Hyam is a regionally important linguistic cluster ofPlateau languages inNigeria.Hyam of Nok is theprestige dialect (Blench 2008). Writing the sociolinguistics of Hyam, Blench treatsSait, andDzar as distinct varieties, and notes thatYat andAnkung may be viewed as separate languages, however, Hayab (2016) presents a differing opinion arguing that it is Ankung, a language called Iduya, that is not mutually intelligible to Hyam. Meanwhile, Hyam, which is spoken by theHam people of Nigeria, popularly known as 'Jaba' in a recent study by Philip Hayab, a native of the area and a linguist who carried out in-depth research into the language, reveals that 'Jaba' has a Hausa etymology and is derogatory and should be discarded (John 2017).

Native Hyam speakers are found mainly inJaba,Kachia andKagarko. They are also found inJema'aLocal Government Areas of southernKaduna State and inKeffiLocal Government Area ofNasarawa State ofNigeria.^{[citation needed]}

James (1998) classified the Hyam dialects according to the following sub-groups he placed under the Ham or Northern Group of the Proto-Plateau Ethno-Linguistic Cluster:

• Ham Kpop (Jaban Kwoi)
• Ham Ngat Ham (Jaban Katari)
• Ham Shambang (Samban)
• Ham Duhyah (orIdun) (Jaban Lungu)
• Ham Kworri (Chori)
• Ham Det (Faik/Kenyi)
• Ham Netkun/Netwho (Gbaham)
• Ham Nyakpah (orNyankpa) (Yeskwa)
• Ham Kong/Rhuini (Kamantan)

According to Hayab (2016:5-11), however, the Ham people, aside migratory past, a subject requiring keen study, could be said to speak the following:

• Hyam Taa Ham - 'Hyam spread in Ham area' includingNok, Ghikyaar, Kuscum, Har Dzyee,Zhek, Shong, etc.
• Kwyeny - same as James's Hyam Kpop (spoken inHar Kwain orKwoi)
• Kyoli - the dialect of the Kworri/Kwori (also known asChori)
• Saik
• Shamang - same as Shambang

Hayab (2016:6) added that other varieties may also include:

• Dùya/Idúyà - same asIdun
• Gwora - Gora
• Yat
• Zhire - Kenyi.

Further more, Hayab (2016:8) classified these dialects into four clusters, A-D, according to their levels of intelligibility.

• Cluster A.Hyam Taa,Kwyeny, andSaik (all have not less than 90% phonological homogeneity in vocabulary
• Cluster B.Kyoli andShamang (have about 50% intelligibility)
• Cluster C.Yat andZhire (may be coherent with A and B. More studies needed)
• Cluster D.Idúyà [orIdun ] andGwora (stand in an independent category)

Again note that Hyam is the language spoken by the Ham people.

Blench (2019) lists:^[2]

• Kwyeny
• Yaat
• Saik
• Dzar
• Hyam of Nok

The Hyam Literacy Committee identifies the following 41/42 basic symbols in its orthography.

a a̱ b c d dz e e̱ f g gb gh h hw hyw i i̱ j k kh kp l m n ng ny o p r s sh t th thn ts u v w y yw z zh

• Monophthongs

Short Vowels (Vawella̱ Sha̱kuup)

a a̱ e e̱ i i̱ o u

Long Vowels (Vawella̱ Sha̱ceri)

aa ee ii oo uu

• Diphthongs (Khwikhwir Vawel)

ai au a̱u ou

b c d dh dz f g gy gb gh ghy h hw hwy hyw j k ky kh khy kp l m n nh ng ny p r s sh t th thn ts v w y yw z zh

Hayab (2016:66) pinpoints, stating that "available data in Hyam by Koelle (1854: appendix, 2-188) and Meek (1931:120) reveals that the Ham contest in virtually a dissimilar way from what is obtained today." He added that it is apparent that the old counting system has been replaced with a Hausa styled one, and again states that "at present, the old style with ten (which waskop) now as 'shwak '. A case points is kop (ten) shows to be an incomplete number observing the evidence that 'mbwan shwak ' (11) suggests that we were a number away fromshwak (twelve)." He then added that "this is because the word 'mbwan ' actually denotesbwat - short of or 'remaining'.

The above can be said to be true, considering the case ofTyap, a related language, where the present word forten isswak, while the word "kop/kwop" is almost extinct, just as in Hyam, and only used for counting in thousands. The word "thousand" inTyap iscyi kop/kwop, meaning (considering the old usage of the wordkop/kwop), "a hundred - ten times" or "100 X 10".

These, according to Hayab (2016:66-67) are the numbers used at least 200 years ago for counting in Hyam.

The following is an abridged lexicon via the Hyam wordlist by Roger Blench.^[3]

• Blench (2008)Prospecting proto-Plateau. Manuscript.
• Hayab, P. J. (2016).Basic Hyam Grammar with Ethnographic Notes. Abuja: Beltina Digital Press.
• James, I. (1998).The Settler Phenomenon in the Middle Belt and the Problem of National Integration in Nigeria. Jos, Nigeria: Midland Press.ISBN 9783481169.
• John, P. H. (2017). Narratives of identity and sociocultural worldview in song texts of the Ham of Nigeria: a discourse analysis investigation. PhD Dissertation submitted to the University of Stellenbosch, Unpublished
• Kambai A̱ka̱u T. L. (2014).The Tyap-English Dictionary. Benin City: Divine Press.ISBN 978-978-0272-15-9.

Hyam language test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

• Narratives of identity and sociocultural worldview in song texts of the Ham of Nigeria: A discourse analysis investigation
• Roger Blench: Hyamic page

• Central Plateau languages
• Hyamic languages
• Languages of Nigeria

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