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| Hyojong 효종 孝宗 | |||||||||||||
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| King of Joseon | |||||||||||||
| Reign | 27 June 1649 – 23 June 1659 | ||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Injo | ||||||||||||
| Successor | Hyeonjong | ||||||||||||
| Born | (1619-07-03)3 July 1619 Royal Villa, Gyeonghyang-bang,Hanseong,Joseon | ||||||||||||
| Died | 23 June 1659(1659-06-23) (aged 39) Daejojeon Hall,Changdeokgung,Hanseong,Joseon | ||||||||||||
| Burial | Yeongneung Mausoleum,Yeoju, South Korea | ||||||||||||
| Spouse | |||||||||||||
| Issue among others... |
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| Clan | Jeonju Yi | ||||||||||||
| Dynasty | Yi | ||||||||||||
| Father | Injo of Joseon | ||||||||||||
| Mother | Queen Inyeol | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Korean Confucianism(Neo-Confucianism) | ||||||||||||
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 이호 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 李淏 |
| RR | I Ho |
| MR | I Ho |
| Monarch name | |
| Hangul | 효종 |
| Hanja | 孝宗 |
| RR | Hyojong |
| MR | Hyojong |
Hyojong (Korean: 효종;Hanja: 孝宗; 3 July 1619 – 23 June 1659), personal nameYi Ho (이호;李淏), was the 17th monarch of theJoseon dynasty ofKorea. He is best known for his plan for an expedition to helpChina'sMing Dynasty fight againstChina'sQing dynasty, and his campaigns against theRussian Empire at the orders of the Qing. His plan for the northern expedition was never put into action since he died before the campaign could start.
King Hyojong was born in 1619 as the second son ofKing Injo, while his father was still a prince. In 1623, when theWesterners faction launched a coup that removed then-rulingGwanghaegun and crowned Injo, Hyojong was called to the palace along with his father and given the titleGrand Prince Bongrim in 1626.
In 1627, King Injo's hard-line diplomatic policy brought war between Joseon Korea and theLater Jin dynasty. Later, in 1636, the Later Jin's successor state,Qing dynasty, defeated Joseon, and King Injo pledged his loyalty to the Qing emperor atSamjeondo, bowing down atHong Taiji's feet nine times. There, Injo and Hong Taiji signed a treaty, which included that the Qing dynasty would takeCrown Prince Sohyeon, Injo's oldest son, and Hyojong to China as captive.
During his exile in China, Hyojong mostly tried to defend his older brother from the threats of the Qing dynasty. Hong Taiji and his Qing forces were still at war against theMing dynasty and also engaged in battle with theMongols andChinese Muslims; and many times, the Qing emperor requested Prince Sohyeon to go to the battlefield and help command troops against the Qing's enemies. However, Hyojong was worried about his brother because he was the official heir to the throne of Joseon and had no military experience. He went on to fight the Ming loyalists in his brother's place, and he also followed Sohyeon to battles against theUyghurs and Muslims on the western front.
Along with his brother, he made contact with Europeans while he was in China; and also he learned that Joseon needed to develop new technology and a stronger political and military system in order to protect itself from foreign powers. He also developed a grudge against Qing dynasty, which separated him from his home country and his family. It was during this period that he decided to make a massive plan for northern campaigns against the Qing dynasty, an act of vengeance on the Qing dynasty for the war of 1636.
In 1645, Crown Prince Sohyeon returned to Joseon alone, in order to succeed Injo to the throne and to help Injo to govern the nation. However, he often came into conflict with Injo, who disliked Sohyeon's open view of European culture and diplomatic views of the Qing dynasty. Soon he was found dead at the King's room, and buried quickly after a short funeral. Later, Injo also executed Sohyeon's wife who tried to find out the real reason for her husband's death. Legends say that Injo killed his own son with an ink slab that the Crown Prince brought from China.
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Rather than selecting Crown Prince Sohyeon's oldest son, Prince Suk Chul, as the next royal successor, Injo selected Grand Prince Bong Rim and gave him the title of Crown Prince. When King Injo died in 1649, Hyojong inherited the throne, becoming the 17th monarch of Joseon.
After rising to the throne, he began to reform and expand themilitary of Korea; first he removedKim Chajŏm, who had corrupted politics and had greater power than the king himself. Then, he calledSong Si-yeol andKim Sang-heon to his court, who supported war against the Qing Dynasty.[1] His military expansion was massive, and he also built several border fortresses alongYalu River where Joseon and Qing shared a border. When a band of Dutch sailors includingHendrick Hamel drifted onJeju Island, Hyojong ordered them to build muskets for the army, providing muskets to the Koreans for the first time after theImjin War.
However, the Qing dynasty continued to thrive, expanding quickly into the west after successfully conquering the Ming in 1644. The campaign was unable to be put in action, since the Qing dynasty assimilated the massiveHan army into their own. The Joseon military, although reformed and expanded, was no match against the combined Manchu and Han forces.
The expanded military was first put into action in 1654, when the Qing dynasty called for help to fight against invadingRussians. 150 Joseon musketeers, along with 3,000 Manchus, met the Russian army at theBattle of Hutong (호통;好通), present-dayYilan, which was won by the Qing–Joseon allied forces. Four years later, in 1658, Hyojong sent troops once again to help Qing dynasty against Russia; 260 Joseon musketeers and cannoneers led byShin Ryu joined the forces ofNinguta Military GovernorSarhuda, the joint force sailed down theHurka andSungari Rivers and met the Russian forces under command of an AmurCossack,Onufrij Stepanov near the fall of theSungari River into theAmur, killing 270 Russians and driving them out of Qing territory. The battles against Russia proved that Hyojong's reform had stabilized the Joseon army, although they were never put into action again. Despite the campaigns, Russia and Joseon remained on good terms. The Northern campaign is known asNaseon Jeongbeol (나선정벌;羅禪征伐), or "Suppression of the Russians").
During his reign, many books about farming were published to promote agriculture, which had been devastated during theSeven Year War. Hyojong also continued Gwanghaegun's reconstructions; he had a hard time restoring the economy at the same time as expanding the military. He also had to make more coins with metals which could have been used to make ammunitions, but had to give them up in order to rebuild his kingdom. He had too much stress dealing with numerous problems inside and outside of the country, and suddenly died at the early age of 39 in 1659 from a small boil on his face.[2] While his contemporaries had suspected that he had been poisoned, article published by a medical journal inEwha University notes that Hyojong had been suffering diabetes prior to his death and likely died from a combination of an infection due to his diabetes as well as a fatal injury of his temporal artery.[3] Although his plan for northern conquest was never put in action, many people regard him as a brilliant and brave ruler who dedicated his life to serving his nation.
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Consort(s) and their respective issue
Hyojong of Joseon Born: 3 July 1619 Died: 23 June 1659 | ||
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| Preceded by | King of Joseon 1649–1659 | Succeeded by |
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| Posthumous[note 1] | |||||||
| King of Joseon (1392–1897) |
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| Emperor of Korea (1897–1910) | |||||||
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| King Yi[note 4] (1910–1947) |
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