| Íñigo Arista | |
|---|---|
| King of Pamplona | |
| Reign | 816–851 |
| Predecessor | Velasco the Basque |
| Successor | García Íñiguez of Pamplona |
| Born | Enneco Ennecois c. 771–790 County of Bigorre |
| Died | c. 852 Isaba |
| Consort | Onneca Velázquez |
| Issue | Assona Íñiguez, García Íñiguez, Galindo Íñiguez, Nunilona? Íñiguez |
| House | House of Íñiguez |
| Father | Íñigo Jiménez |
| Mother | Onneca of Pamplona |
Íñigo Arista (Basque:Eneko,Arabic:ونّقه,Wannaqo,c. 771–790 – 851 or 852) was aBasquechieftain and the firstking of Pamplona.[1][2] He is thought to have risen to prominence after the defeat of localFrankish partisans at theBattle of Pancorbo in 816, and his rule is usually dated from shortly after thedefeat of a Carolingian army in 824.
He is first attested by chroniclers as a rebel against theEmirate of Córdoba from 840 until his death a decade later. Remembered as the nation's founder, he would be referred to as early as the 10th century by the nickname "Arista",[3] coming either from BasqueAritza (Haritza/Aiza, literally 'the oak', meaning 'the resilient') or LatinAresta ('the considerable').[4]
The origin of Íñigo Arista is obscure. There is even disagreement regarding the name of his father. A charter preserved at Leyre describes him asEnneco ... filius Simeonis (Íñigo son of Jimeno) and another Leyre document reports the obituary ofEnneco Garceanes, que fuit vulgariter vocas Areista (Íñigo Garcés [son of García], who is commonly called Arista). Many later historians have followed one or the other of these, but the reliability of either is questioned due to the possibility of later corruption or forgery.
Eleventh-century chroniclersIbn Hayyan, who calls him and his brotheribn Wannaqo (Arabic:بن ونّقه, Íñiguez)al-Bascunis,[5][6] andAl-Udri, calling himibn Yannaqo, both thus indicate that his father was likewise named Íñigo.[6] He is said byRodrigo Jiménez de Rada (c. 1170–1247) to have been Count ofBigorre, or at least to have come from there, but there is no near-contemporary evidence of this.[7]
It has been speculated that he was kin toGarcía Jiménez, who in the late 8th century succeeded his fatherJimeno the Strong in resistingCarolingian expansion intoVasconia. A second dynasty of Pamplona monarchs that would supplant his, theJimena, is usually made to be related to him.[8]
The name of Íñigo's mother is unknown (she is sometimes called Onneca, without foundation) but it is known that she also married localmuwallad lord Musa ibn Fortun al-Qasawi, by him having a sonMusa ibn Musa al-Qasawi.[a] This younger Musa would become head of theBanu Qasi, ruler ofTudela and one of the chief lords ofEbro Valley. Due to this relationship, Íñigo and his kin frequently acted in alliance with Musa ibn Musa, a relationship that allowed Íñigo to extend his influence over large territories in thePyrenean valleys, and was also instrumental in the rebellions that would lead to Pamplona breaking with the Emirate.
The family came to power through struggles overFrankish andCórdoban influence in northernIberia. In 799, pro-Frankish assassins murderedMutarrif ibn Musa, governor ofPamplona, probably kinsman of Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi. Ibn Hayyan reports that in 816, Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Wahid ibn Mugit launched a military campaign against the pro-Frankish "Enemy of God",Velasco the Gascon (Arabic:بلشك الجلشقي,Balašk al-Ŷalašqī),Sahib of Pamplona (Arabic:صاحب بنبلونة), who had united Christian and pagan factions. They foughta three-day battle in which the pro-Córdoba faction routed their enemies and killed Velasco, along with García López, kinsman ofAlfonso II of Asturias, Sancho "warrior/knight of Pamplona", and pagan warrior "Ṣaltān". This defeat of the pro-Frankish force appears to have allowed the anti-Frankish Íñigo to come to power.
In 820, Íñigo is said to have intervened in theCounty of Aragon, ejecting a Frankish vassal, countAznar I Galíndez, in favor ofGarcía Galíndez, who became Íñigo's son-in-law. In 824, a Carolingian force led by countsAeblus andAznar Sánchez made an expedition against Pamplona, but were defeated in thesecond battle of Roncesvalles.[10]
Traditionally, this battle is portrayed as resulting in the crowning of Íñigo asking of Pamplona, but there is no direct evidence of his involvement in the battle or his crowning thereafter, and he is referred to by Arab chroniclers with the same title as given Velasco, "lord of Pamplona". His realm continually played Muslims and Christians against themselves and each other to maintain independence against the outside powers.
In 840 Íñigo's lands were attacked by Abd Allah ibn Kulayb,wali of Zaragoza, leading his half-brother, Musa ibn Musa, into rebellion.[11] Íñigo's sonGarcía acted asregent, in concert with Íñigo's warrior brotherFortún Íñiguez (Arabic:فرتون بن ونّقه,Fortūn ibn Wannaqo), who was also half-brother of Musa, and they joined Musa in an uprising against the Emirate of Córdoba.Abd-ar-Rahman II,emir of Córdoba, launched reprisal campaigns in the succeeding years.
In an 843 battle, Fortún Íñiguez was killed, and Musa unhorsed and forced to escape on foot, while Íñigo and his son Galindo escaped with wounds--and several noblemen, most notably Velasco Garcés, defected to Abd-ar-Rahman. The subsequent year, Íñigo's own son, Galindo Íñiguez, and Musa's son Lubb ibn Musa went over to Córdoba, and Musa was forced to submit. Following a brief campaign in 845, a general peace was achieved. In 850, Mūsā again rose in open rebellion, supported by Pamplona,[11] and envoys ofInduo (thought to be Íñigo) andMitio,[b] "Dukes of the Navarrese", were received at theFrench court.
Íñigo died in theMuslim year 237 A.H., which is late 851 or early 852, and was succeeded by his son García Íñiguez who was already governing the kingdom during his father's long illness prior to his death.[10][c]
During the lifetime of Íñigo, the existence of several monasteries is attested across Navarre, when the Cordovan priestEulogius had to stay in the area (848). In a letter written toWiliesind, not only does Eulogius reveal that the Basque leader was achristicola princeps but he provides the names of three monasteries not far from Pamplona: Siresa, St. Zacharias and Leyre.
The iconicmonastery of Leyre, founded in the 9th century[12] and claimed later to be founded by the king of Pamplona, was fostered by granting lands and estates to it. A document in the archives of the monastery shows that in 842, Íñigo bestowed the town and lands of Yesa on Leyre ("Ego rex Eneco concedo..."), although the authenticity of the document recording this grant is disputed. Íñigo himself is reported to have been buried in the monastery after his death in 851/852.
The name of the wife (or wives) of Íñigo is not reported in contemporary records, although sources from centuries later assign her the name of Toda or Onneca.[13] There is also scholarly debate regarding her derivation, some hypothesizing that she was daughter ofVelasco, lord of Pamplona (killed 816), and others making her kinswoman ofAznar I Galíndez.[d] He was father of the following known children:
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The dynasty founded by Íñigo reigned for about 80 years, being supplanted by a rival dynasty in 905. However, due to intermarriages, subsequent kings ofNavarre descended from Íñigo, and some accounts even wrongly showed them to descend from Íñigo in the direct male line. He is remembered as the founder of the nation of Navarre.
| New title | King of Pamplona 824–851/2 | Succeeded by |
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