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| Trade names | Hygromix |
| Other names | O-6-Amino-6-deoxy-L-glycero-D-galacto-heptopyranosylidene-(1-2-3)-O-β-D-talopyranosyl(1-5)-2-deoxy-N3-methyl-D-streptamine, HYG |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.045.935 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C20H37N3O13 |
| Molar mass | 527.524 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| Melting point | 160 to 180 °C (320 to 356 °F) (decomp.) |
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Hygromycin B is anantibiotic produced by thebacteriumStreptomyces hygroscopicus. It is anaminoglycoside that killsbacteria,fungi and othereukaryotic cells by inhibitingprotein synthesis.[1]
Hygromycin B was originally developed in the 1950s for use with animals and is still added into swine and chicken feed as ananthelmintic or anti-worming agent (product name: Hygromix). Hygromycin B is produced byStreptomyces hygroscopicus, a bacterium isolated in 1953 from a soil sample. Resistance genes were discovered in the early 1980s.[2][3]
Hygromycin B, along with aminoglycosides, inhibits protein synthesis by strengthening the interaction of tRNA binding in the ribosomal A-site. Hygromycin B also prevents mRNA and tRNA translocation by an unknown mechanism.[4]
In the laboratory it is used for the selection and maintenance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that contain the hygromycinresistance gene. The resistance gene is akinase that inactivates hygromycin B throughphosphorylation.[5] Since the discovery of hygromycin-resistance genes, hygromycin B has become a standard selection antibiotic in gene transfer experiments in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Based on impurity monitor method,[6] four different kinds of impurities are discovered in commercial hygromycin B from different suppliers and toxicities of different impurities to the cell lines are described in the following external links.[citation needed]
FungusConiothyrium minitans was transformed with the hygromycin B resistance gene to improve the infection rates ofSclerotinia sclerotiorum, a fungal parasite of many crops.[7]
Hygromycinresistancegene is frequently used as aselectable marker in research onplants. InriceAgrobacterium-mediatedtransformation system, hygromycin is used at about 30–75 mg L−1, with an average of 50 mg L−1. The use of hygromycin at 50 mg L−1 demonstrated highlytoxic to non-transformedcalli. Thus, it can be efficiently used to selecttransformants.[8]