 Opal shortly before peak intensity south of Louisiana early on October 4 | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | September 27, 1995 |
| Extratropical | October 5, 1995 |
| Dissipated | October 6, 1995 |
| Category 4 major hurricane | |
| 1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 150 mph (240 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 916mbar (hPa); 27.05 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 63 total |
| Damage | $4.7 billion (1995USD) |
| Areas affected | |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the1995 Atlantic hurricane season | |
Hurricane Opal was a large and powerfultropical cyclone that caused severe and extensive damage along the northernGulf Coast of the United States in October 1995. The fifteenthnamed storm, ninth hurricane and strongesttropical cyclone of the unusually active1995 Atlantic hurricane season, Opal developed from the interaction of atropical wave and alow-pressure area near theYucatán Peninsula on September 27 as Tropical Depression Seventeen. The depression crossed the Yucatán Peninsula and intensified into a tropical storm on September 30. Opal intensified into a hurricane on October 2 after entering theGulf of Mexico. The cyclone turned northeastward and strengthened significantly. By October 4, Opal was an intense 150 mph (240 km/h),Category 4 hurricane. With a minimum pressure of 916 millibars (916 hPa; 27.0 inHg), Hurricane Opal was the most intense Category 4 Atlantic hurricane on record. However, the cyclone abruptly weakened to a low-end Category 3 hurricane prior to makinglandfall on theFlorida Panhandle nearPensacola later that day. The storm quickly unraveled as it moved inland and becameextratropical on October 5. The remnants of Opal moved northward and dissipated overOntario the following day.
The precursor and initial stages of Opal brought heavy rainfall and flooding toGuatemala andMexico. In the former, flooding and landslides left about 34,000 people homeless and damage to infrastructure and agriculture. A total of 31 deaths occurred in Guatemala. In Mexico, a number of rivers overflowed in the states ofCampeche andTabasco, forcing more than 42,000 people to evacuate. The storm left hundreds of millions of dollars in damage to agriculture in Campeche alone. Nineteen people were killed in the country. In Florida, high winds and storm surge left extensive damage inthe panhandle. The majority of structures were swept away or experienced some degree of damage, particularly fromWakulla County westward. InEscambia,Okaloosa,Santa Rosa andBay counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida alone. Several other states were impacted by the storm, especiallyAlabama, where the storm spawned many tornadoes and strong winds downed numerous trees and left about 2.6 million people without electricity. A total of 27 deaths were attributed to Opal in the United States. The hurricane overall left about $4.7 billion in damage, much of which took place in the US. Due to its destructive effects, the nameOpal was retired in the spring of 1996 and replaced withOlga for the2001 season.
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depressionThe origins of Hurricane Opal were linked using satellite imagery andsynoptic analyses to atropical wave that left the western coast of Africa on September 11.[1] Ten days later, the disturbance reached theLesser Antilles after crossing the tropical Atlantic.[2] Continuing westward, the disturbance showed little signs of organization before entering the westernCaribbean Sea on September 23. There, the wave became entangled with a broadarea of low-pressure east ofNicaragua, and the combined system drifted west-northwestward toward theYucatán Peninsula; but even then, the disturbance lacked significant development. However, a burst ofthunderstorm activity occurred near the storm's center on September 27, prompting theNational Hurricane Center (NHC) to declare the system atropical depression at 18:00 UTC that day. At the time, the depression was centered 80 mi (130 km) south-southeast ofCozumel, Mexico.[1]
The primordial depression meandered across the Yucatán Peninsula during the three days followingtropical cyclogenesis due to the lack of dominantsteering currents. Despite remaining over land for an extended period, the depression developed organizedrainbands, and ships in the region reported weather conditions that were suggestive of a stronger system. As a result, the NHC upgraded the disturbance totropical storm intensity at 12:00 UTC on September 30 while the storm was over the north-central coast of Yucatán; this classification resulted in the tropical cyclonebeing namedOpal, which also made it the first Atlantic storm to be given a name starting with the letterO.[3] Over the next two days, Opal entered theGulf of Mexico before tracking slowly west-southwestward into theBay of Campeche. There, the storm strengthened into a hurricane at 12:00 UTC on October 2. Shortly afterward, a primitiveeye began to form. At the same time, a strongtrough tracking across the United States caused Opal to slowly turn northeastward.[1]
After clearing the Bay of Campeche, Opal accelerated towards theUnited States Gulf Coast. The combination of warmsea surface temperatures associated with an unusually warm pocket of ocean waters and an upper-levelhigh pressure area over the Gulf of Mexico resulted in a highly conducive environment for intensification.[1][4] After a significant reorganization in Opal's internal structure, the hurricane was able torapidly intensify in these favorable conditions. At 12:00 UTC on October 4, Opal reached peak intensity withmaximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h), making it aCategory 4 hurricane on theSaffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, and a minimumbarometric pressure of 916hPa (27.05 inHg), a pressure typical for a Category 5 hurricane. The tropical cyclone's eye measured 12 mi (19 km) at peak intensity as the storm was beginning aneyewall replacement cycle. The progression of this cycle resulted in Opal's gradual weakening thereafter. At 22:00 UTC that day, Opal madelandfall betweenPensacola Beach, Florida andNavarre Beach, Florida, on a stretch of beach now known as "Opal Beach", as a weakened Category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Weakening quickened as Opal moved further inland, degenerating into a tropical depression overTennessee less than a day after landfall. The diffusing cyclone transitioned into anextratropical cyclone shortly afterwards; these extratropical remnants tracked towards the northeast before they were last noted along the northern shore ofLake Ontario in Eastern Ontario.[1]
Although Opal was a weak system located over the Yucatán Peninsula at the time, 350 people evacuated fromGrand Isle, Louisiana on September 28 after rough surf associated with the distant cyclone began to threatenLouisiana Highway 1—the only thoroughfare connecting Grand Isle with the Louisianan mainland.[5] The following day, oil companies operatingoffshore oil drilling platforms in the Gulf of Mexico began evacuating workers from the rigs to land.[6] On October 1, a coastal flood watch was issued for portions of the United States Coast due to the risk ofstorm surge from Opal. TheUnited States Coast Guard issued an advisory for boaters in the Gulf of Mexico to use caution or remain in port where possible. The next day, theGalveston, Texas, emergency operations center opened to monitor the tropical cyclone and deliberate upon potential preparations for the city.[7] Meanwhile, the launchSpace Shuttle Columbia'sSTS-73 mission set for October 5 was postponed due to Opal's anticipated effects.[8]
On October 3, a voluntary evacuation order was placed onPlaquemines Parish, Louisiana, due to the risks of potential storm surge. Schools were also closed by noon that day across the parish.[9] Voluntary evacuation orders for the Florida panhandle, which would ultimately be the most heavily affected area, also began the same day with several counties giving evacuation orders. Farther west, a mandatory evacuation order was placed onMobile County, Alabama, by then-GovernorFob James. Just before noon on October 4, with the hurricane near landfall,Escambia,Okaloosa andSanta Rosa counties halted evacuations, instead ordering those still within vulnerable areas to seek shelter instead. However, the large number of evacuees led to severetraffic congestion; Escambia County officials estimated that "tens of thousands" were still on evacuation routes within the county only a few hours before Opal made landfall. Mass evacuations in some other counties concluded during the afternoon of October 4, though many evacuees in other locations were unable to reach safe areas prior to the onset of gale-force winds.[10]
An estimated 100,000 people evacuated from the United States Gulf Coast ahead of Opal, with 5 percent of evacuees seeking public shelters and over half of evacuees seeking shelter out of their home counties; in their post-storm assessment theFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) noted that the landfalls ofHurricane Allison andHurricane Erin on the Florida panhandle earlier in the year produced a dichotomous mood toward preparations for Hurricane Opal—some people may have taken a "wait and see" approach that resulted in complacency, while others affected by the widespread power outages caused by Erin may have acquired a greater sense of readiness toward the approaching hurricane. Regardless, the overall evacuation process was described as chaotic, and the failure to clearhurricane evacuation routes of casual or communal traffic was blamed for the relative unease during evacuations for Opal. Traffic congestion on these routes caused some evacuees to return to vulnerable areas along the coast while raising fears that stranded evacuees on highways could be subjected to potentially fatal hurricane-force winds.[10]
The post-landfall watches and warnings released in accordance with Opal were a flash flood warning released on October 5 for portions ofAlabama, northernGeorgia, and the western parts ofNorth Carolina andSouth Carolina.[11] The warning also included easternTennessee. A flash flood watch was also in effect for portions of theUpper Ohio Valley, theMid-Atlantic region, the centralAppalachians, and the lowerGreat Lakes. Wind warnings were in effect for northwestern South Carolina all the way to westernNew York.[11] A gale watch was also in effect forLake Erie,Lake Ontario, and the southern sections of theSt. Lawrence Seaway.
Six hours later, the gale warnings overLake Erie,Lake Ontario, and the southern sections of theSt. Lawrence Seaway were upgraded into a storm warning for Erie alone. The gale warning for the other two sections remained. The shoreline of Lake Erie was under abeach erosion warning fromBuffalo, New York toRipley, New York.[12] The Storm Prediction Center released a tornado watch for northern and centralNew Jersey and portions ofNew York andConnecticut on October 6.[13]
Significant non-surge areas ofEscambia County, Florida, south ofUS 98 were included in evacuation areas because of the potential for isolation by flooding.[14]
| Area | Deaths |
|---|---|
| Alabama | 2 |
| Florida | 1 |
| Georgia | 8 |
| Guatemala | 31 |
| Mexico | 19 |
| North Carolina | 2 |
| Total | 63 |
Although Opal was only a weak tropical storm when it affected the Yucatán Peninsula, its slow movement led to prolonged, flooding rains over much of the region.[15]Tabasco received about 20 percent of its annual rainfall in four days due to the cyclone.[16] AcrossCampeche and Tabasco, more than 42,000 people were forced to evacuate as rivers overflowed their banks.[17] According toNotimex, approximately 100,000 people evacuated due to the storm.[18] By October 1, an estimated 500,000 acres of crops had been destroyed by the floods.[17] InSan Francisco de Campeche, flood waters reached a depth of 6 ft (1.8 m). Governor Jorge Salomon ordered the closure of all government offices, businesses, and schools by October 2 in light of the extensive flooding.[19] At least 60 towns across the state were isolated by the extreme rainfall. By October 3, agricultural losses in Campeche alone were estimated in the billions of pesos (hundreds of millions of USD).[20] At least 19 people perished across Mexico while another 31 were killed in Guatemala.[15]
About 200 miles (320 km) ofFlorida's coastline felt the impact of Hurricane Opal.[21]
Rainfall in Florida peaked at 15.45 inches (392 mm) in Ellyson, 7.27 inches (185 mm) at Pensacola, and 6.64 inches (169 mm) at Hurlburt Field. The highest gust recorded was a 145 mph (233 km/h) gust at the latter. Lower gusts were 115 miles per hour (185 km/h) atEglin Air Force Base and an 88 mph (142 km/h) gust at Pensacola P.N.S. The highest sustained winds were 84 mph (135 km/h) at Hurlburt Field and 80 mph (130 km/h) atEglin Air Force Base. Opal brought heavy surge to the area, 8 to 15 feet (2.4 to 4.6 m) in some places, comparing itself toHurricane Eloise, which struck the same area at near equal strength in1975. The two reported storm surges were 5 to 6 feet (1.5 to 1.8 m) above normal atApalachicola and 2 to 4 feet (0.61 to 1.22 m) above normal atSarasota.[1]
Opal caused about US$4.7 billion (1995 dollars) in damage,[22] making it the third costliest hurricane at the time. Most of the structural damage occurred near the coastline on the Florida Panhandle, due to intense surge. Nearly a mile ofU.S. Highway 98 nearEglin Air Force Base was completely destroyed. The pavement was nearly replaced by mounds of sand left behind after storm surge.[23] Opal also spawned anF2 tornado that killed a young woman in Florida. None died as a direct result of storm surge. This was quite unusual, considering the strength and landfall location of Opal.Okaloosa Island, Fort Walton Beach, was overwhelmed by storm surge. Numerous homes were under 3 to 10 feet (0.91 to 3.05 m) of water. Residents were not allowed to return to the island until the homes could be secured. A Humvee tour was arranged by the National Guard so home owners could 'see' the damage, but the homeowners were not allowed off the bus. Sand dunes along the stretch of US 98, normally 25 feet (7.6 m) high, were removed by wind and surge. Where once the ocean was obscured from view by the dunes for miles, a flat open space opened up along U.S. Highway 98.
The peak rainfall from Opal inAlabama was 19.42 inches (493 mm) 3 miles (4.8 km) east-northeast ofBrewton, Alabama.[25] Lesser amounts include 7.48 inches (190 mm) in Mobile and 6.1 inches (150 mm) in Anniston. The highest gust reported was a 95 mph (153 km/h) gust in Fort Rucker and a secondary one atMaxwell Air Force Base with a gust of 90 mph (140 km/h). The highest sustained winds reported from Opal was 75 mph (121 km/h) at Fort Rucker, 55 mph (89 km/h) in downtown Mobile and 47 mph (76 km/h) atMaxwell Air Force Base andMontgomery.[1] Numerous downed trees across much of the southeastern United States left over 2 million people without power. Alabama reported that 476,000 residents were without power, which was a record at the time; however, this number was surpassed byHurricane Ivan in2004.[26] Damage was heavy far inland, all the way toMontgomery, where sustained winds reached 90 mph (140 km/h).
Highest rainfalls inMississippi were 5 inches (130 mm) throughout the eastern side of the state with lower amounts going westward.[25] Tropical-storm-force winds were reported along theGulf Coast during the afternoon and early evening of October 4. Wind damage was mainly limited to downed tree limbs, power lines, and signs. One minor injury was reported in Harrison County due to flying debris. Damage in Mississippi totaled up to $75 thousand.[27]
InLouisiana, the only significant wind damage occurred in extreme southPlaquemines Parish where winds were estimated around 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) with gusts to hurricane force, with wind damage reported to some mobile homes and roofs of a few other structures. Tropical storm force winds were reported in extreme southLafourche Parish and Jefferson Parish, as well as extreme eastSt. Bernard Parish. Property damage cost estimated. Tides were generally 2 feet (0.61 m) above normal in Lake Pontchartrain, and three to five feet above normal along the southeast Louisiana coast fromGrand Isle eastward. Some low-lying coastal roads were flooded.[28] Approximately 10,000 people evacuated from the southern, or lower, portions of Plaquemines, St. Bernard,Lafourche, andJefferson Parishes. The only significant gathering of persons in public shelters occurred inPlaquemines Parish, where 1,600 people were placed in public shelters.[28] Although no direct injuries occurred from the hurricane, an indirect injury is attributed to the hurricane in a freak accident. AJefferson Parish employee was injured while attempting to lower a large flag on October 4. The employee, who was holding onto a rope attached a flag, was tossed high into the air, and suffered severe injuries when he fell back to the ground. Total damage in Louisiana totaled out to US$200,000 (1995 dollars).[28]
Breaking swells from Opal inTexas caused water to spill across at the usual wash-over points which damaged several vehicles.[29]
The peak rainfall inGeorgia was 8.66 inches (220 mm) inMarietta, 18.08 inches (459 mm) in Peachtree City, and 7.17 in (182 mm) in westAtlanta. Southern Georgia only reported 1–3 inches (25–76 mm) of rain, while the northern part of the state reached about 5–7 inches (130–180 mm). The peak wind gust in Georgia was a 79 mph (127 km/h) gust in Marietta, a 70 mph (110 km/h) gust inColumbus, and a 56 mph (90 km/h) gust in the Atlanta-Hartsfield area.[25][30] High winds inRabun County caused $5 million (1995 USD) from the approach of Opal on October 5. The damage was worst in Rabun County where numerous trees were blown down. The wind damage was described as being worse than the MarchSuperstorm of 1993. Power was out for some people for at least a week.[31] More than 4000 trees were knocked down within the city of Atlanta alone. These trees fell across roads, and on power lines, homes, mobile homes, and automobiles. More than a half a dozen people were injured from falling trees in the early morning hours of October 5. There were more than 1200 telephone poles knocked down and almost 5,000 power lines snapped. Power crews from surrounding states helped to restore power to many, however, thousands of residences remained without power through the weekend.
An 80-foot (24 m) gash was torn out ofInterstate 285 between Roswell Road and theGlenridge Connector in Atlanta. Schools were closed on October 5 and 6 throughout the cities ofAtlanta, Marietta, and in Fulton, Coweta, Carroll and Douglas counties. A total of 47 of 101 schools were closed inDekalb County alone. Four state parks were closed after Opal:Moccasin Creek Park,Black Rock Mountain,Vogel State Park, andFort Mountain State Park. 273 stations reported many falling traffic lights. Agricultural experts estimated that damage to thepecan crop was about $50 million. Several rivers and creeks overflowed their banks.[32]
Beginning the evening of October 4, numerouspower outages were reported inmetro Atlanta, where sustained tropical storm conditions overnight (including gusts to nearly 70 mph (110 km/h)) felled thousands of trees.Oaks were particularly susceptible, as their root systems were loose.
Around 7 inches (180 mm) of rainfall was recorded in extreme northwesternSouth Carolina and came in reducing amounts around the rest of the state.[25] Heavy rainfalls closed roads and bridges, causing $24 million in crop and property damage.[33] A tornado in Chesterfield, South Carolina caused many trees to be blown down in theCarolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge. Trees were blown down in Orangeburg, one of those trees fell onto a car and totaled it. An F0 tornado spawned by one of Opal's bands downed a number of trees and power lines. Campers, vehicles, structures and boats were damaged in Greenville.[34]
InNorth Carolina, over 17 inches (430 mm) of rain fell. The rainfall included 9.89 inches (251 mm) in Robinson Creek and 8.95 inches (227 mm) in Highlands. The Robinson Creek rains spawned flash flooding.[35] Officials in the state had the citizens boil their water before drinking it because of a possibility that floodwater may have entered purification plants.[36] A landslide triggered by Opal and damaged theBlue Ridge Parkway.[37] Opal triggered a debris flow in the Poplar Cove area of Macon County.[38] A flash flood from rainfall amounts typically ranged from four to six inches (100 to 150 mm) and closed roads and bridges were the result. The most serious flooding apparently occurred in Avery County where evacuations were required and tanks of propane were found floating in theBanner Elk River.[39]
Three deaths also occurred in the state. A man in Candler was killed when a falling tree destroyed his mobile home. Another man was killed near Marshall when a tree was blown onto him while he was helping cut other trees out of the roadway. 10 people were also injured by wind blown debris and from falling trees. Damage from high winds totaled up to $15 million.[40]
InVirginia, trees in the Shenandoah Valley and along the Allegheny Plateau were blown down by 40 mph (64 km/h) winds at higher elevations. Over 7000 people were without power and damage in Virginia totaled to $5000. The National Park Service reported dozens of trees blown down along Skyline Drive in two counties.[41]
In theGreat Smoky Mountains, power and phone service were out in many areas of the park.Newfound Gap road closed for several days due to trees and a rockslide that were lying across it. Campers were asked to leaveElkmont Campground near Gatlinburg because of high water.[42] Many sections of theBlue Ridge Parkway were closed because of trees that fell across the road. Flooding occurred in the northern portion of the parkway. Linville Falls was evacuated; the Asheville and Gillespie Gap Districts were closed. Rockslides and mudslides had also been reported due to Opal.[42]
InWest Virginia, 0.5–1.5 inches (13–38 mm) of rain were reported causing some schools to let out early.[43] High winds associated with the remnants of Opal moved through southeast West Virginia on the 5th. High winds ranged between 35 and 45 mph (72 km/h) with some gusts to near 55 mph (89 km/h). Numerous trees, large branches, power lines and shingles off the roofs of homes were ripped off in the wind. The vast majority of damage occurred at elevations above two thousand feet. Damage from the wind totaled out to $2000.[44] Large limbs were downed by high wind across from the remnants of Hurricane Opal in Preston County. Damage there totaled out to $1000.[45] Damage in West Virginia totaled out to only $5,000.
InMaryland, a large tree and its limbs alongMaryland Route 495 nearBittinger were downed by high winds associated with the remnants of Opal. The damage from the fallen tree and its limbs totaled out to one thousand dollars.[46]Mesocyclones moving around Opal's eastern periphery within Maryland spawned three tornadoes inCharles,Prince George's, andAnne Arundel County. The first tornado tracked alongState Route 425 between the towns of Ironside and Grayton. Along the tornado's path, several trees were uprooted or snapped; two sheds were destroyed and two others sustained roof damage. Windows were blown out of a barn and several vehicles. Ten thousand dollars in damage occurred.[47] The second and strongest tornado hit ground in Temple Hills, injuring three people after reaching a peak wind of 150 mph (240 km/h). 100 homes were damaged with 15 being condemned. The Potomac Electric Power reported 9000 people without power. Damage from the second tornado totaled out to $5 million.[48] The third and final tornado touched down in Odenton, became an F1 tornado and doing $250,000 in damage to the area. Eleven houses were damaged and about 10,000 people were without power in the whole district that the Baltimore Gas and Electric serves.[49]
InTennessee, rainfalls included about 3 to 5 inches (76 to 127 mm) in the central part of the state, one inch (25 mm) at the western part of the state and 3 to 5 in (76 to 127 mm) in the eastern part of the state.[25] Wind speeds at the higher elevations of the Appalachian Mountains were recorded at 70 mph (110 km/h) whereas 40–50 mph (64–80 km/h) gusts were more common at the lower elevations. Trees and power lines were down over much of the region. Over 70 miles (110 km) of theAppalachian Trail were closed due to trees being down. A total of over 20,000 people were without power from Opal's wrath. The most damage occurred inHamilton County, which had damage was estimated over a total of $1 million. Damage in Hamilton County include a circus was left stranded at a campground and needed to be evacuated. A number of residences and businesses were also surrounded by water and occupants were to be evacuated. Total damage in Tennessee totaled out at $2.02 million.[50]
InKentucky, 1 to 5 inches (25 to 127 mm) of rain was reported throughout the state from Opal.[25] Total rainfall acrossJefferson County, whereLouisville is located ranged from 2.4 inches (61 mm) at the Louisville International Airport to 3.5 inches (89 mm) at Fern Creek Road south of the Gene Snyder Freeway. Several trees were knocked down and soils were saturated after Opal passed through.[51] A bridge washed out over Sulphur Creek and minor flooding was reported across Kentucky Route 80.[52] Elizabethtown and the Fort Knox area had several roads closed after Opal washed them out.[53]
InMichigan, Opal produced 2 to 3 inches (51 to 76 mm) of rain over theMiddle Rouge River Basin from late afternoon through the evening on the 5th. As a result, the Middle Rouge River crested one foot over flood stage, causing the Edward Hines Drive to be closed off to traffic.[54] High winds associated with the remains of Hurricane Opal affected the area during the late afternoon and early evening on the 5th. Strong northeast winds destroyed a new 200-foot (61-m), two-story pole barn on the Marine City Highway inMarine City. The storm also cut power to several areas, resulting in some school closings. The maximum wind gust atDetroit Metro Airport was a 38-mph (61-km/h) gust, which was from the northeast. The damage from this incident totaled out to $15,000.[55]
The remnants of Opal passed across northeastOhio and caused wind gusts up to 45 mph (72 km/h) and sustained winds of 20 to 30 mph (32 to 48 km/h) all across northern Ohio. Several automobiles were damaged by falling trees or limbs. Crops were damaged from the strong winds. A number of farms reported fields of corn blown over and ripe apples and other fruit being stripped from trees.Rainfall of 3.4 inches (86 mm) in less than 24 hours was measured atMansfield, and most areas averaged 1.5 to 2.5 inches (38 to 64 mm) during the same period. Flooding was localized and not significant since very dry conditions preceded the storm.[56] Sustained northeastwinds ahead of the storm reached 55 mph (89 km/h) all across the lake with gusts to 70 mph (110 km/h) producingwaves of 10 to 14 feet (3.0 to 4.3 m). Minor to moderate beach and shore erosion occurred in many areas, especially the western end of the lake. Localized flooding occurred in communities with low-lying areas along the lake. Boats were also grounded. Damage in Ohio totaled out to $205,000.[57]
InNew Jersey, thunderstorms with heavy rain, averaging around 3.5 inches (89 mm) countywide, caused flooding of small streams and roadways including United States Route 46. The heavy rain was represented as the first significant dent in the drought that had affected northern New Jersey since September 1994. Storm totals included 6.7 inches (170 mm) in Wawayanda, 5.3 (135 mm) inHackettstown, 4.5 inches (110 mm) inOak Ridge, 4.2 inches (110 mm) inClinton and 4.10 inches (104 mm) inPequannock.
The remnants of Opal caused severe thunderstorms that uprooted trees nearBelvidere. Trees and wires were down in scattered parts of the county including Route 57 near the Tri-county Firehouse. Downed wires caused power outages inHackettstown andMansfield Township.[58]
The remnants of Hurricane Opal passed over northwestPennsylvania on Thursday night (5th/6th) and caused wind gusts up to 50 mph (80 km/h) and sustained winds of 20 to 30 mph (32 to 48 km/h). Heavy rains accompanied the storm and averaged 1.5 to 2.5 inches (38 to 64 mm). Flooding was localized and not significant since drought conditions preceded the storm. The prolonged period of strong winds brought down trees and limbs along with some power lines. At least one automobile was damaged by a downed tree in Erie. Several farms reported fields of corn blown down and apples and other fruit being stripped from trees. The actual crop damage estimate was unknown.[59]
The remnants of Opal passed just to the west ofBuffalo,New York on October 5 and 6. Two to 3 inches (38–64 mm) of rain fell over much of the area with isolated amounts of near four inches (100 mm) over parts of the western Southern Tier. Sustained winds were estimated between 35 and 40 mph (56 and 64 km/h), but the easterly winds did down some trees and power lines. InOneida County, the high winds downed trees and wires in New York Mills, Waterville, Sylvan Beach, North Bay, Lee Center, Rome, McConnellsville and Verona. InSaratoga County a large tree limb was downed inSaratoga Springs which damaged four cars. Total damage in New York totaled to $35,000.[60][61]
A low pressure area which used to be Opal moved across western and northern New York late and intoVermont on the night of October 5 and the morning October 6. Damaging winds occurred across parts of central and northern Vermont but especially along the western slopes of theGreen Mountains. Damaging winds downed trees and power lines across Essex, Orleans, Addison, Caledonia and Rutland counties. InEssex County damage occurred in Canaan and Concord. Damage was also reported inCaledonia County, inRutland County, in Clarendon and Chittenden and inOrleans County in Derby Center. Total damage in Vermont totaled out to $135,000.[62]
Heavy winds and rain associated with the remnants of Opal brought down trees and knocked out power in southwestern and northernNew Hampshire. One person was injured inMarlborough when a large tree blew onto his moving pickup truck.[63]
InMaine, heavy winds and rain associated with the remnants of Opal brought down trees and knocked out power in coastal areas of southern Maine. Some beach erosion occurred inSaco. Strong winds ripped away boats from their moorings in the Midcoast towns ofCamden andRockland.[64]
Wind and gale warnings were issued inSouthern Ontario and the upperSt. Lawrence River in accordance with the remnants of Opal by theCanadian Hurricane Centre on October 5. Accompanying winds reached 83 kilometres per hour (52 mph) in Toronto and up to 102 kilometres per hour (63 mph) in Southern Ontario, feeling trees and power lines.[65] The remnants also spawned a heavy rainfall warning by the Ontario and the Quebec Weather Centers for southern parts of both provinces but anticipated rain amounts would not be of the order of the ones associated withHurricane Hazel 41 years before.[66][67]The leftover system of Opal also spawned a gale warning forNova Scotia.
Rainfalls were from 0.5 inches (13 mm) in NorthwesternOntario to 4 inches (100 mm) in southern parts of Ontario andQuebec, less inNew Brunswick.[65][68] For example,Toronto received 78.6 millimetres (3.09 in), flooding basements and streets.[69] In Quebec, 80 millimetres (3.1 in) were recorded inMontreal, only 2 millimetres (0.079 in) short of the record set byHurricane Frederic 16 years prior.[65] Rainfall stretched out to the area ofNova Scotia, but only up to 0.5 inches (13 mm) was reported there.
In the spring of 1996, theWorld Meteorological Organization retired the nameOpal from its rotating name lists due to the deaths and destruction the hurricane caused, and it will never again be used in the Atlantic basin. It was replaced withOlga for the2001 season.[70][71]
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