Gardiner Tucker,[31]Moshe Vardi,John Vlissides,Mark N. Wegman andShmuel Winograd.
IBM currently has 19 research facilities spread across 12 laboratories on six continents:[32]
Historic research centers for IBM also includeIBM La Gaude (Nice), theCambridge Scientific Center, theIBM New York Scientific Center,330 North Wabash (Chicago), IBM Austin Research Laboratory, andIBM Laboratory Vienna.[33]
In 2017, IBM invested $240 million to create the MIT–IBM Watson AI Lab. Headquartered in Cambridge, MA, the Lab is a unique joint research venture in artificial intelligence established by IBM and MIT and brings together researchers in academia and industry to advance AI that has a real world impact for business, academic and society. The Lab funds approximately 50 projects per year, which are co-led by principal investigators from MIT and IBM Research, with results published regularly at top peer-reviewed journals and conferences. Projects range from computer vision, natural language processing and reinforcement learning, to devising new ways to ensure that AI systems are fair, reliable and secure.[34]
IBM Research – Almaden is inAlmaden Valley, San Jose,California. Its scientists perform basic and applied research incomputer science, services, storage systems, physical sciences, and materials science and technology.[35]
IBM Research – Almaden occupies part of a site owned by IBM at 650 Harry Road on nearly 700 acres (2.8 km2) of land in theSanta Teresa Hills aboveSilicon Valley. The site, built in 1985 for the research center, was chosen because of its close proximity toStanford University,UC Santa Cruz,UC Berkeley and other collaborative academic institutions. Today, the research division is still the largest tenant of the site, but the majority of occupants work for other divisions of IBM.
IBM opened its first West Coast research center, the San Jose Research Laboratory in 1952, managed byReynold B. Johnson. Among its first developments was theIBM 350, the first commercial moving head hard disk drive. Launched in 1956, this saw use in theIBM 305 RAMAC computer system. Subdivisions included the Advanced Systems Development Division.[36] Directors of the center include hard disc drive developerJack Harker.
Prompted by a need for additional space, the center moved to its present Almaden location in 1986.
Scientists at IBM Almaden have contributed to several scientific discoveries such as the development ofphotoresists[37] and thequantum mirage effect.[38]
The following are some of the famous scientists who have worked in the past or are currently working in this laboratory:Rakesh Agrawal,Miklos Ajtai,Rama Akkiraju,John Backus,Raymond F. Boyce,Donald D. Chamberlin,Ashok K. Chandra,Edgar F. Codd,Mark Dean,Cynthia Dwork,Don Eigler,Ronald Fagin,Jim Gray,Laura M. Haas,Jean Paul Jacob,Joseph Halpern,Andreas J. Heinrich,Reynold B. Johnson,Maria Klawe,Jaishankar Menon,Dharmendra Modha,William E. Moerner,C. Mohan,Stuart Parkin,Nick Pippenger,Dan Russell,Patricia Selinger,Ted Selker,Barbara Simons,Malcolm Slaney,Arnold Spielberg,Ramakrishnan Srikant,Larry Stockmeyer,Moshe Vardi,Jennifer Widom,Shumin Zhai.
IBM Research – Australia was a research and development laboratory established by IBM Research in 2009 inMelbourne.[39] It was involved insocial media, interactive content, healthcare analytics and services research, multimedia analytics, and genomics. The lab was headed by several directors over its 10 years lifespan, including Vice President, Joanna Batstone[40] and Professor Iven Mareels. It was to be the company’s first laboratory combining research and development in a single organisation.[41]
The opening of the Melbourne lab in 2011 received an injection of $22 million inAustralian Federal Government funding and an undisclosed amount provided by theState Government.[42]
The Melbourne Research lab was closed in 2021, approximately at the same time as the deal for tax breaks from theState Government ended. Approximately 80 full-time researchers were made redundant.
IBM Research – Brazil is one of twelveresearch laboratories comprising IBM Research,[39] its first inSouth America.[43] It was established in 2011, with locations inSão Paulo andRio de Janeiro. Research focuses on Industrial Technology and Science, Systems of Engagement and Insight, Social DataAnalytics andNatural Resources Solutions.
The new lab,IBM's ninth at the time of opening and first in 12 years, underscores the growing importance of emerging markets and the globalization of innovation.[44] In collaboration with Brazil's government, it will help IBM to develop technology systems around natural resource development and large-scale events such as the2016 Summer Olympics.[44]
Engineer and associate lab director Ulisses Mello explains that IBM has four priority areas in Brazil: "The main area is related tonatural resources management, involving oil and gas, mining and agricultural sectors. The second is the social data analytics segment that comprises the analysis of data generated fromsocial networking sites [such as Twitter or Facebook], which can be applied, for example, to financial analysis. The third strategic area isnanotechnology applied to the development of the smarter devices for the intermittent production industry. This technology can be applied to, for example, blood testing or recovering oil from existing fields. And the last one is smarter cities."[45]
The IBM Research – Tokyo, which was called IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory (TRL) before January 2009, is one of IBM's twelve major worldwide research laboratories.[46] It is a branch of IBM Research, and about 200 researchers work for TRL.[47] Established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) inTokyo, it was renamed to IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986, and moved toYamato in 1992 and back toTokyo in 2012.
IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory was established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) in Sanbanchō,Tokyo. It was IBM's first research laboratory in Asia.[47]Hisashi Kobayashi was appointed the founding director of TRL in 1982; he served as director until 1986.[48] JSI was renamed to the IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986. In 1988, English-to-Japanese machine translation system called "System for Human-Assisted Language Translation" (SHALT) was developed at TRL. It was used to translate IBM manuals.[49]
TRL was shifted from downtown Tokyo to the suburbs to share a building withIBM Yamato Facility inYamato,Kanagawa Prefecture in 1993.[50] In 1993, world record was accomplished for generation of continuous coherentUltraviolet rays. In 1996, Java JIT compiler was developed at TRL, and it was released for major IBM platforms. Numerous other technological breakthroughs were made at TRL.[49]
The team led byChieko Asakawa (ja:浅川智恵子),IBM Fellow since 2009, provided basic technology for IBM's software programs for the visually handicapped,IBM Home Page Reader in 1997 and IBM aiBrowser (ja:aiBrowser) in 2007. TRL moved back to Tokyo in 2012, this time atIBM Toyosu Facility.
TRL researchers are responsible for numerous breakthroughs in sciences and engineering. The researchers have presented multiple papers at international conferences, and published numerous papers in international journals.[51][52] They have also contributed to the products and services of IBM, and patent filings.[51][53] TRL conducts research in microdevices,system software,security andprivacy,analytics andoptimization,human computer interaction,embedded systems, and services sciences.[51]
TRL collaborates with theJapanese universities, and support their research programs. IBM donates its equipment such as servers, storage systems, and so forth to the Japanese universities to support their research programs under the Shared University Research (SUR) program.[54]
In 1987, IBM Japan Science Prize was created to recognize researchers, who are not over 45 years old, working at Japanese universities or public research institutes. It is awarded inphysics,chemistry,computer science, andelectronics.[54]
IBM Research – Haifa, previously known as the Haifa Research Lab (HRL) was founded as a small scientific center in 1972.[55] Since then, it has grown into a major lab that leads the development of innovative technologies and solutions for the IBM corporation. The lab’s offices are situated in three locations across Israel:Haifa,Tel Aviv, andBeer Sheva.
IBM Research – Haifa employs researchers in a range of areas. Research projects are being executed today in areas such as artificial intelligence, hybrid cloud, quantum computing, blockchain, IoT, quality, cybersecurity, and industry domains such as healthcare.
Aya Soffer is IBM Vice President of AI Technology and serves as the Director of the IBM Research Lab in Haifa, Israel.
In its 30th year, the IBM Haifa Research Lab in Israel moved to a new home on the University of Haifa campus.
The researchers at the Lab are involved in special projects with academic institutions across Israel, the United States, and Europe, and actively participate in numerous consortiums as part of the EU Horizon 2020 programme. Today in 2020, the Lab describes itself as having the highest number of employees in Israel's hi-tech industry who hold advanced degrees in science, electrical engineering, mathematics, or related fields. Researchers participate in international conferences and are published in professional publications.[citation needed]
In 2014, IBM Research announced the Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (CCoE) in Beer Sheva in collaboration withBen-Gurion University of the Negev.
IBM Research – Zurich (previously called IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, ZRL) is the European branch of IBM Research. It was opened in 1956 and is located inRüschlikon nearZürich, Switzerland.
In 1956, IBM opened their first European research laboratory inAdliswil, Switzerland. The lab moved to its own campus in neighboring Rüschlikon in 1962. The Zürich lab is staffed by a multicultural and interdisciplinary team of a few hundred permanent research staff members, graduate students and post-doctoral fellows, representing about 45 nationalities. Collocated with the lab is aClient Center (formerly theIndustry Solutions Lab), an executive briefing facility demonstrating technology prototypes and solutions.
The Zürich lab is world-renowned for its scientific achievements—most notably Nobel Prizes in physics in 1986 and 1987 for the invention of thescanning tunneling microscope[56] and the discovery ofhigh-temperature superconductivity,[57] respectively. Other key inventions includetrellis modulation, which revolutionized data transmission over telephone lines;Token Ring, which became a standard forlocal area networks and a highly successful IBM product; theSecure Electronic Transaction (SET) standard used for highly secure payments; and theJava Card OpenPlatform (JCOP), asmart cardoperating system. Most recently the lab was involved in the development ofSuperMUC, a supercomputer that is cooled using hot water.
The Zürich lab focus areas are future chip technologies; nanotechnology; data storage; quantum computing, brain-inspired computing; security and privacy; risk and compliance; business optimization and transformation; server systems. The Zürich laboratory is involved in many joint projects with universities throughout Europe, in research programs established by the European Union and the Swiss government, and in cooperation agreements with research institutes of industrial partners. One of the lab's most high-profile projects is calledDOME, which is based on developing an IT roadmap for theSquare Kilometer Array.
The research projects pursued at the IBM Zürich lab are organized into four scientific and technical departments: Science & Technology, Cloud and AI Systems Research, Cognitive Computing & Industry Solutions and Security Research. The lab is currently managed by Alessandro Curioni.
On 17 May 2011, IBM and theSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich opened theBinnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center, which is located on the same campus in Rüschlikon.[58]
In addition to the IBM Research Division, the IBM Scientific Centers, which were active in various functions from 1964 to the early 1990s, were another remarkable research unit. In contrast to the central control of the Research Division from the headquarters in Armonk in the USA, the IBM Scientific Centers were structured in a decentralized manner. Each center functioned as an integral part of the IBM organization in its respective region or country. This organization also financed the center and ultimately determined its content and strategic direction. The task of an IBM Scientific Center was to contribute with its research, its expertise and its cooperation projects for the benefit of the respective country and thus to contribute to the reputation of IBM in this country or this region.[59][60]
While the research laboratories of the IBM Research Division had to be very restrictive with regard to scientific cooperation projects with non-IBM institutions for patent reasons and other reasons, technical-scientific and application-oriented cooperation projects with universities and other public research institutions were an important part of IBM's mission for the scientific centers.[60] Because of this, the spectrum of activities of such a center was often very broad. For example, some research groups could deal with topics that can be assigned to basic[61] or product-oriented research,[62] while others dealt with application-oriented research topics, for example satellite-based soil classification.[63]
Descriptions of the thematic focus and research projects as well as a selection of references to the scientific publications of the individual centers, as far as they were still alive in 1989, can be found in.[59] A comprehensive description of the evolution, projects, and success stories of the IBM Heidelberg Scientific Center from its very beginning and to shortly before its end can be found in.[60]
The history of the IBM Scientific Centers began in 1964 with the founding of the first four centers in the USA (marked with * in the list below) and has subsequently grown to 26 centers worldwide in 1989. Their story ended in the early 1990s.
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