Hyam Maccoby (Hebrew:חיים מכובי, 1924–2004) was aJewish-British scholar and dramatist specialising in the study of the Jewish and Christian religious traditions. He was known for his theories of thehistorical Jesus and theorigins of Christianity.
Maccoby was a DomusExhibitioner in Classics atBalliol College,Oxford University. During theSecond World War he served in theRoyal Signals. Maccoby was librarian ofLeo Baeck College in London. In retirement he moved toLeeds, where he held an academic position at the Centre for Jewish Studies,University of Leeds.[1]
Maccoby considered the portrayal of Jesus given in the canonicalgospels and the history of the early Church from theBook of Acts to be heavily distorted and full of later mythical traditions, but he claimed that a fairly accurate historical account of the life of Jesus could still be reconstructed from them.
Maccoby argued that the real Jesus was not a rebel against theJewish law but instead a JewishMessianic claimant whose life and teaching were within the mainstream of 1st-centuryJudaism. He believed that Jesus was executed as a rebel against theRoman occupation ofJudaea. However, he did not claim that Jesus was the leader of an actual armed rebellion. Rather, Jesus and his followers, inspired by theTanakh orOld Testamentprophetic writings, were expecting asupernatural divine intervention that would end Roman rule, restore theDavidic Kingdom with Jesus as the divinely anointed monarch and inaugurate the Messianic age of peace and prosperity for the whole world. Those expectations were not fulfilled, and Jesus was arrested and executed by the Romans.
According to Maccoby,Barabbas, from theAramaicBar Abba, "Son of the Father", originally referred to Jesus himself, who was called thus from his custom of addressing the Father asAbba, "Father", in his prayers, or else as a form of the rabbinic honorificBerab.
Many of the disciples of Jesus did not lose their hopes; they believed that Jesus would soon be miraculously resurrected by God, and continued to live in expectation of his second coming. Their fellowship continued to exist inJerusalem as a strictly-orthodox Jewish sect under the leadership ofJames the Just.
In 2012, RabbiShmuley Boteach wroteKosher Jesus in which he drew on past work by Maccoby.[2]
According to Maccoby, the founding of Christianity as a religion separate from Judaism was entirely the work ofPaul of Tarsus.[3] In this Maccoby's view is largely based on that ofHeinrich Graetz.[4][5]
Maccoby claimed that Paul was aHellenized Jewish convert or perhaps even aGentile, from a background in which he had been exposed to the influence ofGnosticism and the paganmystery religions, such as theAttis cult, a myth involving alife-death-rebirth deity. Themystery religions, according to Maccoby, were the dominant religious forms in the Hellenistic world of that age and strongly influenced Paul's mythological psychology. Maccoby partially derived his theory from fragments of the writings of opponents ofEbionites, particularly the treatise onHeresies byEpiphanius of Salamis.
Maccoby considered Paul's claims to an orthodoxPharisaic Jewish education to be false and asserted that while many of Paul's writings sound authentic to the uninitiated, they actually betray an ignorance of the original Hebrew scripture and the subtleties ofJewish Law.[6] Maccoby claimed that an examination of the New Testament indicates that Paul knew no Hebrew at all and relied entirely on Greek texts that no actual Pharisee would ever use because they were not properly translated from the Hebrew originals.
According to Maccoby, Paul fused the historical story of Jesus' crucifixion with elements of contemporary mystery religions and Gnosticism and developed such new non-Judaic mythic ideas as theTrinity and theLast Supper. Paul also made an attempt to find prophetic justification for his newly created myth in theOld Testament. Paul came to present Jesus as a dying and rising saviour deity similar to those from the Hellenistic mystery cults, fused with the historical pedigree of Judaism, and thus gave birth to a powerful new myth whose preaching gained him a large following. As the Jerusalem group of the original disciples of Jesus gradually became aware of Paul's teachings, bitter hostility ensued between them.
Maccoby interpreted certainNew Testament passages (such as Paul's account of his quarrel withPeter in theIncident at Antioch) as remnants of authentic accounts of that hostility. However, theJewish Rebellion of 66–70 soon brought a violent end to the Jerusalem sect, and the Gentile Church that was founded by Paul emerged as the winner by default. Maccoby viewed theBook of Acts as a later attempt by the Pauline Church to present the relations between Paul and the Jerusalem disciples as harmonious and the Pauline Church as legitimised by the chain ofapostolic succession reaching back to the original disciples of Jesus. Maccoby also conjectured that the Jewish-Christian sect ofEbionites may have been an authentic offshoot of the original Jerusalem community.
John Gager ofPrinceton University reviewedThe Mythmaker (1986) in theJewish Quarterly Review (1988), describing part of Maccoby's thesis as "perverse misreading" and concluded "Thus I must conclude that Maccoby's book is not good history, not even history at all."[7][8] Skarsaune (2002), referencing Maccoby's work and the theory that Paul represents a Christianity totally different from that of the early community in Jerusalem, writes that "Acts provides no evidence to substantiate this theory."[9]James D. G. Dunn (2006) describes Maccoby's revival of Graetz' accusations that Paul was a Gentile as "a regrettable reversion to older polemics".[10] The continuity with Graetz is also noted by Langton (2009), who contrasts Maccoby's approach with adherents of a "building bridges" view, such asIsaac Mayer Wise,Joseph Krauskopf, andClaude Montefiore, even if they shared some details of the polemic critique of Paul.[11]
Maccoby's playThe Disputation is a re-enactment of theDisputation of Barcelona, a dramatic confrontation between the SpanishRabbi Moshe ben Nachman, better known asNachmanides, and a Spanish convert from Judaism to Christianity,Pablo Christiani, before KingJames I of Aragon in 1263. Much of the play is drawn from Nachmanides's account of the disputation, and much is inferred from the king's affection for the rabbi and considerable generosity to him after Christiani's formal victory. The play centres on King James, who is portrayed as a complex troubled soul who comes to accept the rabbi's ideas. The play has been widely performed and was broadcast byChannel 4 starringChristopher Lee andToyah Willcox.[12]
