Hydreliox is an exoticbreathing gas mixture ofhydrogen,helium, andoxygen.[1][2] For theHydra VIII (Hydra 8) mission at 50 atmospheres of ambient pressure, the mixture used was 49% hydrogen, 50.2% helium, and 0.8% oxygen.[3]
It is used primarily for research and scientificdeep diving, usually below 130 metres (430 ft). Below this depth, extended breathing ofheliox gas mixtures may causehigh pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS).[4] Two gas mixtures exist that attempt to combat this problem:trimix and hydreliox. Like trimix, hydreliox contains helium and oxygen and a third gas to counteract HPNS. The third gas in trimix isnitrogen and the third gas in hydreliox ishydrogen. Because hydrogen is the lightest gas, it is easier to breathe thannitrogen under high pressure. To avoid the risk of explosion, as a rule of thumb hydrogen is only considered for use in breathing mixtures if the proportion of oxygen in the mixture is less than 5%. However, the pressure during the dive must be such that thepartial pressure of 5% oxygen is sufficient to sustain the diver. (The flammability of the mixture also depends to some degree on the pressure)[5]
Thediving depth record for off-shore (saturation) diving was achieved in 1988 by a team ofprofessional divers (Th. Arnold, S. Icart, J.G. Marcel Auda, R. Peilho, P. Raude, L. Schneider) of theComex S.A.,industrial deep-sea diving company performing pipe line connection exercises at a depth of 534 m (1,752 ft) of seawater (msw/fsw) in theMediterranean Sea as part of the Hydra VIII (Hydra 8) programme.[6][7]
Hydreliox has been tested in 1992 to a simulated depth of 701 metres (2,300 ft) byCOMEXS.A. diver Théo Mavrostomos in an on-shorehyperbaric chamber as part of the Hydra X (Hydra 10) programme.[8] The Hydra X team Théo Mavrostomos belonged to spent 3 days at the simulated 675 metres (2,215 ft) depth. After the rest of this team were held incapacitated at 675 m depth, Mavrostomos took a short 2-hour excursion at the simulated 701 metres (2,300 ft) depth, and took 43 days to complete the record experimental dive.[9][10][11]Although breathing hydreliox improves the symptoms seen in HPNS, tests have shown thathydrogen narcosis becomes a factor at depths of 500 metres (1,600 ft).[2][12][13]
Hydrogen can reduce the effects of high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS), reduce work of breathing, and may be a partial alternative to helium. Use of hydrogen can make it possible to dive deeper, descend faster, and stay at depth longer. Lower work of breathing allows higher levels of exertion by the diver.[14]
Hydrogen is limited to below 4% in normoxic environments or oxygen content is limited to below 6% in high-hydrogen environments.[14]