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P6

Die shot ofDeschutes core
General information
Launched	November 1, 1995; 29 years ago (November 1, 1995)
Performance
Max.CPUclock rate	150[1] MHz to 1.40 GHz
FSB speeds	66 MHz to 133 MHz
Cache
L1cache	Pentium Pro: 16 KB (8 KB I cache + 8 KB D cache) Pentium II/III: 32 KB (16 KB I cache + 16 KB D cache)
L2 cache	128 KB to 512 KB 256 KB to 2048 KB (Xeon)
Architecture and classification
Microarchitecture	P6
Instruction set	x86-16,IA-32
Extensions	MMX (Pentium II/III/M) SSE (Pentium III/M) SSE2 (Pentium M)
Physical specifications
Transistors	5.5M500 nm 7.5M350 nm 7.5M250 nm (B0, B1) 9.5M250 nm (B0, C0) 19M250 nm (B0) 28M180 nm (A1, A2, B0, C0, D0) 44M130 nm (A1, B1, C1, D0)
Cores	1
Sockets	Socket 8 Slot 1 Socket 370 Socket 479
Products, models, variants
Models	Pentium Pro Series Celeron II Series Pentium II Series Pentium II Xeon Series Celeron III Series Pentium III Series Pentium III Xeon Series
History
Predecessor	P5
Successor	NetBurst
Support status
Unsupported

TheP6 microarchitecture is the sixth-generationIntelx86microarchitecture, implemented by thePentium Pro microprocessor that was introduced in November 1995. It is frequently referred to asi686.^[2] It was planned to be succeeded by theNetBurst microarchitecture used by thePentium 4 in 2000, but was revived for thePentium M line of microprocessors. The successor to the Pentium M variant of the P6 microarchitecture is theCore microarchitecture which in turn is also derived from P6.

P6 was used within Intel's mainstream offerings from the Pentium Pro to Pentium III, and was widely known for low power consumption, excellent integer performance, and relatively high instructions per cycle (IPC).

The P6 core was the sixth generation Intel microprocessor in the x86 line. The first implementation of the P6 core was thePentium Pro CPU in 1995, the immediate successor to the original Pentium design (P5).

P6 processors dynamically translateIA-32 instructions into sequences of buffered RISC-likemicro-operations, then analyze and reorder the micro-operations to detect parallelizable operations that may be issued to more than oneexecution unit at once.^[3] The Pentium Pro was the first x86 microprocessor designed by Intel to use this technique, though the NexGenNx586, introduced in 1994, did so earlier.

Other features first implemented in the x86 space in the P6 core include:

• Speculative execution andOut-of-order execution (called "dynamic execution" by Intel), which required new retire units in the execution core. This lessenedpipeline stalls, and in part enabled greater speed-scaling of the Pentium Pro and successive generations of CPUs.
• Superpipelining, which increased from Pentium's 5-stage pipeline to 14 of the Pentium Pro and early model of the Pentium III (Coppermine), and eventually morphed into less than 10-stage pipeline of thePentium M for embedded and mobile market due to energy inefficiency and higher voltage issues that encountered in the predecessor, and then again lengthening the 10- to 12-stage pipeline back to theCore 2 due to facing difficulty increasing clock speed while improving fabrication process can somehow negate some negative impact of higher power consumption on the deeper pipeline design.
• A front-side bus using a variant ofGunning transceiver logic to enable four discrete processors to share system resources.^[4]
• Physical Address Extension (PAE) and a wider 36-bit address bus to support 64 GB of physical memory.^[5]
• Register renaming, which enabled more efficient execution of multiple instructions in the pipeline.
• CMOVinstructions, which are heavily used incompiler optimization.
• Other new instructions: FCMOV, FCOMI/FCOMIP/FUCOMI/FUCOMIP, RDPMC, UD2.
• New instructions in Pentium II Deschutes core:MMX, FXSAVE, FXRSTOR.
• New instructions in Pentium III:Streaming SIMD Extensions.

• Celeron (Covington/Mendocino/Coppermine/Tualatin variants)
• Pentium Pro
• Pentium II Overdrive (a Pentium II chip in the 387 pinSocket 8)
• Pentium II
• Pentium II Xeon
• Pentium III
• Pentium III Xeon

P6 Pentium M

General information
Launched	March 12, 2003
Performance
Max.CPUclock rate	600 MHz to 2.26 GHz
FSB speeds	400 MT/s to 533 MT/s
Cache
L1cache	64KB (32 KB I Cache + 32 KB D cache)
L2 cache	512 KB to 2048 KB
Architecture and classification
Microarchitecture	P6
Instruction set	x86-16,IA-32
Extensions	MMX,SSE,SSE2
Physical specifications
Transistors	77M130 nm (B1, B2) 144M90 nm (B0, C0) 151M65 nm (C0, D0)
Cores	1
Socket	Socket 479
Products, models, variants
Models	A100 Series EP80579 Series Celeron M Series Pentium M Series
History
Predecessor	NetBurst
Successor	Enhanced Pentium M
Support status
Unsupported

Upon release of the Pentium 4-M and Mobile Pentium 4, it was quickly realized that the new mobile NetBurst processors were not ideal for mobile computing. NetBurst-based processors were simply not as efficient per clock or per watt compared to their P6 predecessors. Mobile Pentium 4 processors ran much hotter than Pentium III-M processors without significant performance advantages. Its inefficiency affected not only the cooling system complexity, but also the all-important battery life. Intel went back to the drawing board for a design that would be optimally suited for this market segment. The result was a modernized P6 design called thePentium M.

Design Overview^[6]

• Quad-pumped front-side bus. With the initial Banias core, Intel adopted the 400 MT/s FSB first used in Pentium 4. The Dothan core moved to the 533 MT/s FSB, following Pentium 4's evolution.
• LargerL1/L2 cache. L1 cache increased from predecessor's 32 KB to current 64 KB in all models. Initially 1 MB L2 cache in the Banias core, then 2 MB in the Dothan core. Dynamic cache activation by quadrant selector from sleep states.
• SSE2 StreamingSIMD Extensions 2 support.
• A 10- or 12-stage Enhanced instruction pipeline that allows for higher clock speeds without lengthening the pipeline stage, reduced from 14 stage on Pentium Pro/II/III.
• Dedicated register stack management.
• Addition of global history, indirect prediction, and loop prediction to branch prediction table. Removal of local prediction.
• Micro-ops Fusion of certain sub-instructions mediated by decoding units. x86 commands can result in fewer micro-operations and thus require fewer processor cycles to complete.

The Pentium M was the most power efficient x86 processor for notebooks for several years, consuming a maximum of 27 watts at maximum load and 4-5 watts while idle. The processing efficiency gains brought about by its modernization allowed it to rival the Mobile Pentium 4 clocked over 1 GHz higher (the fastest-clocked Mobile Pentium 4 compared to the fastest-clocked Pentium M) and equipped with much more memory and bus bandwidth.^[6]

The first Pentium M family processors ("Banias") internally support PAE but do not show the PAE support flag in their CPUID information; this causes some operating systems (primarily Linux distributions) to refuse to boot on such processors since PAE support is required in their kernels.^[7]Windows 8 and later also refuses to boot on these processors for the same reason, as they specifically require PAE support to run properly.^[8]

• Celeron M (Banias/Shelton/Dothan variants)
• Pentium M
• A100/A110
• EP80579
• CE 3100

The Yonah CPU was launched in January 2006 under theCore brand. Single and dual-core mobile version were sold under the Core Solo, Core Duo, andPentium Dual-Core brands, and a server version was released asXeon LV. These processors provided partial solutions to some of thePentium M's shortcomings by adding:

• SSE3 Support
• Single- and dual-core technology with 2 MB of shared L2 cache (restructuring processor organization)
• Increased FSB speed, with the FSB running at 533 MT/s or 667 MT/s.
• A 12-stage instruction pipeline.

This resulted in the interim microarchitecture for low-voltage only CPUs, part way between P6 and the following Core microarchitecture.

• Celeron M 400 series
• Core Solo/Duo
• Pentium Dual-Core T2060/T2080/T2130
• Xeon LV/ULV (Sossaman)

It has been suggested that parts of this page bemoved intoIntel Core (microarchitecture). (Discuss)(October 2021)

On July 27, 2006, theCore microarchitecture, a derivative of P6, was launched in form of theCore 2 processor. Subsequently, more processors were released with the Core microarchitecture under Core 2,Xeon,Pentium andCeleron brand names. The Core microarchitecture is Intel's final mainstream processor line to useFSB, with all later Intel processors based onNehalem and later Intel microarchitectures featuring an integrated memory controller and aQPI orDMI bus for communication with the rest of the system. Improvements relative to the Intel Core processors were:

• A 14-stage instruction pipeline that allows for higher clock speeds.
• SSE4.1 support for all Core 2 models manufactured at a 45 nm lithography.
• Support for the 64-bitx86-64 architecture, which was previously only offered by Prescott processors, thePentium 4 last architectural installment.
• Increased FSB speed, ranging from 533 MT/s to 1600 MT/s.
• Increased L2 cache size, with the L2 cache size ranging from 1 MB to 12 MB (Core 2 Duo processors use a shared L2 cache while Core 2 Quad processors having half of the total cache is shared by each core pair).
• Dynamic Front Side Bus Throttling (some mobile models), where the speed of the FSB is reduced in half, which by extension reduces the processor's speed in half. Thus the processor goes to a low power consumption mode called Super Low Frequency Mode that helps extend battery life.
• Dynamic Acceleration Technology for some mobile Core 2 Duo processors, and Dual Dynamic Acceleration Technology for mobile Core 2 Quad processors. Dynamic Acceleration Technology allows the CPU to overclock one processor core while turning off the one. In Dual Dynamic Acceleration Technology two cores are deactivated and two cores are overclocked. This feature is triggered when an application only uses a single core for Core 2 Duo or up to two cores for Core 2 Quad. The overclocking is performed by increasing the clock multiplier by 1.

While all these chips are technically derivatives of the Pentium Pro, the architecture has gone through several radical changes since its inception.^[9]

• List of Intel CPU microarchitectures

• Intel x86 microprocessors
• Intel microarchitectures
• Superscalar microprocessors
• X86 microarchitectures
• Computer-related introductions in 1995

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