| Hyacinth | |
|---|---|
Divine hero ofSparta | |
| Member of the Spartan royal family | |
 The Death of Hyacinthos (1801), byJean Broc. Thediscus that killed Hyacinthos can be seen at his feet.Musée Sainte-Croix,Poitiers, France. | |
| Other names | Hyacinthus, Hyakinthos, Amyclides |
| Major cult centre | Lacedaemon |
| Abode | Sparta,Mount Olympus |
| Genealogy | |
| Parents | (a)Amyclas andDiomede (b)Oebalus (c)Clio andPierus |
| Siblings | (a)Argalus,Cynortas,Laodamia (orLeanira),Harpalus,Hegesandre and ?Polyboea (b)half-sister by Amyclas: ?Daphne (c)Rhagus |
| Consort | loved byApollo,Zephyrus,Boreas andThamyris |
Hyacinth/ˈhaɪəsɪnθ/ orHyacinthus(Ancient Greek:Ὑάκινθος,Huákinthos,/hy.á.kin.tʰos,iˈa.cin.θos/) is adeified hero and a lover ofApollo inGreek mythology. His cult atAmyclae southwest ofSparta dates from theMycenaean era. The hero is mythically linked to local cults and identified with Apollo. In the Classical period, atemenos (sanctuary) grew up around what was alleged to be hisburial mound, which was located at the feet of a statue of Apollo.[1]
Hyacinth was given various parentage, providing local links, as the son ofClio andPierus,[2] or KingOebalus of Sparta,[3] or of kingAmyclus of Sparta,[4] progenitor of the people of Amyclae, dwellers about Sparta. As the youngest and most beautiful son of Amyclas andDiomede, daughter ofLapithes, Hyacinth was the brother ofCynortus,[5]Argalus,[6]Polyboea,[7]Laodamia[8] (orLeanira[9]),Harpalus,[10]Hegesandra,[11] and in other versions, ofDaphne.[12]
InGreek mythology, Hyacinthus was a Spartan prince of remarkable beauty and a lover of the god of prophecyApollo.[13] He was also admired byZephyrus, the god of the west wind,Boreas, the god of the north wind, and a mortal man namedThamyris. Hyacinthus chose Apollo over the others. He visited all of Apollo's sacred lands with the god in a chariot drawn by swans. So fiercely was Apollo in love with Hyacinthus that he abandoned his sanctuary inDelphi to enjoy Hyacinthus' company by the riverEurotas. He taught Hyacinthus the use of the bow and the lyre, the art of prophecy, and exercises in the gymnasium.[14]
One day they decided to have a friendly competition by taking turns to throw thediscus, which resulted in Apollo accidentally killing Hyacinthus.[2][15] In Ovid's telling of the story, the lovers stripped nude and oiled themselves for the contest. Apollo threw first, with a strength so great that the discus split the clouds in the sky. Eager to retrieve the discus, Hyacinthus ran behind it to catch it. But as it hit the ground, the discus bounced back, hitting Hyacinthus' head and wounding him fatally.[16] An alternative version of the myth holds Zephyrus responsible for the death of Hyacinthus. Jealous that Hyacinthus preferred the radiant Apollo, Zephyrus blew Apollo's quoit boisterously off course to kill Hyacinthus.[3][17][18]
Apollo's face turned pale as he held his dying lover in his arms.[16] In a poem byBion of Smyrna, Apollo used all sorts of herbs and even tried givingambrosia to heal Hyacinthus' wound, but it was futile, for he could not cure the wound inflicted by theFates.[19] Apollo wept for Hyacinthus' death and expressed his wish to become a mortal to join the Spartan boy in his death.[16] That being unachievable because of his immortality, Apollo promised that he would always remind himself of Hyacinthus through his songs and the music of hislyre. He created a flower from Hyacinthus' spilled blood, thehyacinth, and inscribed on its petals the words of lamentation, "AI AI" – "alas".[16] However, based on its ancient description, the flower Hyacinthus turned into is not the modern plant bearing that name.[20]
TheBibliotheca saidThamyris, who showed romantic feelings towards Hyacinthus, was the first man to have loved another man.[2]
Hyacinthus was eventually resurrected by Apollo and attained immortality.[21]Pausanias has recorded that the throne of Apollo in Sparta had the depiction of bearded Hyacinthus being taken to heaven along withPolyboea byAphrodite,Athena andArtemis.[22]
Hyacinthus was the tutelary deity of one of the principal Spartan festivals,Hyacinthia, celebrated in the Spartan month of Hyacinthia (in early summer). The festival lasted three days, one day of mourning for the death of Hyacinth, and the last two celebrating his rebirth, though the division of honours is a subject for scholarly controversy.[23] On the first day, people mourned his death by eating as little as possible and abstaining from singing songs, contrary to all the other festivals of Apollo. On the second day, choirs of boys and young men sang some of their national songs and danced. As for the girls, some were carried in decorated wicker carts and others paraded in chariots pulled by two horses, which they raced. Citizens entertained their friends and even their own servants.[24] Every year the Laconian women wove achiton for Apollo and presented it to him, a tradition similar to thepeplos offered toAthena atAthens upon the occasion of thePanathenaic Games.[25] Less is known about the third day, indicating that probably mysteries were held. It is described as "merry midnight festival".[26]
So important was this festival that the Amyclaeans, even when they had taken the field against an enemy, always returned home on the approach of the season of the Hyacinthia,[27][28] and the Lacedaemonians on one occasion concluded a truce of forty days with the town of Eira merely to be able to return home and celebrate the national festival.[29] After the treaty with Sparta of 421 BC, the Athenians, to show their goodwill towards Sparta, promised every year to attend the celebration of the Hyacinthia.[30]
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Hyacinthus had a shrine in Amyclea, which he came to share with Apollo. Various scholars agree that Hyacinthus was a pre-Hellenic nature god, and certain aspects of his own cult suggest that he was a chthonic vegetation deity whose cults were merged with Apollo's. Nilsson says that Hyacinthus is a Cretan word, and its pre-Hellenic origin is indicated by the suffix -nth.[31] Hyacinthus personifies the sprouting vegetation in spring, which is killed by the heat of the summer.[32] The apotheosis of Hyacinthus indicates that, after attaining godhood, he represented the natural cycle of decay and renewal.[33]
The fact that at Tarentum a Hyacinthus tomb is ascribed by Polybius toApollo Hyacinthus (not Hyacinthus) has led some to think that the personalities are one, and that the hero is merely an emanation from the god; confirmation is sought in the Apolline appellation τετράχειρ, alleged by Hesychius to have been used in Laconia, and assumed to describe a composite figure of Apollo-Hyacinthus. Against this theory is the essential difference between the two figures. Hyacinthus is a chthonian vegetation god whose worshippers are afflicted and sorrowful; though interested in vegetation, Apollo's death is not celebrated in any ritual, his worship is joyous and triumphant, and finally, the Amyclean Apollo is specifically the god of war and song. Moreover, Pausanias describes the monument at Amyclae as consisting of a rude figure of Apollo standing on an altar-shaped base that formed the tomb of Hyacinthus. Into the latter offerings were put for the hero before gifts were made to the god.[34][35][36]
Hyacinthus was gifted a swan chariot by Apollo and appeared in ancient arts riding it, either to meet Apollo or to escape the advances of Zephyrus.[37] Swans were believed to be the birds ofHyperborea, a mystical land of eternal spring and immortality, to which Apollo himself traveled every winter on a chariot drawn by swans.[38][39] This association of Hyacinth with swans places him in close connection to Hyperborean Apollo and spring. It is suggested that Hyacinthus would have spent the winter months in the underworld, or more suitably Hyperborea and returning to earth in the spring when the hyacinth flower blooms.[40]
According to classical interpretations, his myth is a metaphor of the death and rebirth of nature. The festival Hyacinthia included the initiatory rites, that is, the initiation of youths into adulthood.
The flowerhyacinth that rose from Hyacinth's blood is said to have had a deep blue or purple hue and a sign resembling the inscription "AI" on its petals, a symbol of sorrow.[41] However, this flower has been identified with another plant, thelarkspur, or an iris, or perhapsgladiolus italicus rather than what we today call hyacinth.[42] Other divinely beloved vegetation gods who died in the flower of their youth and were vegetatively transformed includeNarcissus,Cyparissus,Mecon andAdonis.
Ancient Greeks associated with Apollo a deep blue or violet precious gem calledhyacinth. It was called so because its colour resembled that of the hyacinth flowers. This gem was held sacred to Apollo due to the mythological connection. The people who visited Apollo's shrine, as well as his priests and the high priestessPythia, were required to wear this gem.[43]
The term 'Hyacinthine hair' refers to the curly hair of Hyacinthus that resembles the curled petals of hyacinth flowers. It is often used poetically. The term could also be descriptive of the colour of the hair; either dark or deep violet. InHomer'sOdyssey, Athena gives Odysseus hyacinthine hair to make him look more beautiful.Edgar Allan Poe, in the poem "To Helen", uses the same term to beautify Helen's hair.[44][45]
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